UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Fundamentals of
Mathematics for
Engineers
MATH 101E
 Linear Algebra 1: Systems of
Linear Equations
• Solutions of Linear Equations
• Graphical Method
• Method of Substitution
• Method of Elimination

Linear Algebra 1: Systems of Linear Equations 2

 Linear Algebra 1: Systems of
Linear Equations
• ILO 1: By the end of the learning experience,
students must be able to:

✓Identify the existence and type of

solutions for linear equations

Linear Algebra 1: Systems of Linear Equations 3

 Introduction:
• A system of equations – is a set of equations that
involve the same variables
• A systems of linear equation is a system of
equations in which each equation is linear.
• A solution of a system is an assignment of values
for the variables that makes each equation in the
system true
• A linear equation in two variables is an equation
in the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐

Linear Algebra 1: Systems of Linear Equations 4

 Lecture 1: Solutions to
Systems of Linear Equations
• Examples:
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 equation 1
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 7 equation 2

We can check that 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 1 is a solution of

this system.
Equation 1: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 ; 2(3) − 1 = 5 ✓
Equation 2: 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 7; 3 + 4(1) = 7 ✓

Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations 5

 Lecture 1: Solutions to
Systems of Linear Equations
• The solution can be written as an ordered pair
(3,1)

𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 7

(3,1)

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5

Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations 6

Lecture 1: Solutions to
Systems of Linear Equations

Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations 7

Lecture 1: Solutions to
Systems of Linear Equations

Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations 8

Lecture 1: Solutions to
Systems of Linear Equations

Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations 9

Linear Algebra 1: Systems of
Linear Equations

Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations 10

 Linear Algebra 1: Systems of
Linear Equations
• ILO 2: By the end of the learning experience,
students must be able to:

✓Determine solutions of linear equations

using graphical method

Systems of Linear Equations 11

 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
• Graphing Method – typically used to give a visual interpretation and
confirmation of the solution
Steps:
1. Write the equations in the slope-intercept form
2. Graph the lines
3. Identify the points of intersection.
4. Check that the solution satisfies both equations.
Or
1. Solve for the x and y intercepts
2. Graph the lines
3. Identify the points of intersection
4. Check that the solution satisfies both equations.

Graphical Method 12
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
Examples:
1. Solve graphically
𝑥−𝑦 =4
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9
Solutions:
using x and y intercepts
At 𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4; 0 − 𝑦 = 4 ∴ 𝑦 = −4 (𝟎, −𝟒)
At y = 0; 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4; 𝑥 − 0 = 4 ∴𝑥=4 (𝟒, 𝟎)

Graphical Method 13
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
Examples:
1. Solve graphically
𝑥−𝑦 =4
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9
Solutions:
using x and y intercepts
At 𝑥 = 0; −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9; −3 0 + 2𝑦 = 9
9 9
∴𝑦= (0, )
2 2
At y = 0; −3𝑥 + 2 0 = 9; −3𝑥 = 9 ∴ 𝑦 = −3 (−3,0)

Graphical Method 14
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
1. Solve graphically
9
(0, )
2
(−3,0) (4,0)

(0, −4)
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9

𝑥−𝑦 =4

(17, −21)

Graphical Method 15
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
1. We can check if 𝑥 = −17 and 𝑦 = −21 is a solution
of this system
𝑥−𝑦 =4
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9
Solution:
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4; −17 − −21 = 4 4=4 ✓
−3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9 −3(−17) + 2(−21) = 9
51 − 42 = 9 9=9✓

∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, −17, −21 is a solution of this system

Graphical Method 16
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
Examples:
2. Solve graphically
1.35𝑥 − 2.13𝑦 = −2.36
2.16𝑥 + 0.32𝑦 = 1.06
Solutions: using x and y intercepts
At 𝑥 = 0; 1.35𝑥 − 2.13𝑦 = −2.36;
1.35 0 − 2.13𝑦 = −2.36 ∴ −2.13𝑦 = −2.36
∴ 𝑦 = 1.11 (0,1.11)
At y= 0; 1.35𝑥 − 2.13𝑦 = −2.36;
1.35𝑥 − 2.13(0) = −2.36 ∴ 1.35𝑥 = −2.36
∴ 𝑥 = −1.75 (−1.75,0)

Graphical Method 17
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
Examples:
2. Solve graphically
1.35𝑥 − 2.13𝑦 = −2.36
2.16𝑥 + 0.32𝑦 = 1.06
Solutions: using x and y intercepts
At 𝑥 = 2.16𝑥 + 0.32𝑦 = 1.06;
2.16 0 + 0.32𝑦 = 1.06; −0.32𝑦 = 1.06
∴ 𝑦 = 3.31 (0,3.31)
At y= 0; 2.16𝑥 + 0.32𝑦 = 1.06;
2.16𝑥 + 0.32 0 = 1.06 ∴ 2.16𝑥 = 1.06
∴ 𝑥 = 0.49 (0.49,0)

Graphical Method 18
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
2.16𝑥 + 0.32𝑦 = 1.06
2. Solve graphically (0,3.31)

(−1.75,0) (0.30, 1.30)

(−1.75,0) (0.49,0)

1.35𝑥 − 2.13𝑦 = −2.36

Graphical Method 19
 Lecture 2: Graphical Method
• Graphing calculator free online
• https://www.desmos.com/calculator
• https://www.geogebra.org/graphing?lang=en

Graphical Method 20
 Linear Algebra 1: Systems of
Linear Equations
• ILO 3: By the end of the learning experience,
students must be able to:

✓Determine solutions of linear equations

using method of elimination

Systems of Linear Equations 21

 Lecture 3: Method of
Elimination
• Methods of solving systems of linear equations:

Algebraic Methods – used to find exact solutions.

1. Elimination method
2. Substitution method

Method of Elimination 22
 Lecture 3: Method of
Elimination
Steps:
1. Multiply the coefficients of one or both equations
so that one of the variables will be eliminated when
two equations are added
2. Eliminate one of the variables by adding the
expression found in Step 1 to the other equation.
The result is an equation in one variable
3. Solve the equation obtained in Step 2
4. Back substitute the value found in Step 3 into
either of the original equation
5. Check that the solution satisfies both equations

Method of Elimination 23
 Lecture 3: Method of
Elimination
1. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14 equation 1
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2 equation 2

A. Since the coefficients of the y-terms are negative of each other, we can add the
equations to eliminate y
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
4𝑥 = 16
𝑥=4
B. Back-substitute x=4 into the original equations and solve for y. Let us use the second
equation
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
4 − 2𝑦 = 2
−2𝑦 = −2
𝑦=1

Method of Elimination 24
 Lecture 3: Method of
Elimination
C. The solution is (4,1)

(4,1)

Method of Elimination 25
 Lecture 3: Method of
Elimination
2. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 equation 1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8 equation 2

A. Multiplying the equation 1 by 2 and the second equation by −1 gives the

system:
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 10
−2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −8
y =2
B. Back-substitute 𝑦 = 2 into the original equations and solve for y. Let us
use the first equation
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
x − 2(2) = 5
𝑥 =5−4
x=1

Method of Elimination 26
 Lecture 3: Method of
Elimination
C. The solution is (1,2)

(1,2)

Method of Elimination 27
 Lecture 3: Method of
Elimination
Example: Find x and y in terms of a and b
𝑥+𝑦=0 (𝑎 ≠ 0)
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 1

Method of Elimination 28
 Linear Algebra 1: Systems of
Linear Equations
• ILO 4: By the end of the learning experience,
students must be able to:

✓Determine solutions of linear equations

using method of substitution

Systems of Linear Equations 29

 Lecture 3: Method of
Substitution
Steps:
1. Solve one of the equations for one variable in
terms of the other variable.
2. Substitute the expression found in step 1 into
the other equation. The result is an equation in
one variable
3. Solve the equation obtained in Step 2
4. Back substitute the value found in step 3 onto
the expression found in step 1
5. Check that the solution satisfies both equations

Method of Substitution 30
 Lecture 3: Method of
Substitution
1. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 equation 1
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 14 equation 2

A. We solve for y in the first equation:

𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥
B. Now we substitute for y in the second equation and solve for x
3𝑥 + 4(1 − 2𝑥) = 14
3𝑥 + 4 − 8𝑥 = 14
−5𝑥 = 10
∴ 𝑥 = −2
C. Back-substitute 𝑥 = −2 into the equation 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥
𝑦 = 1 − 2 −2 = 5

Thus, 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 5, (−2,5) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Method of Substitution 31
 Lecture 3: Method of
Substitution
D. Sketch the graph:

(−2, 5)

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 14
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

Method of Substitution 32
 Lecture 3: Method of
Substitution
2. 𝑥−𝑦 =1 equation 1
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18 equation 2

A. We solve for x in the first equation:

𝑥 =𝑦+1
B. Now we substitute for y in the second equation and solve for y
4(𝑦 + 1) + 3𝑦 = 18
4𝑦 + 4 + 3𝑦 = 18
7𝑦 = 14
∴𝑦=2
Back-substitute 𝑦 = 2 into the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1
𝑥 =2+1=3

Thus, 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2, (3,2) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Method of Substitution 33
 Lecture 3: Method of
Substitution
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18
D. Sketch the graph:
𝑥−𝑦 =1

(3,2)

Method of Substitution 34
 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
1. One solution – the system is called an
independent system
- the lines formed are intersecting lines
2. No solution - the system is called inconsistent
system
- the lines formed are parallel lines
3. Infinitely many solutions –the system is called
dependent system
- the lines formed coincide.

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 35

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
1. A linear system with One Solution
example: 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 equation 1
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 22 equation 2
Solution: Used method of elimination
6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 22
11𝑥 = 22
∴𝑥=2
Back-substitute 𝑥 = 2 into the original equations and solve for y. Let us use the
first equation
6(2) − 2𝑦 = 0
12 − 2𝑦 = 0
∴𝑦=6
Thus, the solution of the system is the ordered pair (2,6)

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 36

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
D. Sketch the graph:
6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0

(2,6)

5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 22

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 37

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
2. A linear system with No Solution
example: 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5 equation 1
−12𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 equation 2
Solution: Used method of elimination
• We try to find suitable combination of the two equations
to eliminate the variable y. Multiplying the first equation
with 3 and the second equation by 2 gives:
24𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 15
−24𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 14
0 = 29
• Adding the two equations eliminates both x and y
• Hence, the system has no solutions
Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 38
 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
• Sketch the graph
−12𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7

• The system are parallel

and do not intersect
• The system is inconsistent

8𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 39

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
Example 2: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12 equation 1
3
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 equation 2
2
Solution: Used method of elimination
• We try to find suitable combination of the two equations
to eliminate the variable x. Multiplying the first equation
with 1 and the second equation by 2 gives:
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8
0 = 20
• Adding the two equations eliminates both x and y
• Hence, the system has no solutions

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 40

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
• Sketch the graph

• The system are parallel

and do not intersect 3
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12
• The system is inconsistent 2

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 41

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
3. A linear system with Many Solution
example: 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 12 equation 1
4𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 16 equation 2
Solution: Used method of elimination
• We multiply the first equation with -4 and the second equation by 3
gives:
−12𝑥 + 24𝑦 = −48
12𝑥 − 24𝑦 = 48
24𝑥 − 48𝑦 = 96
• We see that the two equations in the original system are simply
different ways of expressing of one single line
• The coordinates of any point on this line give a solution of the system
• Writing the equation in slope-intercept form, we a solution of the
system

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 42

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
• 24𝑥 − 48𝑦 = 96
1
• 2
𝑥−𝑦=2
• If we let t represent any real number,
1
we can write a solution: 𝑥 = 𝑡 ∴ 𝑦 = 2
𝑡 −2
1
• Hence, the ordered pair is (𝑡, 𝑡 − 2)
2

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 43

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
• Sketch the graph
𝑡=4
• The system has infinitely
many solutions
• The equations are equivalent 𝑡=0
and share the same graph

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 44

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
1
Example 2: −𝑥 + 𝑦 = −5 equation 1
2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10 equation 2
Solution: Used method of elimination
• We multiply the first equation with 2 and the second equation by 1 gives:
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −10
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10
0=0
• Writing the equation in slope-intercept form, we have a solution of the system
• Choose equation 2; we have 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10 ∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 10
• If we let t represent any real number,
we can write a solution: 𝑥 = 𝑡 ∴ 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 2𝑡 − 10

• Hence, the ordered pair is (𝑡, 2𝑡 − 10)

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 45

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
• Sketch the graph

• The system has infinitely

many solutions 𝑡=5
• The equations are equivalent
and share the same graph

𝑡=0

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 46

 Number of Solutions of a
Linear in Two Variables
Examples:
1. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 8
3𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 2

2. 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 10
3𝑥 + 12𝑦 = −15

Number of Solutions of a Linear in Two Variables 47

 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
• A linear equation in three variables x, y, and z is given by
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 𝐷
where A, B, C, and D re real numbers that are not all
equal to zero
• All three variables have degree equal to one, which is why
this is called equation in three variables
• The graph of any equation in three variables requires
three-dimensional coordinate system
• In two variables, the graph of a linear equation is a line,
while in three variables the graph of a linear equation is a
plane which can be thought of as an infinite sheet of
paper
• Solutions are given as an ordered pair of the form (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)

Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 48

 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
Steps:
1. Reduce the system of three equations in three
variables to two equations in two (of the same)
variables by applying elimination
2. Solve the resulting system of two linear equations
in two variables by applying elimination or
substitution
3. Substitute the solution in Step 2 into any of the
original equations and solve for the third variable
4. Check that the solution satisfies all three original
equations.

Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 49

 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
• Solving a Linear System
1. A system of linear equations
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
2. A system in triangular form
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5
𝑧=3

Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 50

 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
• Solving a Triangular System Using Back-Substitution
Ex: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5
𝑧=3
• We back-substitute 𝑧 = 3 into the second equation and
solve for y
• 𝑦 + 2 3 = 5 ∴ 𝑦 = −1
• We back-substitute𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = 3 into the first equation
and solve for x
• 𝑥 − 2(−1) − 3 = 1 ∴𝑥=2
• Hence, the solution in the system is 𝑥 = 2,𝑦 = −1 and 𝑧 =
3
• Or ordered triple (2, −1,3)
Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 51
 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
• Solving a Triangular System Using Three Equations in Three
Variables using Elimination
Ex: x − 2y + 3z = 1 equation 1
x + 2y − 𝑧 = 13 equation 2
3x + 2y − 5z = 3 equation 3
Solution:
• We need to change to triangular system, so we begin by
eliminating the 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
• We multiply the first equation with -1 and the second equation
by 1 gives:
−x + 2y − 3z = −1 equation 1
x + 2y − 𝑧 = 13 equation 2
4𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 12 equation 4
Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 52
 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
• This gives us a new, equivalent system that is one
step closer to triangular form
x − 2y + 3z = 1 equation 1
4𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 12 equation 4
3x + 2y − 5z = 3 equation 3
• Eliminate the x-term from the third equation, using
equation 1
• We multiply the first equation with -3 and the third
equation by 1 gives:
−3x + 6y − 9z = −3 equation 1
3x + 2y − 5z = 3
8𝑦 − 14𝑧 = 0 equation 5
Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 53
 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
• Eliminate the y-term
• We multiply the fourth equation with -2 and the third
equation by 1 gives:
−8𝑦 + 8𝑧 = −24 (from equation 4 multiply -2)
8𝑦 − 14𝑧 = 0 equation 5
−6𝑧 = −24 ∴ 𝑧 = 4
• The system now is in triangular form
x − 2y + 3z = 1 equation 1
4𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 12 equation 4
𝑧=4
Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 54
 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
• Back-substitute to solve for y equation 4:
4𝑦 − 4 4 = 12 ∴ 𝑦 = 7
• Back-substitute 𝑦 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4to solve for x system using equation 1
x − 2y + 3z = 1
x − 2(7) + 3(4) = 1
∴𝑥=3
• Hence, the solution of the system is
𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒚 = 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟒
Check your answer:
x − 2y + 3z = 1 x + 2y − 𝑧 = 13 3x + 2y − 5z = 3
3−2 7 +3 4 =1 3 + 2(7) − 4 = 13 3(3) + 2(7) − 5(4) = 3

1=1 ✓ 13 = 13 ✓ 3=3 ✓

Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 55

 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
1. One solution – the system is called an
independent system
2. No solution - the system is called inconsistent
system
3. Infinitely many solutions –the system is called
dependent system

Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 56

 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
2. A system with no solution
Example: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1 equation 1
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 equation 2
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 5 equation 3

Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 57

 Systems of Linear Equations
In Three Variables
2. A system with Many solution
Example: 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −2 equation 1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2 equation 2
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 8 equation 3

Systems of Linear Equations In Three Variables 58

END THANK YOU

Linear Algebra 1: Systems of Linear Equations 59