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Complex - 3

The document discusses the concepts of differentiability and analyticity of functions in complex analysis, defining differentiable functions and their derivatives. It introduces the Cauchy-Riemann conditions as necessary and sufficient criteria for a function to be analytic, along with examples illustrating these concepts. Additionally, it covers harmonic functions and their properties, including the relationship between analytic functions and harmonic conjugates.

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14 views16 pages

Complex - 3

The document discusses the concepts of differentiability and analyticity of functions in complex analysis, defining differentiable functions and their derivatives. It introduces the Cauchy-Riemann conditions as necessary and sufficient criteria for a function to be analytic, along with examples illustrating these concepts. Additionally, it covers harmonic functions and their properties, including the relationship between analytic functions and harmonic conjugates.

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sayakalu840
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.1.5. Analytic Functions. Differentiability. A function w= f(z) defined in a certain domain D is said to be differentiable at 2= zy if the limit ! fim L)=F 6) exists, ie., if Z-Z (z) Et Sef) =f) tends to a unique finite limit as z tends to zy along any path h of the domain D. Then this unique limit is called the derivative or - differential co-efficient of f(z) at z=zo and is denoted by f’(Zo) a Bets or (=) . Thus f'(20)= Note: We may also write the derivative of f (z) at z= Za as follows : S (e+ Az)= f(@0) FG) S wis Az or, » f' (2 )= m 1. Ifa function is differentiable at a point, then it is s at that point. 1p LO=Le0) (20) | ee 2-2 i ron sob (aay ks + Left as an exercise. sob (ay) Remark : Converse of the above theorem is not true ive. a function which is continuous is not necessarily differentiable. We shall prove this by the following examples. Example 1. Consider the function f(z Then 'f(z)- f(0)) =|Z-0\= 7 =|2|. See Lara: f(2)= Spt apeot f'(2)= iy +5) apna Theorem 2. (Sufficient Conditions for f(z) to be analytic.) The function w= f(z)= u(x, y) +i(«. y) is analytic in a dom Dif Gi) four partial derivatives u,,u#),¥, and vy exist and Wy =Vyy Uy = Vy (ii) the partial derivatives u,,u,,v, and v, are all continuous in D Proof: Beyond the scope of the book. Illustrative Examples. Ex. 1. Show that the function f(z)=sinxcoshy+icosxsinhy is continuous as well as analytic everywhere and find its derivative. Let f(z)=u(x,y)+ir(x,y). +-u(x,y)=sinxcosh y , v(x,y)=cos:xsinh y Clearly u(x,y) and v(x,y) are continuous for all values of x and y. Hence f(z) is continuous everywhere. ou Again ey» $e =sinxsinhy. Bx sinxsinhy, a cos. hi. = =cosxcoshy oy 5 Ou ov ou ov oe ay By ax Thus Cauchy-Riemann conditions are Satisfied. au a be easily verified that all the partial derivatives se on a ay, are continuous for all values of x and » Hence the function f (z) is analytic everywhere, by Theorem 2. ov of" (0)= 41% cosseoshy— isinxsinh y Verifv whether s(2) Im(z) is differentiable everywhere in the (x,y) = y ou av av On. Ay Bee =0, --=0, 5-50, 21, yo Peay a ° Be Sy So Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied unless x=y=0. Hence f(z) is not differentiable at any point other than origin. x. 3. Show that the function f(z)= xy +iy -is everywhere continuous is not analytic. Let ((2)=u(9)+i0(09) — -.uley) =. 0409)=y Thus we see that both u and y being polynomials in x and y are tinuous everywhere. Hence f(z) is continuous everywhere. ou ou ov 0. av —= y,— =x,— =0,—=1. te, oy ae ay at, Oe ue dx oy oy ax ce Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere. Thus is not analytic at any point in the complex plane. x(1+i)-y(I-i) x +y ‘ =0. 2=0 _ Prove that the function f(2= Sg is continuous everywhere but f’(0) does not exist though Cauchy- Equations are satisfied at the origin. [WB.U.Tech 2002 ] f(2)=ulx,y) +iv(x,y) isa x+y »V)=—z—a when 7#0 \ v(x») ee z aac) when z=0. As u and y are both rational and finite for ft valves cee, 50 1 and y are continuous at all these points for w! fame ae f(z) is continuous when - #0. Again uw and y are bot A aa sat the origin, Consequently /(z) is continuous at the origin. f(2) is continuous everywhere. Now at the origin. u(x,0)—u(0,0) au, Hes 0)=n(0,0) ax x50 SS au, Wo)=H00) ay 30 Dy) ea OL) ax x30 Ba av, M0.3)=¥(0,0) _ dv y30 y, ne origin, 2 = 2% 2H __ av Thus at the origin, ae ao ae Hence Cauchy-Riemann Equations are satisfied at the origin. Zz (x,y) (0,0) (x? +y*)(x +iy) Now let z-40 along y=x. Then gin (0m O10, (2-7) +») 240 ax ait ree ; FD oe) a aoe (x a )(x+ex) 2(1+i) Again let z4 0 along y=0. Then t'(0)= Lt = z F530) Py Thus the values of / “(0) are not sanie as 2-30 along different paths. Hence £’(0) does not exist. Ex. 5. For the function defined by f(z) Riemann Equations are Satisfied at differentiable at that point. = xy], show that the Cauchy- 0,0) but the function is not [W.B.U.Tech 2003 } Tet #(2)= u(x.y) 400.9), Then x(x») = Yhof , v(x,9) 0. Now at the origin, es u(x,0) = u(0,0) wiz ORO a 0 x _i up, M%Y)—U(0,0) _ 1, 0-9 Lt = * yao y yoy vs oe ov ov —=0, = Similarly re m 0. Hence Cauchy-Riemann Equations are satisfied at the origin. Again s*(0)= 14 FEL) 1, deh (xy}40 x+y” Let z+ 0 along the straight line y = mx. Then “ren, Hell x30 x+imx l+im hich have different values for different m i.e. along different straight ne y=mx. Hence f’(0) does not exist. Thus the function is not fferentiable at the origin. . Harmonic Function. ace's Equation. A partial differential equation of the form =0 is called the Laplace's Equation. nic Function. A function /(x, y) which possesses continuous derivatives of first and second orders and satisfies Laplace's is called the Hurmonic Function. Harmonic Functions. If two harmonic ~_ wes») ‘ us »Y) satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann Equations ae oie a Ix , then they are called the Conjugate Harmonic Functions. Theorem 1. If /(2)=u+iv is an analytic function, then w and v are conjugate harmonic function. Proof: Beyond the scope of this book. Tilustrative Examples. Ex. 1. Show that the function u=cosxcoshy is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate. Here u=cosxcosh y _ ou as va =—sinxcoshy , =-cosxcosh y ou oH cosxsinhys “4 = cosxcosh y. ov oy’ au ou “at 7 =—Cosx cosh y + cosxcosh y = 0 ox ay Hence u is a harmonic function. Let v be the conjugate harmonic of u. Then ou _dv du av Seas te a) av ou au yo Ree etby. (1 te y an dy . by (1) =—cosxsinh ydx —sinxcosh ydy =—d(sinxsinhy) . Integrating this we get » Ex. 2. Prove that u= sinxsinh y+c where c is a real constant. 2x~—2xy is a harmonic function. Determine its harmonic conjugate and Jind the corresponding analytic function f(z) in terms of z. Here u=2x—2xy au Fu_) au a 45 =2-2y, ao, Hug, Fu Be olan ainanuil ayaa 1 Buiggbsas Ou dtu ist = at aye” So wis a harmonic function, y be the corresponding conjugate of u. Then ov ay a a) 0 a dq nae dt dy tegrating this we get y=x?42y-)?4¢, where c is a real He nce the corresponding analytic function /(z) is given by — Ale)=utiv =Qx-2y)+i(x? +2y-y" +e) =Axtiy)+i(xtiy) +ic =2z+iz" tic. 5 If u=e*(xsiny—ycosy), show that there exists a function x.y) such that w=u+iv is analytic. [WB.U.Tech 2002) u=e (xsiny—ycosy) oe = -x e siny—xe ‘siny+ye "cosy ‘Bs qd) 2e* siny + xe “siny—ye “cosy xe “cosy+ye ‘siny-e “cosy “ Q) i+) + e*siny+2e “siny+ye cosy +iy is analytic, so vis fen ee fb Tana eh ee0g 7 9 + yuie SN aOd a 200") ah igalle ou ou Now dv=2 De SE dy’, by (3), (4) oy ax = {xe™ cosy +ye™siny-e* cosy) de He" siny—xe* siny +Y¢ “ cosy) =d(xe™* Joos» -ye™ sinydx +e“ d(ysiny) —xe™* sin yd =d(xe™“cosy)+d(ysinye™*). Integrating this we get v=xe “cosy+ysinye “+c, c is a real constant. =e "(xcosy+ ysiny)+c “w=utiv=e “(xsiny—ycosy)+ie “(xcosy+ ysiny)+ic Hie (x+tiy)cosy+e™ siny(x +iy)+ic =i(x+iy)e “(cos y—isin y)+ic =i(x+p)e*e” tic= pee OO) is See ye) Alternative method for finding v. From (1) and (3) We eee a =x Zz =e smy—xe sinyt+ye cosy oy which on integration, keeping x constant, gives v=-e “cosy +xe*cosy+e“*(ysiny + cosy) + (x) = ye *siny + xe™* cosy + (x) where (x) is an arbitrary real function of x. eet ~ye* siny+e~* cosy— xe™* cosy + o’(x) be sar ies -ye™ siny +e™ cosy—xe™ cosy + ’(x) . by (4) ~xe* cosy—ye™* siny +e cosy = ~ye*siny+e*cosy —xe™* cosy + 4'(x) by (2). g(x) =0. (x)=, a real constant. ~ siny+xe™ cosy+e. | . Prove that an analytic function with constant modulus is aS bid qd) . and lef =w+y>=c*. a constant. by hypothesis (2) _ From (2), we have, @) (4) dys Ea Gree dy =0.v=constant=B (say). ax ay 2. f(z) = A+iB = constant. 3 : . a oe (2)? =4| (2)? Ex. 8. if f(z) is analytic, prove that a ey ey =4yr'ep (WB.U.Tech 204 Let f(z)=utiv 2 fate tive. alfeP ata, ef =a +. 2 Now 2 (2) =2uu, and <(¢) = (ties + uz) : Similarly 25 (02)=2(uny +0). y o| 20 Parana) ead id eoeatn ax” ay (:u is harmonic] 222412), Be 2 od ld oie) Similarly ee lV" =2(vf +95). a z P hr 212 moe 222 o|—ta WV) =| tas (Wty 2a tay tty ( ay? yey =|53 af )=2lue +a) ) =4(us +4) , using C-R equations 1, = vy, My =—Yx =4ly"(2). 2.1.8. Construction of Analytic Functions. Milne Thomson method. Let f le u-+iv be an analytic function where u, v are conjugate harmonic. If one of these say u is given then to determine f(z) directly’ without finding v is due to Milne Thomson and is given below : Now f(z) =u(x,y) +iv(x,y) = 1 Ete . When + y=0. x=2z 8o that f(z) =u(z,0) +iv(z,0) Bees e204 0 Sf'(z)= or +i ROE a ; by C-R equations. Neiyi We iclokeek ee low we choose == (x,y), = Fe = Oa(e y). f'(2)= 9i(x.»)- i (x,y) = 6,(2.0)—ib»(z.0), as x=z,y=0 Integrating this we get f(z)= Jloi(e.0)- #0, (z,0)]dz+e where c is an arbitrary constant. Similarly when v is given, f(z) is given by (Qe JI (z,0) +i, (2,0)|dz +e where ov av 5 =Vi(zy), <= =V2(x,y). ay wiley), 5° =We(x9) Illustrative Examples. (In the following Examples we find f(z) directly by using Milne's method). Ex.1. Find f(z) where u=e™(xsiny-ycosy) Here u=e™*(xsiny—ycosy) . CL a =r. ox 7? siny—xe “siny+ ye “cosy=0,(x,y), say. Ou ay By Milne's method, we have S'(z)=64(z,0)—i2(z,0) = 0-i(ze™* - = xe“ cosy+ ye“ siny—e “cosy = (x,y) . say. Integrating, we get P(e) nifze de rife de = -i(-ze* =e") -ie* +¢ ee” oe, Where ¢ is an arbitrary constant, RGA buted 407 te Be Hace Ex. 2. Prove that wax? —3yy? +3x2=3y" 41 is @ harmonic Function and determine the corresponding analytic function w+ iv (W.B.U.Tech 2003} Here we x? =3xy" +3x? -3y? +1 _ Ou we eit Ot 6r-G, ay a sz cit =0 and hence wu is a harmonic function. cua) a Let = =o(x,y), ©. 0)(x,y) = 3x? —3y? +6x 92(x,y) = Oxy - 6y .. By Milne's method, we have S'(z)= 01(z,0) -i2(z,0) = (a4 +6z)-i 0. Integrating we get f(z)= 23 +32" +c, where c is an arbitrary constant. Ex. 3. [f u-v=(x-y)(x? +4ay+ y?) and f(z)=u+tiv is an analytic function of z=x-+iy, find f(z) in terms of z. [W.B.U. Tech 2004] As f(z)=u+iv is an analytic function, ou dv du dv ax dy’ ay ax (ly Also unve(x—y)(x" +4y+y"), a = .-* tay+y +(x~y)(2x+4y) Ou , ou 2 2 a Snax? + 6xy— Seay rey ae); by (1) du av a hte aay). ss Sagat ona A), get f(z)=-iz* +, where c is an arbitrary constant. analytic function f(z)=u+iv of which the imaginary is an arbitrary constant. Ex. 5. Determine the analytic function f(z)=u+iv whose imaginary partis y=x*-6x7y+y*. [W.B.U. Tech 2002] Here y=x* ~6x'y? +y! . o , x = =4y° -12xy” = yo(x,y), say. * =-l2x’y+4y" = yi(x,y), say. * By Milne's method we have F'@)=WilZ.0) +i Wo(z,0) = 041423 = diz}. Integrating we get f(z)=iz*+c, where c is an arbitrary constant.

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