VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangam, Belgavi-590014

Technical Seminar Report on

“FUTURE TRENDS IN SMART GREEN IOV”

Submitted by

Parmeshwar 4RA21CS056
To Visvesvaraya Technological University during the academic year
2024- 2025 in the partial fulfilment for the subject

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
(VIII SEMESTER)
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance

of Mr. Chiranjeevi M
R
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Rajeev Institute of Technology,
Hassan

RAJEEV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
HASSAN-573201
2024-2025
 RAJEEV INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY,
HASSAN
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi.)
Plot #1-D, Growth Centre, Industrial Area, B-M Bypass Road,
Hassan – 573201 Ph:(08172)-243180/83/84 Fax:(08172)-243183

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the TECHNICAL SEMINAR entitled “FUTURE TRENDS IN SMART
GREEN IOV” is carried out by PARMESHWAR 4RA21CS056, a bonafide student of
RAJEEV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HASSAN in partial fulfilment for the subject
TECHNICAL SEMINAR in COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2024- 2025. The Technical
Seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements regarding the
Technical Seminar work prescribed for the said Degree.

MR.CHIRANJEEVI M R DR. ARJUN B C DR. MAHESH P K

Assistant Professor Head of the Department Principal
Dept. of Computer Dept. of Computer RIT, Hassan
Science & Engineering Science & Engineering
RIT, Hassan RIT, Hassan
 DECLARATION

th
I, PARMESHWAR bearing USN 4RA21CS056, student of 8 Sem B.E in Computer
Science and Engineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan, hereby declare that the
Technical Seminar entitled "FUTURE TRENDS IN SMART GREEN IOV" has been carried
out by me under the supervision of Internal guide Mr. CHIRANJEEVI M R, Assistant
Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan,
which has been submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering at Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi is an authentic record of my own work carried out by me
during the academic year 2024-2025.

PARMESHWAR
4RA21CS056

Place:
Date:

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the success of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement crowned our efforts with success.

We would like to profoundly thank our Management of Rajeev Institute of

Technology & our President Dr. Rachana Rajeev for providing such a healthy
environment.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal Dr. Mahesh P K, Rajeev
Institute of Technology for his encouragement that motivated us for successful
completion of the Technical Seminar.

We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Arjun B C, Head of the Department of

Computer Science & Engineering for providing a good working environment and for
his constant support and encouragement.

It gives us great pleasure to express our gratitude to Mr. Chiranjeevi M R, Assistant

Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering for her expert guidance,
initiative and encouragement that led us to complete this Technical Seminar.

We would also like to thank all our staff of Computer Science and Engineering
department who have directly or indirectly helped us in the successful completion of
this technical seminar and, we would like to thank our parents.

PARMESHWAR
4RA21CS068

ii
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to study the structure of the Android Operating System and view how the
operating system functions inside with its continuously adding new functions. Based on the Linux
kernel, Google developed an operating system for mobiles. They called it Android. The Android
operating system is primarily designed for smartphone devices which implement a touch screen input
interface. Not only that, it has also been developed for many devices such as smart watches (Android
Wear), tablet computers and cars (Android Auto). With a new version of Android OS is being released
every few months, the development of next Android takes place quickly. Android release many
numerous updates that improve the operating system. With each release comes with adding new
features and fixing bugs in older releases.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES v

1. Introduction 1-3
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 3
2. Literature Survey & System Analysis 4-5
2.1 Literature survey 4
2.2 System Analysis 5
3. System Architecture 6-13
3.1 Architecture 6
3.2 Version of Android 10
4. Application 14-16
4.1 Android Application
14
5. Advantage and Disadvantage 17
Conclusion 19

References 20

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Figure Name Page No

3.1 Architecture of Android Operating System 6
3.2 Versions of Android OS 11
4.1 Applications of Android OS 14

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ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM 2024-2025

LITRATURE SURVEY AND SYSTEM

ANALYSIS

2.1 Literature survey:

The Android Operating System has been the subject of numerous research studies and
technical papers due to its open-source nature and widespread adoption. Many researchers have
analyzed Android’s architecture and how its background services and system processes affect
performance and battery life, especially on mid-range devices. Studies have shown that certain
system services like Google Play Services, location tracking, and third-party apps running in the
background are major contributors to resource drain.

Moreover, custom ROM developers (like LineageOS and Pixel Experience) have implemented
lightweight and bloatware-free versions of Android, offering better performance on low-end
devices. Their success in the developer community highlights the feasibility of optimizing the OS
without drastically affecting functionality. However, these ROMs often require technical
knowledge to install and may void warranties, making them inaccessible to the average user. This
gap creates an opportunity to develop a user-friendly, efficient, and plug-and-play optimization
solution.

Over the years, researchers, developers, and enthusiasts have studied the Android Operating
System extensively to address its performance and energy efficiency challenges. The diversity of
Android devices, particularly mid-range and budget models, introduces a wide range of
performance issues caused by limited processing power, lower RAM, and smaller batteries. The
literature highlights that while Android provides flexibility and features, these often come at the
cost of performance and battery longevity, especially when resource-heavy background services
are not well-optimized. service classes and expose their target 6G performance requirements. One
of the most significant research contributions in this area is Google's introduction of Doze Mode
and App Standby in Android 6.0 (Marshmallow), which were designed to reduce background
CPU and network activity when the device is unused. According to a technical paper presented at
the ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Doze Mode alone
contributed to a 30% improvement in battery life for devices in idle state. However, its
effectiveness is limited by OEM modifications and the variability behavior

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2.2 System Analysis:

The Android operating system is based on the Linux kernel and consists of several layers:
the Linux kernel, Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), native libraries, Android Runtime (ART),
application framework, and system/user apps. Each layer contains components that influence
system performance and battery life. Key contributors to performance degradation include
frequent wake locks, background data syncing, and poorly optimized third-party apps.

In our analysis, we begin by monitoring CPU usage, memory footprint, and battery statistics
using tools like ADB, Systrace, Battery Historian, and Android Profiler. We will profile system
services, broadcast receivers, alarms, and wake locks to determine the top resource consumers.
Focus will be given to modifying power policies, limiting background process limits, and
removing bloatware.

The system will then be modified in a test environment using either a rooted Android device or an
emulator with elevated privileges. Optimization will involve adjusting system parameters (e.g.,
minfree for memory management), tweaking power-saving thresholds, and reducing background
sync intervals. Benchmarking will follow using tools like Geekbench, AnTuTu, and GSam
Battery Monitor to compare the stock and optimized systems.

The Android Operating System is a layered architecture built on top of the Linux kernel. Its main
components include the Linux Kernel, Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), native C/C++
libraries, Android Runtime (ART), the Application Framework, and System/User Applications.
Each of these layers contributes to the performance, power consumption, and responsiveness of a
device. Analyzing the flow of resource usage across these layers helps us identify potential
bottlenecks and optimization points, especially for mid-range devices that operate with limited
hardware capabilities.

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CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION
Based on the Linux kernel, Google developed an operating system for mobiles. They called it
Android. The Android operating system is primarily designed for smartphone devices which
implement a touch screen input interface. Not only that, it has also been developed for many
devices such as smart watches (Android Wear), tablet computers and cars (Android Auto).
Android is known for its OS touch inputs that correspond to real-world actions such as swiping,
tapping, pinching and reverse pinching

Among many mobile operating systems, Android is the most popular operating system, which is
competing with IOS for Apple devices and Windows Phones. A developer survey conducted in
2017 found that 64.8% of mobile developers use Android as their preferred platform. Since the
most of Android devices are designed with a combination of open source software and proprietary
software developed by Google, Android source code is also released by Google under the open
source licenses. Because of open source nature of Android has enabled many to develop and
distribute developer own modified version of the OS through the Android Open Source Project
(ASOP). CyanogenMod is the most famous and widely used community firmware which is
developed by Steve Kondik, aka Cyanogen, in 2009. Unlike any other operating systems, Android
is developed using JAVA and it is run on virtual machines. The Android operating system
features the Dalvik Runtime Machine and Android Runtime (ART) in newer versions which
executes its own bytecode. Dalvik is the core component and all Android user applications and
application framework are written in JAVA and executed in Dalvik Runtime Machine. With a
new version of Android OS is being released every few months, the development of next Android
takes place quickly. Android release many numerous updates that improve the operating system.
With each release comes with adding new features and fixing bugs in older releases. Every major
release is released under the name of a dessert or sugary treat. The evaluation of Android OS
began in 2008, named Cup Cake and the versions to follow are Donut, Éclair, Froyo,
Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean, KitKat, Lollipop, Marshmallow,
Nougat and the latest, Oreo. And the future version of Android will be Android.

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With the worldwide proliferation of handheld devices, reliability, availability, connectivity, as

well as performance related concerns, similar to the once encountered on traditional IT server
systems, became paramount. On the smart phone and internet tablet side, one of the fastest
growing solutions are Android based products. Android based systems get a lot of exposure in the
media. Some people label Androidas a Linux solution, which really does not reflect the facts

Today, Android Operating System is powered in billions of mobile devices in more than 180
countries across the world. According to the new research done, many million mobile devices
that are powered by Android are activated every day.It is a Linux based mobile operating system
that is programmed in C and C++ with Java User-interface. Moreover, Android is an open source
platform that allows mobile app developers to create Android based apps without even paying
license fees.

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction

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1.2 Problem statement

The Android Operating System, developed by Google, is the most widely used mobile OS
globally. It powers a vast ecosystem of smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and IoT devices. While
Android offers flexibility, customizability, and support for a wide range of hardware, it often
faces criticism regarding performance and battery optimization, particularly on mid-range and
low-end devices. These devices, with limited CPU, RAM, and battery capacity, struggle to keep
up with the increasing demands of modern apps and system services.

A common issue observed in such devices is laggy performance due to heavy background
processes, inefficient memory management, and power-hungry services running constantly.
Despite improvements introduced in recent Android versions (like Doze Mode, App Standby, and
Adaptive Battery), these optimizations may not fully benefit devices with lower specifications.
Users frequently report sluggish multitasking, rapid battery drain, and delays in app response
time, which impacts the overall user experience

The primary challenge is to identify the components of the Android OS that contribute most to
resource consumption and find ways to reduce their impact without compromising essential
functionality. This involves analyzing system services, background processes, and the behavior of
frequently used applications. Through careful monitoring, benchmarking, and tweaking of the
Android framework, it’s possible to enhance performance and extend battery life, especially on
budget-friendlydevices.

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The goal of this problem statement is to develop an optimized solution—either as a lightweight
OS variant or a modular patch—that can improve resource management and power efficiency in
Android. This solution can be tested on various mid-range devices to measure improvements in
performance metrics like app launch speed, RAM usage, and battery endurance. Ultimately, this
project aims to make Android more accessible and efficient for users with limited hardware
resources, contributing to better digital inclusion and device longevity.

1.3 Objectives
 To analyze resource consumption in Android OS: Identify and study the key components,
system services, and background processes in Android that consume significant CPU, RAM,
and battery, especially on mid-range and low-end devices.
 To optimize background operations and system services: Reduce unnecessary background
activity by modifying or disabling non-essential services, optimizing app standby behavior,
and improving the efficiency of scheduled tasks.
 To enhance battery management mechanisms: Improve existing power-saving features such as
Doze Mode and App Standby by fine-tuning their thresholds and triggers, resulting in
extended battery life without user intervention.
 To develop a lightweight and efficient Android OS build or module: Create a custom Android
build or a plug-and-play module that integrates these optimizations, focusing on performance,
minimal resource usage, and high compatibility with essential apps.
 To evaluate and benchmark the optimized system: Test the improved Android version on
various mid-range devices using metrics like boot time, app launch speed, memory usage, and
battery drain rate, comparing it with the stock Android experience.
 To ensure user experience is not compromised: Maintain core functionalities and app
compatibility while optimizing performance, ensuring a smooth and stable user experience.
 Global Standardization: Foster global collaboration and standardization efforts to ensure
interoperability, consistency, and widespread adoption of 6G technology worldwide.

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CHAPTER 2
3.1 Architecture
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig:3.1 Architecture of Android Operating System

In this section, we illustrates the layered architecture of the Android Operating System,
showing its key components from the Linux Kernel up to the Applications layer.

3.1.1 Linux Kernel:

We The Linux Kernel is the foundational layer of the Android Operating System
architecture. Positioned at the bottom of the software stack, it serves as the core component that
facilitates interaction between the device’s hardware and the rest of the software layers. The
version initially adopted by Android was Linux 2.6, with Android's first product built upon
Linux Kernel 2.6.25. Google made several customizations and enhancements to the standard
Linux kernel to suit the unique requirements of mobile devices. One of the primary
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responsibilities of

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the Linux kernel is hardware abstraction. It ensures that higher layers of the Android OS do not
need to directly interact with hardware components. Instead, the kernel provides a consistent
interface to access hardware functions such as display rendering, camera control, audio
input/output, network communication, and power management.

In This layer includes a range of essential hardware device drivers, such as the display driver,
Bluetooth driver, Wi-Fi driver, USB driver, camera driver, and audio drivers. These drivers
enable smooth and controlled communication between the Android OS and physical hardware
components. For example, when a user takes a photo using the camera app, the request is
processed through the Android application framework, passed to the kernel, and finally handled
by the camera driver to activate the hardware and capture the image.

The Linux kernel is also responsible for process management, which includes scheduling CPU
time among different processes and ensuring multitasking functionality. It handles memory
management by providing virtual memory support, allocating memory to active processes, and
freeing unused memory to optimize performance.

Additionally, the kernel manages networking functions by handling data transmission over
mobile networks (3G, 4G, 5G), Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth connections. It ensures that network
communication remains secure and stable across different use cases.

Another critical function of the Linux kernel is power management. It monitors system activity
and implements strategies to conserve battery power, such as suspending idle processes, dimming
the screen, and putting the device into deep sleep mode when not in use. Android’s power
management capabilities are largely dependent on kernel-level components like wakelocks,
which control whether the CPU can sleep or must remain active for background tasks.

Android also uses a modified Binder (IPC) driver, integrated into the Linux kernel, to facilitate
inter-process communication. This allows system services and apps to communicate with one
another efficiently and securely. Binder is a unique addition by Google that distinguishes
Android's kernel from the mainline Linux kernel.

Overall, the Linux kernel in Android is not only a traditional OS kernel but also a bridge between
the software layers and the physical device. It provides the stability, security, multitasking, and
hardware abstraction necessary to run a mobile operating system efficiently. The modifications
made by Google to the Linux kernel allow Android to meet the real-time needs of modern
smartphones, tablets, and smart devices.
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3.1.2 Native Libraries Layer:
On the top of the Linux Kernel layer is Android's native libraries. This layer enables the
device to handle different types of data. All these libraries are written in C or C++ language.

The native libraries serve a variety of purposes, from managing graphics rendering and database
access to handling audio, video, and image processing. One of the core libraries is the Surface
Manager, which is responsible for rendering and compositing the UI and display content from
different applications.

Another vital library is SQLite, which is a lightweight and efficient relational database engine
embedded into Android for managing local databases in applications. The Media Framework
library provides robust support for playing and recording audio and video formats, enabling
multimedia features across Android devices.

OpenGL|ES, a cross-platform graphics API, is used for rendering 2D and 3D graphics, making it
essential for gaming and visual applications. Libraries such as WebKit are used to power the
browser engine for rendering web pages, and FreeType is responsible for font rendering.

Other important libraries include SSL for secure data communication, libc (a custom
implementation of the standard C library), and SGL (Scalable Graphics Library) for lightweight
graphic rendering. These libraries together form the backbone of the Android operating
environment and are critical for ensuring high performance, rich media capabilities, and device
compatibility.

These libraries are called through java interface. Some important native libraries are:
1) Surface Manager: It is used to manage display of device. Surface Manager used for
composing windows on the screen.
2) SQLite: SQLite is the database used in android for data storage. It is relational database
and available to all applications.
3) WebKit: It is the browser engine used to display HTML content.
4) Media framework: Media framework provides playbacks and recording of various audio,
video and picture formats. Free Type: Bitmap and Font Rendering
5) OpenGL | ES: Used to render 2D or 3D graphics content to the screen.
6) Libc: It contains System related C libraries.

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3.1.3 Android Runtime:

The Android Runtime (ART) is a critical component of the Android operating system architecture. It
is situated at the same level as the Native Libraries layer and plays a vital role in running Android
applications. In earlier versions of Android (before version 5.0 Lollipop), the Android Runtime
was primarily based on the Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM). Dalvik was specifically designed
and optimized for mobile devices with limited memory and processing power.

The Dalvik Virtual Machine is a custom implementation of a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that
executes Android applications written in Java. It is different from traditional JVMs in that it is
register-based, whereas standard JVMs are stack-based. This architecture allows Dalvik to be
more efficient in terms of memory usage and performance, which is crucial for mobile
environments where resources are constrained.

One of the most important features of the Dalvik VM is its ability to run each Android application in
its own separate process. Each application is given its own instance of the virtual machine, which
provides strong security, process isolation, and fault tolerance. If one app crashes, it doesn't
affect other running apps or the system as a whole.

Dalvik also supports multiple instances of virtual machines running at the same time. This design
helps Android achieve true multitasking, where different apps and background services can
operate concurrently without interfering with one another. It also includes built-in memory
management, garbage collection, and threading support, ensuring efficient use of system
resources.

3.1.4 Application Framework:

The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services or major APIs to applications
in the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed to make use of these services in
their applications. These are the blocks with which developer's applications directly interact.
Important blocks of Application framework are:

1) Activity Manager: It manages the life cycle of applications.

2) Content Providers: It is used to manage the data sharing between applications, manages
how to access data from other applications.

3) Telephony Manager: it manages all voice call related functionalities.

4) Location Manager: It is used for Location management, using GPS or cell tower.

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3.1.5 Application Layer:
The Applications Layer is the topmost layer of the Android operating system architecture. It is the
interface that end-users interact with directly, making it the most visible and user-facing part of
the system. This layer contains all the native system applications as well as third-party apps
installed by the user.

Every Android device comes with a set of pre-installed applications that serve essential functions.
These include the SMS client app for sending and receiving text messages, the Phone/Dialer app
for making and managing calls, the Contacts app for storing and managing user contacts, and the
Web Browser app for browsing the internet. Other common pre-installed apps might include the
Camera, Gallery, Email, Calendar, and Settings.

One of the key strengths of Android is its openness and flexibility. Developers can create their own
custom applications using the Android SDK and can replace or enhance existing system
applications. For example, a developer can build a new dialer app with more advanced features
and set it as the default app, replacing the stock dialer.

Applications in this layer are built on top of the Application Framework, which provides the
necessary APIs and tools to interact with the underlying system components. Each application
runs in its own sandboxed environment, ensuring security and stability across the system.

The Applications Layer supports a wide range of app categories, including communication,
entertainment, productivity, gaming, and utilities. With millions of apps available on the Google
Play Store, this layer represents the vast and dynamic ecosystem that makes Android one of the.

3.2 Versions of Android

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the Android
alpha in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September
2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and
has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since the initial release. Versions 1.0
and 1.1 were not released under specific code names, but since April 2009's Android
1.5 "Cupcake", Android versions have had confectionerythemed code names. Each is in alphabetical
order, with the most recent being Android 7.0 "Nougat", released in August 2016.

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Fig 3.2 Versions of Android OS

3.2.1 Cupcake:
On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released based on Linux kernel 2.6.27. This was
the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme which
would be used for all releases henceforth. The update included several new features and UI
amendments:-
 Support for third-party virtual keyboards with text prediction and user dictionary for
custom words
 Support for Widgets – miniature application views that can be embedded in other
applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates
 Video recording and playback in MPEG-4 and 3GP formats
 Auto-pairing and stereo support for Bluetooth (A2DP and AVRCP profiles)

3.2.2 Donut:
On September 15, 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux
kernel 2.6.29. Included in the update were numerous new features:-
 Voice and text entry search enhanced to include bookmark history, contacts, and the web
 Ability for developers to include their content in search results
 Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a
string of text
 Easier searching and ability to view app screenshots in Android Market
 Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a
string of text

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3.2.3 Eclair:
On October 26, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 and
codenamed Eclair. Changes include the ones listed below:-
 Expanded Account sync, allowing users to add multiple accounts to a device for
synchronization of email and contacts
 Microsoft Exchange email support, with combined inbox to browse email from
multiple accounts in one page
 Bluetooth 2.1 support
 Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person
 Addition of live wallpapers, allowing the animation of home-screen background images
to show movement.
3.2.4 Froyo:
On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo,short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on
Linux kernel 2.6.32. Changes include the ones listed below:
 Speed, memory, and performance optimizations
 Additional application speed improvements, implemented through JIT compilation
 Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application
 Support for the Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push
notifications
 Improved Microsoft Exchange support, including security policies, auto-discovery,
GAL look-up, calendar synchronization and remote wipe
3.2.5 (Q) Android 10:
Release Date: September 3, 2019, Android 10 was the tenth major release and the 17th version of the
Android operating system. It was the first version to drop the traditional dessert naming
convention, instead opting for a more straightforward numerical naming scheme. Android 10 was
based on Linux kernel 4.14 and introduced a variety of modern features and improvements aimed
at enhancing user privacy, security, and device flexibility.
 Enhanced Privacy Controls, including better control over location sharing and access
permissions for apps.
 System-wide Dark Theme, offering a consistent dark mode across the OS and
supported applications.
 Gesture Navigation, replacing traditional navigation buttons with swipe gestures for a
more immersive, edge-to-edge experience.

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 Foldable and 5G Device Support, introducing native support for foldable screens and
enhanced 5G readiness.
3.2.6 Vanilla Ice Cream (Android 15):
On October 15, 2024, the SDK for Android 15 (codenamed Vanilla Ice Cream) was released, based
on Linux Kernel 6.6. Android 15 introduces several new features and improvements focusing on
privacy, multitasking, performance, and user experience. Changes include the ones listed below:
 Enhanced privacy and security features, including the new Private Space, which
allows users to hide and protect sensitive apps and data.
 Gemini AI integration, offering on-device AI capabilities like smart
replies, summarization, and contextual suggestions.
 Improved split-screen multitasking and support for app pairs, allowing users to launch
two apps together in split-screen mode.
3.2.7 Baklava (Android 16):
On June 3, 2025, the SDK for Android 16 (codenamed Baklava) was released, based on Linux
Kernel 6.6. This release introduced several new features and enhancements focusing on privacy,
multitasking, performance, and user experience. Changes include the ones listed below:
 Live Updates: Introduction of a new class of notifications designed to help users monitor
and quickly access important ongoing activities, with support for custom icons and
progress tracking.
 Health Records Integration: Introduction of enhanced functionality in Health Connect,
enabling apps to access and manage medical data through new APIs, with initial
support for immunization records in FHIR format.

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CHAPTER 4

APPLICATION
4.1 Android

Fig:4.1 Applications of Android OS

The Android Operating System, being open-source and highly customizable, has evolved into one
of the most widely adopted platforms across the world. Initially developed for smartphones,
Android's versatility has allowed it to expand far beyond just mobile phones. It now powers a
wide range of smart devices including tablets, smart TVs, wearables, home automation systems,
in-vehicle infotainment systems, and even industrial machines. The open-source nature of
Android encourages innovation by allowing developers and manufacturers to modify the
operating system to suit their specific needs. This flexibility has made Android a preferred choice
for both personal and commercialused:

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 Smartphones and Tablets:

The Android OS is predominantly used in smartphones and tablets, forming the backbone of
mobile computing for billions of users worldwide. It provides a user-friendly interface that is
intuitive and easy to navigate, making it accessible to users of all age groups. One of its biggest
strengths lies in its support for millions of applications available through the Google Play Store,
ranging from social media and games to productivity and educational tools. Android offers
frequent system updates that improve performance, patch security vulnerabilities, and introduce
new features.
 Smart TVs and Media Devices:
Android TV, a specialized variant of the Android Operating System, is designed specifically for
smart TVs and media streaming devices. It provides a smooth and intuitive user interface
optimized for big-screen entertainment. Users can access a wide variety of streaming platforms
such as YouTube, Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+, and Google Play Movies, all from a
centralized dashboard. Android TV supports voice control via the Google Assistant, enabling
hands-free searching, channel switching, and smart home commands. The system also integrates
with Google Home devices, allowing users to control their lights, cameras, and thermostats
directly from their TV.
 Wearable Devices:
Android Wear, now known as Wear OS, is a version of the Android operating system specifically
designed for smartwatches and fitness bands. It brings the core functionality of Android to
wearable devices, offering a compact and responsive user experience. Wear OS allows users to
track their health metrics such as heart rate, steps, calories burned, and sleep quality in real-time.
It also supports message and call notifications, enabling quick replies and alerts directly from the
wrist. Users can control music playback, switch tracks, or adjust volume without touching their
phones. Integrated GPS tracking helps in monitoring outdoor activities like running, cycling, or
walking. The built-in Google Assistant allows for voice commands, reminders, and hands-free
control of smart home devices.
 Holographic Beamforming (HBF):
Beamforming is using a directed narrow beam with a high gain for transmitting and receiving
using antenna arrays by focusing the power in a minimized angular range. It offers better
coverage and throughput, higher signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) and it could be
used to track users. Holographic beamforming is an advanced beamforming approach utilizing
Software-Defined Antenna (SDA).

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 Automobiles (Android Auto):
Android Auto is a mobile app developed by Google that allows users to mirror essential
smartphone functions onto their car’s infotainment system. Designed to improve driver safety and
convenience, it provides access to apps like Google Maps, Waze, Spotify, YouTube Music, and
WhatsApp directly from the dashboard screen. With hands-free voice commands powered by
Google Assistant, users can easily navigate, send messages, make calls, and play music without
taking their eyes off the road. The interface is simplified and touch-friendly, ensuring minimal
distraction while driving.
 Educational Devices:
Tablets and e-learning tools powered by Android have become essential components in modern
education systems, from primary schools to universities. These devices offer students and
teachers a portable and interactive learning platform, accessible anytime and anywhere. Android
tablets support a wide range of educational apps, including digital textbooks, language learning
tools, coding platforms, and quiz-based applications. Through apps like Google Classroom, Khan
Academy, Byju's, and Coursera, students can access video lectures, assignments, and online
exams with ease.
 Smart Home Devices:
Android is widely used in smart home devices, playing a key role in enabling intelligent
automation and control. Devices like smart displays, thermostats, lights, cameras, door locks, and
security systems often run on Android or Android Things, a lightweight version of the OS for IoT
applications. These devices are designed to work seamlessly with Google Assistant, allowing
users to control them through simple voice commands or via dedicated mobile apps. For
example, users can adjust the room temperature, turn lights on or off, stream music, or check
who’s at the door—all using their Android phone or smart speaker.
 Wireless Power Transfer:
Wireless energy transfer will be involved in 6G, providing suitable power to the batteries in
devices such as; smartphones and sensors . The base stations in 6G will be used for transferring
power as Wireless Information and Energy
Transfer(WIET) uses the same fields and waves used in communication systems. WIET is an
innovative technology that will allow the development of battery less smart devices, charging
wireless networks and saving the battery life-time of other devices.

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

5.1 Advantages
 Supports 2D, 3D graphics: It supports various platforms like 2D and 3D. Earlier we used to
watch movies and play games in almost in 2D, but nowadays various applications are using
3D format. To provide different graphics in videos, games OS should support 3D format.
Android supports 2D And 3D format to provide a better advantage in videos and in games 6G
technology provide real online gaming experience and reduce lag while gaming.
 Supports Multiple Languages: Android supports different languages. We can say all famous
languages about more than 100. By using this feature it is easy to adopt to different
languages. Earlier in the feature phones English is to be the only language in the mobile
devicesIt can increase availability of social network.
 Java Support: The Java supporting feature enables developers to enhance more features. As it
supports Java, operating can be developed6G technology provides intelligent batteries and
improve storage capacity.
 Additional Hardware Support: Any hardware can be easily connected with the Android based
devices easily. We can make a device to connect internally to get more features.
 Video Calling: Faster data connection enables to do video call. We can take advantage of
bandwidth and new generation networks using Android.
 Open Source Framework: It makes users to make their own applications and to make changes
required for them. Enthusiasts can make Android more powerful and useful by developing
themselves. As it is an open source operating system, we can use it easily and without cost in
the equipments.
 Uses of Tools are Very Simple: It makes use of a single button to do more than assigned
work. For example volume control button can be made to click a photo by changing simple
algorithm in the android.
 Availability of Apps: Anyone can make use lot of free apps in the app store and from other
android stores. It gives freedom to install from third party users.
 Additional Hardware Support: Any hardware can be easily connected with the Android based
devices easily. We can make a device to connect internally to get more features.

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5.2 Disadvantages
 Battery Consumption: Android applications run multiple background processes which can
drain the battery quickly. Even though 6G may bring intelligent battery optimizations, the
open nature of Android sometimes causes poor battery management in low-end devices.
 Fragmentation Issues: Android is used by a wide variety of devices from different
manufacturers. This causes fragmentation in updates and performance. Some devices may not
receive the latest updates or security patches on time, leading to inconsistencies.
 Security Risks: Being open-source and allowing third-party installations, Android is more
prone to malware and viruses. Users who install apps from unknown sources risk their data
and device safety.
 App Quality Control: As Android allows anyone to upload apps to the Play Store or third-
party stores, not all apps maintain high quality or follow strict development guidelines. This
results in buggy or malicious apps making their way to users.
 Hardware Compatibility: Even though Android supports various hardware, not all apps or
features are optimized for every device. Some features may work only on specific models or
fail due to hardware limitations.
 Slower OS Updates: Unlike iOS, Android updates are not delivered directly by Google to all
users. They rely on device manufacturers and carriers, which causes delays in updates and
limits access to new features.
 Pre-installed Bloatware: Many manufacturers pre-install apps that users may not need or use.
These apps consume storage and cannot always be removed, reducing usable space and
affecting performance.
 Heavier RAM Usage: Android OS and apps often use more RAM compared to other
operating systems. On low-end devices, this results in slower multitasking and frequent app
reloads.

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CONCLUSION

As Mobile software development has evolved over time. From above discussion it is clear that
Android Operating System has emerged as a new mobile development platform. Android was
designed to empower the developer to write innovative applications and their own source code.
The platform is open source, with no upfront fees, and developers enjoy many benefits over other
competing platforms. We see the Android architecture which is most important to develop
applications in different sectors of our life. We see that Android is continuously growing and
fastest acceptable platform. The time finally arrived when our Android OS would get a quick
makeover and offer us with either some more simple or extravagant changes. Android is a truly
open, free development platform based on Linux and open source and many application
development tools are freely available on the internet.

Designed with developers in mind, Android allows users to write innovative applications using their
own source code. Its open-source nature removes restrictions, encouraging creativity and custom
solutions tailored for various industries. Developers can easily access the tools they need without
paying any upfront fees. Android's architecture is robust and modular, making it suitable for
application development in diverse sectors such as healthcare, education, gaming, entertainment,
and finance. The support for Java, Kotlin, and other languages adds flexibility for developers.
With constant updates and improvements, Android is continuously growing and gaining
acceptance at a rapid pace. The OS is now mature enough to support advanced technologies like
AI, IoT, and 6G integration. It also provides rich APIs, an extensive app ecosystem, and hardware
compatibility.

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REFERENCES

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Tareq et al., ―A Speculative Study on 6G,‖ 2019, unpublished
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[Accessed: 29-Apr-2018]Architecture, and Key Technologies,‖ IEEE Vehicular Technology
Magazine, 1–1, 2019.
3. ―Android P: Top 6 things you need to know!,‖ Android Central, 07-Mar-2018. [Online].
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Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems,‖ arXiv: 1902.10265, 2019
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XDA Developers. [Online]. Available:
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