Outcome D examples

C programming
Example 1: FOR loop
Write a C program that calls a function called arraySum. The function arraySum takes two arguments;
an integer array and the number of elements in the array. Have the function return as its result, the
sum of the elements in the array. Use a for loop
Answer

#include <stdio.h>
int arraySum(int arr[10], int num);

int main(void)
{
int val[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
char ch;

prin�("Sum = %d\n", arraySum(val, 10));

ch = getchar();
return 0;
}

int arraySum(int arr[10], int num)

{
int i;
int sum = 0;

for (i = 0; i < num; i++)

{
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum;
}

Example 2: FOR loop

2.1 Write a C program that jumps out of an infinite loop using the break statement.
2.2 Simple program that uses continue statement.
Answer

#include <stdio.h>

int main (void)

{
int t , num;

for ( ; ; ) {
prin�("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d" , &t) ;
 if ( t==10 ) break ;
}

//when do not update t result in infinite while loop

/*while (t < 15) {
prin�("t=%d\n", t);
}//uncomment in class

//does not enter while loop

num = 31;
while(num >10&&num<=30)
{
prin�("%d\n", num);
}*/

for ( t=0 ; t<=20 ; t++) {

if (t%2) con�nue;
prin�("%d\n" , t);
}

Example 3: DO-WHILE loop

Write a C program demonstrating use of prefix and postfix operators with a do-while loop. The
program gets the remainder of a value and uses a switch statement to display a character. Play with the
values of I and j and print out the value of j before the decrement and after the decrement. Print out
the value of I before increment and after increment.
Answer

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int i = 4, j = 4;

do
{
j = i%5;

switch (j--)
{
case 1:
prin�("A");
i *= (++j * 5)*3;
break;
case 2:
prin�("B");
i %= 2;
break;
case 3:
 prin�("C");
i -= j;
break;
case 4:
prin�("D");
i %= 12;
break;
case 5:
prin�("E");
i *= 1;
break;
default:
prin�("F");
i *= 1;
break;
}
} while (++i < 10);

return 0;
}

Example 4: FOR loop

Write a C program to print the values in a 2x2 array.
Answer

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int row, column;

int my_array[3][3] =

{10, 23, 42},

{1, 654, 0},

{40652, 22, 0}

};

for (row = 0; row <=2; row++)

 {

for (column = 0; column <= 2; column++)

prin�("%d\t", my_array[column][row]);

prin�("\n");

prin�("\n");

return 0;

Example 5: DO-WHILE and WHILE loop

Write a C program to prompt a user for a password. Note the number of steps if using a WHILE loop
versus when using a DO-WHILE loop.
Answer

#include <stdio.h>

int main (void)

{
char password[] = "Lerato";
char pwd[100] = {};
int val;

prin�("password %s\n", password);

prin�("pwd %s\n", pwd);
val = strcmp(password, pwd);
prin�("Val %d\n", val);
while (val != 0)
{
prin�("Enter password\n");
scanf("%s", pwd);
val = strcmp(password, pwd);
prin�("Val %d\n", val);
}

do
{
 prin�("Enter password\n");
scanf("%s", pwd);
} while (strcmp(password, pwd) != 0);

return 0;
}//main

Example 6: Nested FOR and WHILE loops

Write a C program to that uses a nested FOR loop to print a 3x3 matrix of the first nine numbers and a
nested WHILE loop to print a 3x3 matrix of the first nine alphabet letters.
Answer

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
int val[3][3] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
char ch[3][3] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i'};
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
prin�("%d \t", val[i][j]);
}
prin�("\n");
}
prin�("\n\n\n");

i = 0;
while (i < 3) {
j = 0;
while (j < 3) {
prin�("%c \t", ch[i][j]);
j++;
}
i++;
prin�("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Octave

Example 1: Sum of First N Natural Numbers

Write an Octave script that calculates the sum of the first N = 10 natural numbers using a for loop.

Expected Output:
The sum of the first 10 natural numbers is 55

Answer

N = 10;

sum = 0;

for i = 1:N

sum = sum + i;

end

fprintf('The sum of the first %d natural numbers is %d\n', N, sum);

Example 2: Print Even Numbers from 1 to 20

Use a for loop to print all even numbers from 1 to 20.

Expected Output:

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Answer

for i = 1:20
if mod(i, 2) == 0
fprin�('%d ', i);
end
end
fprin�('\n');

Example 3: Find the Smallest Power of 2 Greater Than 1000

Use a while loop to find the smallest power of 2 that is greater than 1000.

Expected Output:

2^10 = 1024 is the first power of 2 greater than 1000

Answer
value = 1;
exponent = 0;

while value <= 1000

 exponent = exponent + 1;
value = 2^exponent;
end

fprintf('2^%d = %d is the first power of 2 greater than 1000\n', exponent, value);

Example 4: Calculate Factorial of a Number

Use a while loop to compute the factorial of a number n = 5.

Expected Output:

Factorial of 5 is 120

Answer
n = 5;
factorial = 1;
i = 1;

while i <= n
factorial = factorial * i;
i = i + 1;
end

fprin�('Factorial of %d is %d\n', n, factorial);

Example 5: Sum of All Elements in a Matrix

Given a matrix A, use a for loop to calculate the sum of all its elements.

Expected Output:

Sum of all elements in the matrix is 45

Answer
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
[m, n] = size(A);
total = 0;

for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
total = total + A(i,j);
end
end

fprintf('Sum of all elements in the matrix is %d\n', total);

Example 6: Transpose a Matrix Manually

Use nested for loops to manually compute the transpose of a matrix A.

Expected Output:

Original Matrix A:
1 2 3
4 5 6
Transposed Matrix A_T:
1 4
2 5
3 6

Answer
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6];
[m, n] = size(A);
A_T = zeros(n, m); % Pre-allocate transpose matrix

for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
A_T(j, i) = A(i, j);
end
end

disp('Original Matrix A:');

disp(A);
disp('Transposed Matrix A_T:');
disp(A_T);

Example 7: Find the First Negative Element in a Matrix

Given a matrix B, use a while loop to find the first negative element and its position. Assume row-
major order (left to right, top to bottom).

Expected Output:

First negative element is -1 at position (2, 1)

Answer

B = [3 5 7; -1 4 6; 2 -3 8];
[m, n] = size(B);
found = false;
i = 1;
j = 1;

while ~found && i <= m

j = 1;
while ~found && j <= n
if B(i, j) < 0
fprintf('First negative element is %d at position (%d, %d)\n', B(i,j), i, j);
found = true;
 end
j = j + 1;
end
i = i + 1;
end

Example 8: Normalize Matrix Values Using a while Loop

Write a while loop to divide all elements of a matrix C by its maximum value so that all values are
between 0 and 1.

Expected Output:

Normalized Matrix C:
0.1667 0.3333 0.5000
0.6667 0.8333 1.0000

Answer

C = [4 8 12; 16 20 24];

[m, n] = size(C);

max_val = max(C(:));

i = 1;

while i <= m

j = 1;

while j <= n

C(i,j) = C(i,j) / max_val;

j = j + 1;

end

i = i + 1;

end
 disp('Normalized Matrix C:');

disp(C);

Basic image processing tasks using loops in Octave. These examples assume you're using grayscale
images represented as 2D matrices. Use loops to do things like image inversion, thresholding, and
computing a simple image histogram.

For real image files, Octave’s imread, imshow, and imwrite functions (from the Image package) are
useful. Make sure the Image package is installed and loaded:

pkg load image;

Example 9: Invert a Grayscale Image (Negative Image)

Write a script to invert a grayscale image using a for loop. Pixel values range from 0 (black) to 255
(white).

Answer

pkg load image;

img = imread('cameraman.tif'); % Built-in grayscale image
[m, n] = size(img);
inverted_img = zeros(m, n, 'uint8');

for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
inverted_img(i, j) = 255 - img(i, j);
end
end

imshow(inverted_img);
title('Inverted Image');

Effect:
The image is flipped in brightness — black becomes white, white becomes black.

Example 10: Apply Thresholding (Binary Image)

Using a while loop, convert a grayscale image into a binary image where all pixel values above 100
become 255 (white), and others become 0 (black).

Answer
pkg load image;
img = imread('cameraman.tif');
[m, n] = size(img);
binary_img = zeros(m, n, 'uint8');

i = 1;
while i <= m
 j = 1;
while j <= n
if img(i, j) > 100
binary_img(i, j) = 255;
else
binary_img(i, j) = 0;
end
j = j + 1;
end
i = i + 1;
end

imshow(binary_img);
title('Binary Threshold Image');

Example 11: Simple Histogram Computation (Pixel Intensity Count)

Write a for loop to compute the histogram (pixel intensity count) of a grayscale image.

Answer
pkg load image;
img = imread('cameraman.tif');
histogram = zeros(1, 256); % One bin for each intensity value (0–255)

[m, n] = size(img);

for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
intensity = img(i, j);
histogram(intensity + 1) = histogram(intensity + 1) + 1; % +1 for Octave indexing
end
end

bar(0:255, histogram);
xlabel('Pixel Intensity');
ylabel('Frequency');
title('Image Histogram');

Example 12: Brightness Adjustment

Write a script to increase the brightness of an image by 50 using a for loop, capping the max value at
255.

Answer
pkg load image;
img = imread('cameraman.tif');
[m, n] = size(img);
bright_img = zeros(m, n, 'uint8');

for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
new_val = img(i, j) + 50;
 bright_img(i, j) = min(new_val, 255);
end
end

imshow(bright_img);
title('Brightened Image');