I

Engineering Information )
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Troy Weight
24 grain = 1 dwt.
70 dwts. = 1 ounce.

Time Measure
60 second = 1 minute.
24 hours = 1 day.
6 0 minutes= 1 hour.
7 days = 1 week.
28,29, 30 or 31 days Calender month
(30 days = 1 month in computing interest).
365 days = 1 year
366 days = 1 leap year

12 ounces = 1 pound.

Used for weighting gold, silver and jewels

Apnothecaries Weight
20 gains = 1 scruple
8 drams = 1 ounce.
3 scruples = 1 dram.

Circular Measure
6 0 seconds = 1 minute
80 degrees = 1 sign.
90 degrees = 1 quadrant.
60 minutes = 1 degree.
4 quadrants = 12 signs. Or 360 degrees = 1 circle.

. Avoirdupois Weight
27% grains = 1 dram. 4 quarters = 1 cwt.
16 drams = 1 ounce.
2,000 Ibs. = 1 short ton.
16 ounces = 1 pounds 2,240 Ibs. = 1 long ton.
28 pounds = 1 quarter

2* Inches = 1 nail.
4 nails = 1 quarter

Mariners' Measure
6 feet = 1 fathom.
5,280 feets = 1 stat, mile
120 fathoms = coble length.
6,080 = 1 naut, mile
7% cable lengths = 1 mile,

Dry Measure
4 pecks = 1 bushel.
36 bushels = 1 chaldron
Liquid Measure
60 minims = 1 fluid drachm' = 1 teaspoon
8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid oz. = 2 table spoons.
20 fluid oz. = 1 pint.
4 quarts = 1 gallon
4 gills = 1 pint.
31% gallons = 1 barrel.
2 pints = 1 quart.
2 barrels = hogshead.
2 pints = 1 quart.
8 quarts = 1 peck.

12 inches = 1 foot.
3 feet = 1 yard.
5% yards = 1 rod.

Cloth Measure
4 quarters = 1 yard

3
6
6

Inches = 1 palm
Inches = 1 hand
Inches = 1 span.

Miscellaneous
18 inches = 1 cubit.
21.8 in = 1 Bible cubit.
2% feet = 1 military pact.

Surveyors Measure
7.52 inches = 1 link.
4 rods = 1 chain.
25 links = 1 rod. 10 sq. chains or 160. sq. rods 1 acre
640 acres = 1 sq. mile.
36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.) = 1 township.

Long Measure
40 rods = 1 furlong.
8 furlongs = 1 stat. mile
3 miles = 1 league.

Cubic Measure
1,728 cubic ins.=1 cub. ft.
128 cub. ft. = 1 cord (wood)
27 cub. ft. = 1 cub. yd.
40 cub. ft. = 1 ton (shipping).
2,150.42 cubic inches = 1 standard bushel.
268.8 cubic inches = 1 standard gallon
1 of cubic foot = about foure fifthsa bushel

Square Measure
144 sq. inches= 1 sq. foot.
4 roods = 1 acre.
9 sq. feets = 1 sq yard. 1 acre = 4840 sq. yards.
30* sq. yards = 1 sq. rod.
640 acres = 1 sq. Mile
40 sq rods = 1 rood.

CONVERSION POWER TABLE

One horse-power

in terms of

Water cub. feet x feet fall

Fluid gallons flow x lb. per sq. in pressure
Fluid cub. feet flow x lb. per sq. in pressure
Fluid cub. feet flow x inches water gauge
Lb. OFheat units (each 778 ft. lb.)
Lb. C heat units (each 1400 ft. lb.)
Kilogram. C heat units (Metric h.p.)
Steam, lb. evaporated from and at 212 of
Fuel burnt lb. at 14,000 heat units per lb.
Fuel burnt lb. at 12,725 heat units per lb.
Fuel Oil burnt, at 19.99 heat units per lb.
Lighting gas burnt cub. ft. at 500 heat unit.
Per cub. ft.
Producer gas burnt cub. feet at 127 heat
units per cub. foot
Joules = Watts cs= 107 Ergs.
Kgram metres

1 H.P. - hr. = 273742.9

Per hour
31,731
85,800
13,750
6.38 x 106
2545
1415
632.65
2.63
0.1818
0.2
0.18

5
20
2685.6
273743.00

kg-m 0.7456 kw., hr = 841.6 cal.

Per min.

Per sec.

528.8
1430.00
229.16
6.346
42.24
23.6
10.54
0.0438
3.037103
3.37103
0.003

8.813
23.83
3.82
0.105
0.707
0.393
0.1757
.737103
50.57106
55.557105
.507106
13.897104

0.083
0.333
44.760
4562.88

5.5710
0.746
% kilogramsec.
76.0398

Engineering Information
BRIT. MEASURES METRIC EQUIVALENTS

5625
1250
348875
J625
8125
J93775
<09375
<25
40625
5625
-71875
-875
.202125

875
231375
25
265625
281250
296875
25
.328125
34375
.359375
5
390625
25
.!21875
75
~125
.!.6875
.!84075

Fraction

Decimal

Decimal

Fraction

Decimal

of an

of an

of an

of an

of an

Inch.

m/m

Inch.

Inch.

m/m

1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
3/32
7/16
1/8
9/64
5/32
11/64
3/64
13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4
17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16
21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8
25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2

.366875
.79373
1.190625
1.5875
1.984375
2.38125
2.7781
3.175
3.571875
3.96875
3.365626
4.7625
5.159375
5.85625
5.933125
6.35
6.748675
7.14375
7.540625
7.9375
8.334375
8.73125
9.128125
9.525
9.921875
10.31875
10.715625
11.1125
11.509375
11.9025
12.303125
12.7

.515625
.53125
.546875
.5625
.378125
.59375
.609375
.625
.640625
.65625
.671875
.6875
.703123
.71875
.734375
.75
.765625
.78125
.796875
.815
.828125
.84375
.859375
.875
.890625
.90625
.921875
.9375
.951325
.96875
.984375

33/64
17/32
35/64
9/16
37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8
41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16
45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4
49/64
25/32
51/64
13/16
53/64
27/32
55/64
6/8
57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16
61/64
31/32
63/64
1

13.096875
13.49375
13.890625
14.2875
14.64375
15.08125
15.47812
15.875
16.271825
16.66875
17.065625
17.4625
17.859375
18.25625
18.653125
10.05
19.446875
19.84375
20.240625
20.6375
21.034375
21.43125
21.828125
22.225
22.612875
23.01875
23.415625
23.8125
24.209375
24.60625
52.003132
25.4

CONVERSION TABLES
-0 CONVERT

MULTIPLY

. ospheres to Ibs. per sq. Inch.

. ish thermal units to calories
~ries

to British thermal units

ventimetres

to inches

ic centimetres

to cubic inches

ic feet to cubic metres

bic feet to gallons
ic inches to cubic centimetres
ic inches to litres
ic metres to cubic feet
ic metres to cubic yards
bic yards to cubic metres
~tto

metres

::oct Ibs. per second to horse power

~t

Ibs. to kilogram metres

Force de cheval to horse power

BY

14.73
.252
3.968
.3937
.06103
.02832
6.228
16.39
.01639
35.32
1.308
.7645
.3048
.001818
.1383

Gallons to lit res

Gallons to cubic feet
Grains to grams
Grains to graine
Grams to ounces
Grams to Ibs .
Horse power to ft .. Ibs. per second
Horse power to force de cheval
Horse power to watts
Inches to centimetres
Inches to milimetres
Kilogrammetres

to foot Ibs.

Kilograms to Ibs.
Kilograms to tons
Kilometres to miles

.9863
4.536
.1606
.06480
15.43
.03527
.002205
350
1.0139
746
2.540
25.40
7.233
2.205
.0009842
.6214

...,

Engineering Information

'"

GENERAL CONVERSION

['I

Multiply by

2.54
30.48
9.14
1,609.3
1,853.27
6.45
.093
.836
16.39
28.3
6.24
.765
.3732
31.1
45.36
7,000
28.35
.065
50.8
0.90
9.55
.737
88
197
1.8
.0000208
1.488
0.496
3,333.33
1,111.11
0.2818
10.936
1.215
1.329
0.01426
48.905
25.8
0.477
0.0916
0.0279
2.713
1017.3
4.546
10.
.454
70.3
2.3
0.7
.068
1.575
4.883
, .593
16.02
.0998
.1883
.33
1.014
746
33,000
.76
.44
0.1
0.252
14.7

TABLE

To Convert

To

Inches
Feet
Yards
Mile
Nautical Miles
Square Inches
Square Feets
Square Yards
Cubic Inches
Cubic Feet
Cubic Feet
Cubic Yards
Pounds (Troy)
Ounces (Troy)
Pounds (Avoir)
Pounds (Avoir)
Ounces (Avoir)
Grains
Cwt
German candles
Cercels
Joules
Miles/hour
Metres sec.
C.H.U.
Centipoise
Lb. per ft.
Lb. peryd.
Tons. per ft.
Tons. per yd.
Lb. per mile
Tons. per sq. ft.
Tons per sq. yd.
Tons per cub. yd.
Grains per gallon
Gallons per sq. ft.
Inch tons
Lb. per H.P.
Sq. ft. per H.P.
Cub. ft. per H.P.
Heat units per H.P.
Tons
Gallons
Gallons of water
Pounds of water
,~~. per sq. in.

Centimetres
Centimetres
Metres
Metres
Metres
Sq. cum
Sq. Metres
Sq. Metres
Cub. cms.
Litres
Gallons
Cub. Metres
Kilogrammes
Grammes
Kilogrammes
Grams
Grammes
Grammes
Kilogrammes
English candles
Candles
Ft.lb .
Ft.!min .
u

II

B.Th. U.
Lb. force sec./sq. ft.
kgm. per metre
1111

""
1111

Kgm./Kilometre
Tonnes cub. metre
Tonnes cub. metre
Tonnes sq. metre
Gm. per litre
Litres/sq. metre
K'grammetre
Kgm. per cheval
Sq. metres/cheval
Cub. metres/cheval
Calories/sq. metre
Kilogrammes
Litres
Pounds
Litres
Gm./sq.cm.
Head of water (ft.)
""(M)
Atmospheres
Kgms./sq. mm.
Kgm. /sq. meter
,~,~m./cub. metre

1111

1111

Tons per sq. in.

Lb. per Sq. ft.
Lb. per cub. yd.
Lb. per cub. ft.
Lb. per gallon
Foot lb.
Foot to s
,~,?rse-power

.3937
.3228
1.094
.000621
.000539
.155
10.764
1.196
.061
.0353
.1602
1.308
2.68
.032216
2.2046
.000148
.353
15.38
.0968
1.1111
.1074
1.375
.01134
.00508
.5555
4.8000
0.672
2.016
0.0003
0.0009
3.548
0.0914
0.823
0~752
70.12
0.0204
0.0287
2.235
10.913
35.806
0.369
.000983
.22
.1
2.202
.0142
.434
1.4285
14.7
.635
.205
1.686
.062
10.02
7.23
3.
.9861
.00134

Heat Unit
Atmospheres

Kgm./metre
Kigrammetres
Tonne-metres
Force de cheval
Watts
Ft.lb./mm.
Kg.m./sec.
Ft. lb. Imino
Kgm, sec.
Calories
Lb. sq. Inch.

.327
10.
3.97
.068

To Obtain

From

Multiply by above

1111

1111

Watts
1111

:01316
I

Engineering Information
Physical Properties of Metals

(0=16)
AtomWt.

Valency

26.27

3
5

121.76
39.944

'SiNer

Heat

Expansion

at

658.7

Antinomy

630.0

Bismuth

271

Cadmium

63.57
19.0

2
2
2
1,5,7
3.6
2,3
1,2
1
1,3

1.008

1,3,5

126.9
193.1
55.84

1
2,3,4
2,3
2,4

207.2

2
2,3,4
1,2
3,6

58.69

2,3,4

.01
6.00
30.98

3,5

1952

-:

39.1
226.05
78.96
28.06
1\)1 :~'rl

2
3,5
2,4
1
2
2,65
4
1

(Water-1 )

40C x104
PeroC

2.56

0.2089

0.2313

6.70

0.0495

0.1152

9.76

0.0301

0.1346
0.3069

320.9

8.7

0.0548

Calcium

810

1.82

0.1453

Chromium

1553

7.0

0.10394

Cobalt

1480

8.74

0.1030

0.1236

Copper

1083

8.65

0.0939

0.1678

Gold

1063

19.3

0.0316

0.1443

Iron

1530

7.86

0.1338

0.1182

Lead

327.4

11.4

0.0315

0.2924

Magnesium

651

1.75

0.2456

0.2694

Manganese

1230

8.0

0.1072

0.228

Mercury

38.9

13.6

0.0334

1.8200

Molybdenum

2500

8.62

0.0659

0.0501

Nickel

1452

8.5

0.1034

0.1279

Palladium

1550

11.4

0.0592

0.1176

95.95
20.18

=--

!,,-g

Gravity

Aluminium

54.93
200.6

Si

of

0:

1,5,7

6.94
24.32

Coefficient

3,5
3,4

197.2
4.)03

Specific

208.0

52.01
58.95

Specific

3,5

10.82
79.92
112.4

Linear

point

74.93
137.36

1.07
12.0
35.45

=:

Melting
Element

Phosphorous

44

1.83

0.189

Platinum

1755

22.15

0.0323

0.0899

Potassium

62.3

0.88

0.1876

0.8300

Rhodium

1950

12.1

0.5803

0.0850

Silicon

1420

2.3

0.2140

0.0763

Silver

960.5

10.55

0.0556

0.1921

~l.~

Q.~l

Q.'2.~3Q5

o .l'2.()()

~~~\~I."<\

Sodium

Na

23.0

Sulphur

Seontium
Sulphur
Tellurium
TItanium

Sr
S

87.63
32.6
127.61

2
2,4

Tantalum

2900

10.8

0.0301

0.0800

Tellerium

452

6.25

0.0525

0.1680

Tin

231.9

7.3

0.0559

0.2234
0.0444

TIn
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium

Te
TI
Sn
W
U
V
Zn
Zr

47.90
118.7

2,6
3,4
2,4

114

2.04

0.1844

184.0

3,4,6

Tungsten

2400

18.8

0.0336

238.07

4,6

Vanadium

1720

5.5

0.1153

1 to 5
2

Zinc

419.4

7.0

0.0935

1530

6.4

0.0660

50.95
65.38
91.22

Zirconium

0.2918

Engineering Information

READY METHODS OF CALCULATING WEIGHTS OF

STEEL AND CAST IRON
Squares:
Steel:

Side2
Side2
Side2
Side2

"
Cast Iron
"
Rounds:
Steel:

x length 4 + 1/10 and Y2 of the length

x length 400 + 1/100
x 3 length 10 - 1/5
x 2 length + 1/6 + 1000

"

Dia.2
Dia.2
Dia.2
Dia.2

Flats:
Steel:
"
Cast Iron.:
"

Width
Width
Width
Width

x thickness
x thickness
x thickness
x thickness

Inside
Inside
Inside
Inside

dia.
dia.
dia.
dia.

Dia2 x
Dia2 x
Dia2 x
Dia2 x

length
lengh.
length
length

"
Cast Iron

Rings or Cylinders:
Steel:

"
Cost Iron:
"
Haxagons:
Steel:
Cast Iron:

"

= Lbs.
= Cwts.
= Lbs.
= Cwts.

x 2 length 9
x 2 length 1000
x length x 206
x length 9 6 10

= Lbs.
=Cwts.
= Lbs.
= Cwts.

x length 4 + 1/10 and 1/3 of the tenth

x length 400 11100
x 3 length 10 - 1/3
x 2 length 1/6 1000

= Lbs.
= Cwts.
= Lbs.
= Cwts.

+ thickness x thickness x 8 length 9

+ thickness x thickness x 8 length 100
+ thickness x thickness x 4 length x .206
+ thickness x thickness x 8 length x. 1100

= Lbs.
= Cwts.
= Lbs.
= Cwts.

x
x
x
x

.249
.00222
.227
.00202

=Lbs.
= Cwts.
= Lbs.
Cwts.

Octagons:

~r~yl;

Dia.2 x length x .235

= Lbs.

= Cwts.

(ength x .0021

Dia.2 x
Dia." x length x .217
Dia," x length x .00194

"
Cast Iron:

= Lbs.
= Cwts.

WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND STEEL BARS FOR IRON

DEDOCT 2 PER CENT TABLE SHOWS WEIGHT PER RUNNING FOOT
Dia or

Square

Round

Lb.

Lb.

1/8

.053

.042

3/16

.120

1/4

Dia or

Square

Round

Lb.

Lb.

3/4

1.91

1.50

.894

13/16

2.25

1.77

.213

.167

7/8

2.61

2.05

5/16

.332

.261

15/16

2.99

2.35

3/8

.479

.376

3.40

2.63

7/16

.651

.511

13.6

10.7

1/2

.851 .

.658

30.6

24.1

9/16

1.08

.845

54.4

43.8

5/8

1.37

1.04

28.1

66.9

11/16

1.61

1.19

122.5

96.3

Side:

Side:

'

\.

Engineering Information

'I

WEIGHTS OF STEEL
2

0.7843kg/cm

per metre
PLATES

BLACK SHEETS
Thickness
inmm.

CHEQUERD

PLATES

B.G.

WI. per Sq.metre

in kg.

10

24.70

39.2

61.1

2.50

12

19.61

55.0

10

84.6

2.00

14

15.69

10

78.5

12

100.3

1.66

16

12.55

12

94.2

1.25

18

9.80

14

109.9

1.00

20

7.84

16

125.6

0.80

22

6.27

18

141.3

0.63

24

4.94

20

157.0

0.50

26

3.91

22

172.7

0.44

28

3.10

25

196.2

3.15

Thickness
inmm.

FLAT IRON-WEIGHT

WI. per Sq. meter

in kg.

Thickness
inmm.

Sq. metre
In kg.

IN KG. PER METRE

0.7843 kg/cm2 per metre of 1 cft of Steel = 490 Ibs.

Thickness
inmm.

5.5

10

11

12

14

16

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.8

2.0

Width in
mm.
12

nd

16

0.6

0.7

0.8

20

0.8

0.9

0.0

1.1

1.3

1.6

1.7

1.9

2.2

2.5

25

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.6

2.0 .

2.2

2.4

2.7

3.1

32

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.8

2.0

2.5

2.8

3.0

3.5

4.0

40

1.6

1.7

1.9

2.2

2.5

3.1

3.5

3.8

4.4

5.0

50

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.7

3.1

3.9

4.3

4.7

5.5

6.3

5.9

5.9

7.9

.50
1.77
2.05
2.35
2.63
10.7
24.1
43.8

66.9
96.3

63

2.5

2.7

0.9

1.0

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.9

5.4

80

3.1

3.5

3.8

4.4

5.0

6.3

6.9

7.5

8.8

10.0

100

3.9

4.3

4.7

5.5

6.3

7.8

8.6

9.4

11.0

12.6

125

4.9

5.4

5.9

6.9

7.8

9.8

10.8

11.8

13.7

15.7

160

6.3

6.9

7.5

8.8

10.0

12.6

13.8

15.1

17.6

20.1

200

7.8

8.6

9.4

11.0

12.6

15.7

17.3

18.8

22.0

25.1

250

9.8

10.8

11.8

13.7

15.7

19.6

21.6

23.6

27.5

31.4

Engineering Information
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS
0.7843
Diameter

or width

mm.

Weight

per metre

kg.

5.0
5.5
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10
11
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
40
45
50
56
63
71
80

kg/em2 per metre

Sectional

kg.

0.20
0.24
0.28
0.38
0.50
0.64
0.78
0.95
1.13
1.54
2.01
2.54
3.14
3.80
4.91
6.15
8.04
10.17
12.56
15.90
19.62
24.62
31.16
39.57
50.24

or 1 eft of Steel =490 Ibs

Area

em2

em.

0.15
0.19
0.22
0.30
0.39
0.50
0.62
0.75
0.89
1.21
1.58
2.00
2.47
2.98
3.85
4.83
6.31
7.99
9.86
12.49
15.41
19.34
24.47
31.08
39.46

0.25
0.30
0.36
0.49
0.64
0.81
1.00
1.21
1.44
1.96
2.56
3.24
400
4.84
6.25
7.84
10.24
12.96
16.00
20.25
25.00
31.36
39.69
50.41
64.00

0.20
0.24
0.28
0.38
0.50
0.64
0.79
0.95
1.13
1.54
2.01
2.54
3.14
3.80
4.91
6.16
8.04
10.18
12.57
15.90
19.54
24.63
31.17
39.59
50.27

Perimeter

em.

em.

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.6
6.4
7.2
8.0
8.8
10.0
11.2
12.8
14.4
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.4
25.2
28.4
32.0

1.57
1.73
1.88
2.20
3.51
2.83
3.14
3.46
3.77
4.40
5.03
5.65
6.28
6.91
7.85
8.80
10.05
11.31
12.57
14.14
15.71
17.59
19.79
22.31
25.13

ROLLED STEEL BEAMS

Designation

Weight per metre

Web
WKg
150
175
200
225
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
400
450
500
550
600
100
125
150
175
00

7.1
8.1
9.9
12.8
6.1
8.0
11.9
14.2
26.7
19.8
23.5
27.9
33.0
37.7
43.1
49.5
56.9
65.3
75.0
86.3
99.5
11.5
13.0
14.9

19.3
25.4
II.~
.11,:1
I.~
I

Sectional area
a
cm2

Depth of section
h
mm

Width of Flange
bZ
mm

Thickness of Flange
tf.
mm

Thickness of
tw
mm

9.01
10.28
12.64
16.28
7.71
10.21
15.12
18.08
21.30
25.27
29.92
35.53
42.02
48.08
24.90
63.01
72.43
83.14
95.50
109.97
126.69
14.60
16.60
19.00
24.62
32.3

150
175
200
225
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
400
450
500
550
600
100
126
150

50
50
60
80
50
50
75
80
90
100
100
125
140
150
165
165
165
170
180
190
210
76
76
80

176

90
100
110
I:lt.

4.6
4.8
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.4
6.5
6.8
6.9
7.3
8.6
8.2
8.8
9.4
9.8
11.4
12.5
13.4
14.1
15.0
15.5
7.2
7.6
7.6

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.4
8.0
8.6
9.2
9.9
10.5
4.0
4.4
4.8

ao,/';

~/_(IIJ
ilf.\.~11
111171

200

22LI
:1M
aOIl
:ItlO
110

I-HI

1111

I-HI

I1II

Engineering Information )

\..

SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

0.7843
Diameter or width

ll:

,
,

il

I
I

~
~

111
1

Weight per metre

mm.
5.0
5.5
6.0
7.<:>

'

em.

em2

0.20
0.24
0,28

0.15
0.19
0.22

0.25
0.30
0.36

0.20
0,24
0.28

<:>.?C>

C>A~

1O.~'e

0.39
0.50
0,62
0.75
0.89
1.21
1.58
2.00
2.47
2.98
3.85
4.83
6.31
7.99
9.86
12.49
15.41
19.34
24.47
31.08
39.46

0.50
0.64
0.78
0.95
1.13
1.54
2.01
2.54
3.14
3.80
4.91
6.15
8.04
10.17
12.56
15.90
19.62
24.62
31.16
39.57
50.24

Designation

WKg

Sectionalarea
a
cm2

Depthof section
h
mm

7.1
8.1
9.9
12.8
6.1
8.0
11.9
14.2
26.7
19.8
23.5
27.9
33,0
37.7
43.1
49.5
56.9
65.3
75.0
86.3
99.5
11.5
13.0
14.9
19.3
25.4
31.2
37.3
44.2
52.4
61.6
72.4
86.9
103.7
122.6
17.0

9.01
10.28
12.64
16.28
7.71
10.21
15.12
18.08
21.30
25.27
29.92
35.53
42.02
48.08
24.90
63.01
72.43
83.14
95.50
109.97
126.69
14.60
16.60
19.00
24.62
32.3
39.72
47.35
56.26
66.71
78.46
92.27
110.74
132.11
256.21
21.67

150
175
200
225
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
400
450
500
550
600
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
150

Weight per metre

Web
IIII

0.50
0.64
0,79
0,95
1.13
1.54
2.01
2.54
3.14
3.80
4.91
6.16
8.04
10.18
12.57
15.90
19.54
24.63
31.17
39.59
50.27

0.64
0.81
1.00
1.21
1.44
1.96
2.56
3.24
400
4.84
6.25
7.84
10.24
12.96
16.00
20.25
25.00
31,36
39.69
50.41
64.00

em.

em.

2.0
2.2
2.4
'L.'e
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.6
6.4
7.2
8.0
8.8
10,0
11.2
12.8
14.4
16,0
18.0
20.0
22.4
25.2
28.4
32.0

1.57
1.73
1.88
'2..'2.1.\

3.51
2.83
3.14
3.46
3.77
4.40
5.03
5.65
6.28
6.91
7.85
8.80
10.05
11,31
12.57
14.14
15.71
17.59
19.79
22.31
25.13

ROLLED STEEL BEAMS

II
I

kg.

1III

Perimeter

Sectional Area

kg.

G.'3.~

8.0
9.0
10
11
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
40
45
50
56
63
71
80

kq/cm" per metre or 1 eft of Steel =490 Ibs

ISJB
ISJB
ISJB
ISJB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISLB
ISI-B
Ism
IS
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISMB
ISWB

150
175
200
225
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
400
450
500
550
600
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
150

Width of Flange Thicknessof Flange

bZ
tf.
mm
mm
50
50
60
80
50
50
75
80
90
100
100
125
140
150
165
165
165
170
180
190
210
75
75
80
90
100
110
125
140
140
140
150
180
190
210
100

4.6
4.8
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.4
6,5
6.8
6.9
7.3
8.6
8.2
8.8
9.4
9.8
11.4
12.5
13.4
14.1
15.0
15.5
7.2
7.6
7.6
8.6
10.8
11.8
12.5
12.4
14.2
16.0
17.4
17.2
19.3
20.8
7.5

Thicknessof
tw
mm
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.4
8.0
8.6
9.2
9.9
10.5
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.5
5.7
6.5
6.9
7.5
8.1
8.9
9.4
10.2
11.2
12.0
5.4

\...

Engineering Information )
ROLLED STEEL
Dimensions

o
em.
1.57
1.73
1.88
2.20
3.51
2.83
3.14
3.46
3.77
4.40
5.03
5.65
6.28
6.91
7.85
8.80
10.05
11.31
12.57
14.14
15.71
17.59
19.79
22.31
25.13

ess of
lw
mm
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.4
6.7
7.0
7.4
8.0
8.6
9.2
9.9
10.5
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.5
5.7
6.5
6.9
7.5
8.1
8.9
9.4
10.2
11.2
12.0
5.4

Wei9ht per metre

Designation
W. Kg.

Section area
a
cm2

Depth of
Section h mm

Thickness of
Flange if
mm

Weight of
Flange b
mm

Thickness of
Webtw
mm

ISJC

100

5.8

7.41

100

45

5.1

3.0

ISJC
ISJC
ISJC
ISJC
ISLC
ISLC
ISLC

125
150
175

10.07
12.65
14.24
17.77
7.26
10.02
13.67

125
150
175

50
55
60

6.6
6.9
6.9

200
75
100
125

7.9
9.9
11.2
13.9
5.7
7.9
10.7

200
75
100
125

70
40
50
65

7.1
6.0
6.4
6.6

3.0
3.6
3.6
4.1
3.7
4.0
4.4

ISLC
ISLC
ISLC
ISLC

150
175
200
225

14.4
17.6
20.6
24.0

18.36
22.40
26.22
30.53

150
175
200
225

75
75
75
90

7.9
9.5
10.8
10.2

4.8
5.1
5.5
5.8

ISLC
ISLC
ISLC
ISLC

250
300
350
400

28.0
33.1
38.8
45.7

35.51
42.67
49.14
58.25

250
300
350
400

100
100
100
100

10.7
11.6
12.5
14.0

6.1
6.7
7.4
8.0

ISMC
ISMC
ISMC
ISMC

75
100
125
150

6.8
9.2
12.7
16.4

8.67
11.70
15.19
20.88

75
100
125
150

40
50
65
75

7.3
7.5
8.1
9.0

4.4
4.7
5.0
5.4

ISMC
ISMC
ISMC
ISMC

175
200
225
250

19.1
22.1
25.9
30.4

24.38
18.21
33.01
38.67

175
200
225
250

75
75
80
80

10.2
11.4
12.4
14.1

5.7
6.1
6.4
7.1

ISMC
ISMC
ISMC

300
350
400

35.8
42.1
49.4

45.64
53.66
62.93

300
350
400

90
100
100

13.6
13.5
15.3

7.6
8.1
8.6

CHANNELS and Properties

Centreof Gravity
Moments of Intertia
C,
Ivy
I"
em
em'
em'
1.40
123.8
14.9
1.64
270.0
25.7
1.66
471.1
37.9
1.75
719.9
50.5

Radii of Gyration

Moduli of Section
Z

Z vy

em

'"

rY'I
em

em'

em'

4.09
5.18
6.10
7.11

1.42
1.60
1.73
1.88

24.8
43.2
62.8
82.3

4..8
7.6
9.9
11.9

"

1.97
1.35
1.62
2.04

1161.2
66.1
164.7
356.8

84.2
11.5
24.8
57.2

8.08
3.02
4.06
5.11

2.18
1.26
1.57
2.05

116.1
17.6
32.9
57.1

16.7
4.3
7.3
12.8

2.38
2.40
2.35
2.46

697.2
1148.4
1725.5
2547.9

103.2
126.5
146.9
209.5

6.16
7.16
8.11
9.14

2.37
2.38
2.37
2.62

93.0
131.3
172.6
226.5

20.2
24.8
28.5
32.0

2.70
2.55
2.41
2.36

3687.9
6047.9
9312.6
13989.5

298.4
346.0
394.6
460.4

10.17
11.98
13.72
15.50

2.89
2.87
2.82
2.81

295.0
403.2
532.1
699.5

40.9
46.4
52.0
60.2

1.31
1.53
1.94
2.22

76.0
186.7
416.4
779.4

12.6
25.9
59.9
102.3

2.96
4.00
5.07
6.11

1.21
1.49
1.92
2.21

20.3
37.3
66.6
103.9

4.7
7.5
13.0
19.4

2.20
2.17
2.30

1223.3
1819.3
2694.6

121.0
140.4
187.2

7.08
8.03
2.03

2.23
2.23
2.38

139.8
181.9
239.5

22.8
26.8
32.8

2.30
2.36
2.44
2.42

3816.8
6362.6
10008.0
15382.8

219.1
310.8
430.6
504.8

9.94
11.81
13.66
15.48

2.38
2.61
2.83
2.83

305.3
424.2
571.9
754.1

38.4
46.8
57.0
66.6

\.

Engineering Information )
ROLLED STEEL EQUAL ANGLES
Dimensions and Properties

Designation

AxB

Size
t
mm mm
20 x20

ISA

2020

ISA

2525

25 x25

ISA

3030

30 x 30

ISA

3535

35 x 35

ISA

4040

40x40

ISA

4545

45 x45

ISA

5050

50 x 60

ISA

5555

55 x 55

ISA

6060

60 x 60

ISA

6565

65X65

ISA

7070

70x70

ISA

7575

75x75

ISA

8080

80 x 80

ISA

9090

90 x 90

ISA

100100

100 x 100

ISA

110110

110 x 110

IS'"

130130

130 X 130

ISA

~50~5()

~~\lX \~\l

Thickness
a
mm
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
5.0
8.0
8.0
10.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
15.0

Sectionalarea metre
w
cm4
1.12
1.45
1.41
1.84
2.25
1.73
2.26
2.77
2.03
2.66
3.27
3.86
2.34
3.07
3.78
4.47
2.64
3.47
4.28
5.07
2.95
3.88
4.79
5.68
5.27
6.26
8.18
10.02
5.75
6.84
8.96
11.00
6.25
7.44
9.76
12.00
6.77
8.06
10.58
13.02
7.27
8.66
11.38
14.02
9.29
12.21
15.05
17.81
10.47
13.79
17.03
20.19
11.67
15.39
19.03
22.59
17.02
21.06
35.02
30.81
20.22
25.06
29.82
36.81
'2.<a.\Y~
34.59
52.78

8.0
10.0
12.0
15.0
\IJ.1.'l
12.0
15.0

S\Jl~

W,.\)
ISA

200200

200 x 200

46.61
57.80
68.81
93.80

12.0
15.0
18.0
25.0

10

Weightper
00= Zyy

kn.

0.9
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.8
2.2
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.0
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.5
2.1
2.7
3.4
4.0
2.3
3.0
3.8
4.5
4.1
4.9
6.4
7.9
4.5
5.4
7.0
8.6
4.9
5.8
7.7
9.4
5.3
6.3
8.3
10.2
5.7
6.8
8.9
11.0
7.3
9.6
11.8
14.0
18.2
10.8
13.4
15.8
9.2
12.1
14.9
17.7
13.4
16.5
19.6
24.2
15.9
19.0
23.4
28.9
'2.'2..8
27.2
33.6
~<a!d
36.6
45.4
54.0
73.6

Moduliof Section
cm3 cm2

0.3
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.3
1.5
2.0
2.5
2.9
1.9
2.5
3.1
3.6
3.7
4.4
5.7
7.0
4.4
5.2
6.8
8.4
5.2
6.2
8.1
9.9
6.1
7.3
9.5
11.7
7.1
8.4
11.0
13.5
9.6
12.6
15.5
18.3
12.2
16.0
19.8
23.3
20.0
24.7
29.2
24.4
30.1
35.7
43.7
34.5
42.7
50.7
62.3
56.9
67.7
83.5
98.7
W.'2..2
3.35\
224.4
171.9
159.0

I
I

\
j

\.

Engineering Information ;
ROLLED STEEL UNEQUAL ANGLES
Dimensions

Designation

A x BSize
t
mm mm

\SA

3020

\SA

4025

\SA

4530

ISA

5030

ISA

6040

6545

7045

7550

\SA

8050

9060

SA

10065

10075

12575

12595

15075

150115

II
200100

200150

~,

30 x20
4.0
5.0
40 x25
4.0
5.0
6.0
45 x 30
4.0
5.0
6.0
50 x 30
4.0
5.0
6.0
60 x40
6.0
8.0
60 x45
6.0
8.0
70 x45
6.0
8.0
10.0
75 x50
6.0
8.0
10.0
80 x 50
6.0
8.0
10.0
90x 60
8.0
10.0
12.0
100 x 65
8.0
10.0
100 x 75
8.0
10.0
12.0
125 x 75
8.0
10.0
125 x 95
8.0
10.0
12.0
150 x 75
10.0
12.0
150x115
10.0
12.0
15.0
200 x 100
12.0
15.0
200 x 150
12.0
15.0
18.0

and Properties

Thickness

Sectional area metre

Weight per

mm

cm4

kg.

3.0
1.84
2.25
3.0
2.46
3.02
3.56
3.0
2.68
3.52
4.16
3.0
3.07
3.78
4.47
5.0
5.65
7.37
5.0
6.25
8.17
5.0
6.56
8.58
10.52
5.0
7.16
9.38
10.52
5.0
7.49
9.78
12.2
6.0
11.37
14.01
16.57
6.0
12.57
15.51
6.0
13.36
16.50
19.56
6.0
15.38
19.02
6.0
16.98
21.02
24.98
8.0
21.56
25.62
8.0
25.52
30.88
37.52
10.0
34.59
42.78
10.0
40.56
50.25
59.76

1.41
1.4
1.8
1.88
1.9
2.4
2.8
2.58
2.2
2.8
3.3
2.34
2.4
3.0
3.5
4.76
4.4
5.8
5.26
4.9
6.4
5.52
5.2
6.7
8.3
6.02
5.6
7.4
9.0
6.27
5.9
7.7
9.4
8.65
8.9
11.0
13.0
9.55
9.9
12.2
10.14
10.5
13.0
15.4
11.66
12.1
14.9
12.86
13.3
16.5
19.6
17.42
16.9
20.1
20.58
20.0
23.5
29.5
29.03
27.2
33.6
34.00
31.8
39.4

1.1
0.8
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.7
1.8
2.3
2.8
3.4
3.7
5.0
6.5
4.1
5.9
7.7
4.3
6.8
8.9
10.9
4.7
8.0
10.4
12.7
4.9
9.0
11.7
14.4
6.8
15.1
18.6
22.0
7.5
18.7
23.1
8.0
19.1
23.6
27.9
9.2
29.4
36.3
10.1
30.6
37.8
44.8
13.7
51.6
61.2
16.2
54.9
65.3
80.4
22.8
110.6
136.5
16.7
117.4
145.4
172.5

46.9

Moduli of Section
ZXx=Zyy
cm3cm2
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.1
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.4
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
4.2
2.3
3.0
5.0
3.0
2.5
5.7
3.0
3.9
4.8
6.7
3.8
4.9
6.0
7.5
3.8
4.9
6.0
11.5
7.2
8.8
1.03
14.2
8.5
10.4
14.4
11.2
13.8
16.3
22.2
11.5
14.2
23.1
18.5
22.9
27.1
41.7
14.5
17.1
44.2
33.8
40.2
49.2
92.8
31.1
38.3
98.3
69.39
86.0
10.8

0.3
0.5

0.7

0.7

2.0
2.5
2.5

3.2

3.2

5.5

6.4

8.5

8.7

14.0

11.8

27.2

26.2

58.7

WEIGHT OF DRAWN COPPER BARS TAPE, FLATS & STRIPS

Standard Rectangular Sizes, Kilos per lineal Metre
Size Inch

!'VI

Kilos

Size Inch

Kilos

Size Inch

Kilos

Size Inch

Kilos

1/16x1/2

.1785

3/16x1/2

.5356

1/4x1.3/4

2.5112

3/8x4.1/2

9.6768

5/8

.2232

5/8

.6725

2.8688

4.3/4

10.2225

3/4

.2678

3/4

.8064

2.1/4

3.2288

10.7658

7/8

..3139

7/8

.9419

2.1/2

3.5824

1/2x1

2.8688

.3586

1.0742

2.3/4

3.5960

1.1/4

3.5824

1.1/4

.4478

1.1/4

1.3450

4.2968

1.1/2

4.2968

CD
CD

1.1/2

.5371

1.1/2

1/6144

2.1484

1.3/4

5.0145

1/8x1/2

.3570

1.3/4

1.8548

1.1/4

2.6984

5.7507

CQ

5/8

.4464

2.1484

1.1/2

3.2288

2.1/4

6.4576

3/4

.5356

2.1/4

2.4192

1.3/4

3.7096

2.1/2

7.0648

cr

7/8

.6278

2.1/2

2.6784

4.2968

2.3/4

7.8892

.7172

2.3/4

2.9452

2.1/4

4.8384

8.5480

:::!"

1.1/4

.8956

3.2288

2.1/2

5.3568

3.1/4

9.3297

:;:,

1.1/2

1.0742

1/4X1/2

.7172

2.3/4

5.9272

3.1/2

10.0340

1.3/4

1.2556

5/8

.8956

6.4576

3.3/4

10.7656

1.4344

3/4

1.0742

3.1/4

6.9936

11.5014

2.1/4

1.6144

7/8

1.2556

3.1/2

7.4192

4.1/4

12.2083

2.1/2

~.7912

1.4344

3.3/4

8.0064

4.1/2

12.9152

2.3/4

1.9730

1.1/4

1.7912

8.5480

4.3/4

13.5224

2.1484

1.1/2

2.1484

4.1/4

9.1497

14.1295

3/8x1

CQ

S'
:;:,'

Q)

0'

Engineering Information )t------------,

,.,------------4(

USEFUL NOTES ON CEMENT

Ton of Portland Cement

= 20

Bags.

Cubic foot of Portland Cement weights 90 to 94 Ibs. when loosely filled. Average weight of 1:2:4 concrete; Cokebreexe
aggregate 100 Ibs. per cubic foot; Clinker aggregate 110 Ibs. per cubic foot; Brick aggregate 125 Ibs. per cubic toot; ballast
aggregate 1451bs. per cubic foot.
verage weight of 1:2:4 reinforced concrete, 150 Ibs. per cubic foot.
1 Cubic foot of loose Portland Cement paste will make about
4.1 cu. ft. of concrete mixed 1:2:4
5.1 cu. ft. of concrete mixed 1:2%:5
5.8 cu. ft. of concrete mixed 1:3:6
7.5 cu. ft. of concrete mixed 1:4:8
1 Cubic foot of loose Portland Cement neat as Cement Portland will cover about 9.5 Sq. feet 1 inch thick.
1 Cubic foot of loose Portland Cement to 2 of sand will cover 16.8 sq. feet, 1 inch think
1 Cubic foot of loose Portland Cement to 2 of sand will cover about 29.7 sq. feet 1 inch thick
1 Cubic foot of loose Portland Cement to 3 of sand will cover about 35.7 sq. feet 1 inch thick
1 Cubic foot of loose Portland Cement to 6 of sand will lay about 410 bricks with 3/5 inch joints, and 527 bricks with 1/4 joints.

FINENESS MODULUS
The Financess Modulus of an aggregate is obtained by adding the percentage by weight of material retained on a range of
. e selected sieves and dividing the result by 100. as illustrated in the Table below.
Sieve

Total percentage retained

by Weight

Serial No.
B.S. Sieve
No.

Tyler. Sieve
No.

Sand

100

100

100

100

52

48

80

100

25

28

60

100

14

14

40

100

20

100

3/16"

100

3/8"

3/8"

80

3/4"

3/4"

50

1Y2"

1W'

Sum of percentages
Rneness

Coarse
Aggregate

300

730

--

Modulus =
100

3.0

100

--

= 7.3

104

The Practical limits of the Finencess Modulus for the aggregate are for fine aggregates from 2 to 3.5: for coarse aggregate from
5.5 to 8. And for mixed aggregates from 4 to 7.

13

Engineering Information ")

ESTIMATING QUANTITIES
Quantities of Cement, Fine Aggregate 100 Cu. feet Compact and coares Aggregate required for

Mortar or concrete. 1
Assumption-Voids

1 in sand 40% broken stone 45% specific gravity of Cement =3.1

Fine Aggregate

Water
Water/Cement Ratio
(by weight) for minimum
Consistency

Nominal mix Cement

Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1Y2
2
2%
3

"\

\)

1
1

8
1

"\

"\Yz

1213
2
2
2
2
2
2%
214
2%
3
3
3
4

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

In
Gallons
per bag

2.8
3.1
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.9
7.8
10.0
3.3
4.7
5.3
4.7
5.5
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.3
6.6
7.2
7.2
7.7
8.3
10.5

.25
.28
.30
.35
.40
.53
.70
.90
.30
.4'2.
.48
.42
.50
.53
.55
.55
.57
.60
.65
.65
.69
.75
.95

2
'3

3%
2
3
3%
4
3%
3%
4
5
4
5
6
8

Cement
in
bags

07.5
46.5
39.5
33.5
29.0
22.8
16.3
12.7
31.9
'2.'2..9
20.6
24.5
20.5
19.0
17.75
18.25
17.55
16.5
14.7
15.35
13.35
12.5
9.6

Sand
Dry
cu. ft.

Sand
moist
(Bulking)20%
cu. ft.

Coarse
Age
(Broken Stone)
cu. ft.

82.8
101.0
113.0
120:0
126.0
132.0
142.0
147.0
46.1
49.5
49.5
70.8
59.0
55.5
51.2
59.2
63.1
59.5
52.9
66.2
59.5
53.9
55.5

69.0
84.0
94.0
100.0
105.0
110.0
118.0
122.0
38.4
4"\.'2.
41.2
59.2
49.2
46.1
42.7
49.3
52.6
49.5
44.0
52.2
49.6
44.9
46.1

76.4
8'2..4
82.4
59.0
73.8
79.8
85.4
76.7
73.8
79.2
88.0
73.8
82.6
89.8
92.2

1. Also Known as 1:2:4 1:2:2:4

No allowance made in table for waste.
2. For gravel aggregate decrease cement by 5% fine aggregate by 2 cu. Ft. and coarse aggregate in proportion to fine aggregate as given in
the mix.

c=

Cement in Bags

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR PLASTERING 100 SQ. FT. OF

SURFACE WITH VARYING THICKNESS OF MORTAR
(Based on loose cement weighting 92 Ibs. per cu. ft.) F.A. = Fine Aggregate (Sand) in cu.

Mix.:
Thickness

3/8"
1/2"

3/4"
1"
114"
1%"
2"
Mix. :
Thickness

3/8"
1/2"
3/4"

1"
1W'
1Yi'

2"

1:1

1:1%

ft. In dry state)

1:2

1:1%

F.A.

C.

F.A.

C.

F.A.

C.

F.A.

1.8
2.4
3.6
4.8
6.0
7.2
9.6
1:3

2.2
2.9
4.3
5.8
7.2
8.7
11.5
1:4

1.5
1.9
2.9
3.9
4.8
5.8
7.8
1:6

2.6
3.5
5.3
7.0
8.8
10.5
14.0
1:8

1.3
1.7
2.5
3.3
4.1
4.9
6.6

2.9
3.9
5.9
7.8
9.8
11.8
15.7

1.0
1.4
2.1
2.8
3.5
4.2
5.6

3.1
4.2
6.3
8.4
10.4
12.5
16.7

C.

F.A.

C.

F ..A.

C.

F.A.

C.

F.A.

0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4

3.3
4.4

9.7
1.0
1.4
1.2
2.3
2.9
3.8

3.4

0.5
6.7
1.0
1.4

3.0
4.9
7.4

0.4

3.8
5.1
7.7
10.2
12.7
15.3
20.4

3.0
3.6
4.8

6.6

8.8
11.0
13.1
17.5

4.6
6.9
9.2
11.5
13.8
18.3

~() ro.\\(}~ar,ce Made in Taole ~O( Wastage.

'\4

1.7
2.0
2.7

9.8
12.3
14.8
19.7

0.5
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.6
2.1

Engineering Information
TERIAL REQUIRED FOR 100 SQ. FT. OF SURFACE FOR VARYING THICKNESS OF CONCRETE

= Fine Aggregate (sand) in cu. ft.

(Broken Stone) in cu. ft. (No Allowance for Wastage in Table)

- = Cement in Bags (Based on loose Cement weighting 92 Ibs./cu. ft.) F.A.

C.A.
ominal
Mix

1:1:3

1:2:3
1:2:2:4
or
:121':31/3
1:2:4

:2~:5

1:3:5

:3:6

1:4:8

= Coarse Aggregate
Mate
rial

C.
FA
CA
C.
FA
CA
C:
FA
CA
C.
FA
CA
C.
FA
C.A.
C.
FA
CA
C.
FA
C.A.
C.
FA
CA

Mate
rial
:1:3

1:2:3
:2:2:4
or
: 2f3:3Y2
:2:4

:2~:5

1:3:5

1:3:6

1:4:8

C.
FA
CA
C.
FA
CA
C.
FA
C.A.
C.
FA
CA
C.
FA
C.A.
C.
FA
CA
C.
FA
C.A.
C.
FA
CA

Thickness

in Inches

2"

2%"

3"

3Y2"

4"

4Y2"

3.8
6.9
13.8

8.4
8.6
17.2

5.7
10.3
20.6

6.7
12.0
24.'0

7.6
13.7
27.4

8.6
15.5
31.0

3.4
8.2
12.3
3.4
6.9
13.8
7.4
17.8
35.6

4.3
10.3
15.4
4.3
8.6
17.2

5.1
12.3
18.5
5.1
10.3
20.6

6.0
14.3
21.5
6.0
12.0
24.0

6.8
16.4
24.6
6.8
13.7
27.4

7.7
18.5
27.7
7.0
15.7
31.0

8.9
21.4
42.8

11.8
28.5
57.0

13.3
32.0
64.0

14.8
35.6
71.2

17.75
42.7
85.4

6.1
18.3
36.6

7.4
22.0
44.0

9.8
29.4
58.8

11.0
33.0
66.0

12.2
36.7
73.4

14.7
44.0
88.0

5.6
20.7
34.4

6.7
24.8
41.0

8.0
33.1
25.0

6.3
22.4
44.8
4.8
23.3
46.0

8.3
29.9
59.8
6.4
30.7
61.4

11.2
41.4
68.8
11.4
37.4
74.8
8.0
38.4
76.8

13.25
49.6
81.6

5.2
18.7
33.4

10.0
37.2
62.0
9.4
33.6
67.2
7.2
34.6
69.2

4.0
19.2
38.4

Thickness

12.5
44.9
89.8
9.6
46.1
92.2

in Inches

5"

6"

8"

9.6
17.2
34.4

11.5
20.6
41.2

15.3
27.5
55.0

9"
17.2
30.9
61.8

10"
19.1
34.3
68.7

12"
22.9
41.2
82.4

8.5
20.5
30.8

10.3
24.6
37.0

13.7
32.8
49.3

15.4
36.9
55.4

17.1
41.0
61.5

20.5
49.2
73.8

8.6
17.2
34.4

10.3
20.6
41.2

15.4
31.0
62.0

17.1
34.3
68.5

20.6
41.2
82.4

3.0
7.1
14.2

3.7
8.9
17.8

13.7
27.5
55.0
4.4
10.7
21.4

5.2
12.5
25.0

5.9
14.2
28.4

6.7
16.0
32.0

2.5
7.3
14.6

3.1
9.2
18.4

3.7
11.0
22.0

4.3
12.8
25.6

4.9
14.7
29.4

5.5
16.5
. 33.0

2.2
8.3
13.8

2.8
10.4
17.2

3.3
12.4
20.6

3.9
14.5
24.1

4.5
16.5
27.5

5.0
18.6
31.0

2.1
7.5
15.0

2.6
9.4
18.8

3.1
11.2
22.4

3.6
13.1
26.2

4.2
14.9
29.8

4.7
16.8
33.6

1.6
7.7
15.4

2.0
9.6
19.2

2.4
11.5
23.0

2.8
13.5
27.0

3.2
15.4
30.8

3.6
17.3
34.6

15

Engineering Information )

RECOMMENDED MIXTURES FOR SEVERAL CLASSES FOR

CONSTRUCTION INTEDED PRIMARILY FOR USE OF SMALL JOBS

I
Kind of Work

Gallons of water to add to

each one sack batch
Mist
Wet
sand
sand
Dry
and
and
sand
broken
broken
stones
stones

Trial Mixture for first batch

Maximum
aggregate
size

Sand

Broken
stones

Sacks

C. ft.

C. ft.

Ins.

3.6

Cement

Foundations, wall, which

need not be watertight, mass
concrete for footings retaining
walls, compound walls machine
foundations etc.

7Y2

Watertight basement Walls

and pits walls above ground.
dams, monsoon protections
walls and sundry small block
articles.

6%

I 4%

2.4

1%

Storage ranks, bins and

troughs Well curbs and plate
forms. Septic tanks and cisterns.
Watertigh floors sidewalks
and roadways, Flagstones and
slabs, poollmings, steps, stairs
beams, Lintels cornor posts,
gateposts, columns and piers.

5Y2

4Y2

I 3%

2.4

3.6

Posts and poles for fancing,

telewaphs and signals, Garden
furni ure, benches, boxes and
flower pots. One work of very
thin section.

4%

3%

I 3%

2.4

2.4

3/4

QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR

MORTAR AND CONCRETE

APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF SURFACE WATER

CARRIED BY AVERAGE AGGREGATES*
Year wet sand
Moderatelywet sand
Moistsand
Moistgravelor crushedrock

MORTAR:

3/4 to 1 gal. per c. ft.

About % gal. per c. ft.
About % gal. per c. ft.
About % gal. per c. ft.

1. Cu. ft. of loose PortlandCementplus 0.36 Cu. Ft. (=2.25 gallons)of

water gives 0.835 cu. ft. of neat Cement Mortar.
1. Cu. ft. Loose Cementwill cover approximately:
10 Sq. Ft. 1"Thick mixed Neat
17 Sq. Ft. 1"Thick mixedwith 1 cu. ft. of sand.
25 Sq. Ft. 1"Thick mixed 2 cu. ft. of sand.
34 Sq. Ft. 1"Thick mixed with 3 cu. ft. of sand.

Approximate Absorption of Aggregates

Averagesand
1.0 per cent. by weight
Pebblesand crushedlimestone
1.0 per cent. by weight
Trap rockand granite
0.5 per cent. by weight
Poroussandstone
7.0 per cent. by weight
Very lightand porousaggregatemay be as high as 25 percent by
weight.

For plasteringon rickworkone cu. ft. extra mortarper 100 sq. ft. is
requiredto fill the inequalitiesandjoints.
Forbackworkmasonryabout30 cu. ft. cementmortaris requiredper
100cu. ft. of masonarywith %" to 3/8joints includingwastage.
For rubblemasonryabout50 cu. ft cementmortaris requiredper 100
cu. ft. of masonry,includingwastage.

Strength of Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete at Various Ages

Approximatepercentageof strengthof ordinaryPortlandcement
concreteat differentages in comparisonwith the strengthat 1 year.
21 days old
60 per cent.
3 monthsold.
85 per cent.
6 monthsold
95 per cent.
1 year old
100 per cent.

CONCRETE
1. Cu. Ft. of LoosePortlandCementmixedwith sand (80%voids) and
brokenstone ballast(45%voids) will give unmixedwith water about:
3.9 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1:2:4
4.7 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1:2%:5
5.6 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1:3:6
7.5 Cu. Ft. Solid Dry Concrete if mixed 1:4:8
The FinalYeildcan be calculatedby addingto thesefiguresspecified
Volume of water.

Strength of Rapid-Hardening Portland Cement Concrete

Age 3 days
(Laboratory cubes)
3,853 Ibs. per sq. In.
Age 7 days
5,360 Ibs. per sq. In.
Age 28 days
6,810 Ibs. per sq. In.
12 month
7,490 Ibs. per sq. in.
* The coarserthe aggregate,the less free water it will carry.

16

Engineering Information
RECOMMENDED MIXES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Depends on whether concrete is to tamped, robbed, or vibrated and on absorption
Maximum
size of
aggregate
to use

Mixture
Recommended
Vol.

of Work

Proport

of Water by aggregate

Water
in gallons
per bag
ofC.

Bast
Consistency

1:1 :2

1/2" to 3/4"

3.5 to 4.0

Medium

1:2:2

1/2" to 3/4"

4.5 to 5.0

Medium
or Soft.

5.5

Medium

stressed members of
res, small precast work
as Posts and Poles for
g, Telegraphs,

Signals,

n, furniture and decoratives

other work of very thin
s, watertight constructions
. h heads, long piles .
Columns and members
ed to medium loads, wall
:loors of resirvoir

and tanks,

, sewers, well kerbs and

rms and other watertight
ctions, for maderate heads,

1:3:2
to
1.2:2:4

3/4"

rfaced roof slabs, concrete

ed under water.

ral R.C. Building work

ed to ordinary stressed
as beams, slabs, columns,
walls basement and retaining.

, stairs, lintels, sills, roads,

~ents,

driveways,

side walls,

as
required

steps, bunkers and silos,

construction

Stiff for

Y2 to 1Y2
1:2:4

6.0 to 6%

Roads
Medium
for others

dams and

etc. exposed to action of

and frost, machine
=mtions subjected to vibrations,
=: ~. footings, R.C. piles.
concrete work in colverts,
. ing walls, compound

and ordinary machine bases,

1:3:5

1" to 2"

7.5

Stiff or
Medium

1:4:8

1Y2 to 2W'

1.00 to 10.5

Medium

ation walls which need not

water-tight.
concrete for heavy walls
ations under column footings
under heavy duty floors.

=cocrete blocks, hollow block

truction (W' AGG.)

17

I
r Engineering Information )
\.

j
~

I
:
~
~

~II
II'

I
I

~~

LOADS
Structures are designed for the worst combination of dead and live loads; wherever applicable, wind loads, seismis forces and
secondary effects such as shrinkage, the rise or fall in temperature, etc. must also be considered.
Dead Loads:
The dead weight of a number of materials and structural item is given in the Table no. 1. in using these figures it should be noted that
the density of most materials varies within certain well defined limits and this variation can, therefore, effect the imposed loading. The figure
in the table are however, sufficiently accurate for normal design purpose.
Live Loads:
The live load to be used for the design of floors and roofs in building are given in table 2 & 3 respectively. They are considered as
uniformly distributed static loads on the plan area and include the effects of normal impact. They, however do not take into consideration
special concentrated loads nor do they cater for loads incidential to construction and special cases of vibration such as moving machinery,
heavy acceleration from cranes hosits and the like, such loads should be dealt with individually in each case.
The figure given in Table No.2 &3 are conversions from the loading specified in the Indian Standard Code of Practice, No. 875-1957
and their application should, therefore be read in conjuction with the provisions of this code.
Wind Pressure
The basic pressure induced by wind loads for various heights of exposed surface are given in table No.4. The figures are based on
table III of the I.S. Code of Practice No. 875. 1957 and their application should confirm to the provision contained in clause 4 of the code.
Earth Pressure
The value of the horizontal pressure exerted by a retained material is obtained from the normal Hankin's formula, which for a level fill
retained against in vertical surface is expressed as:
1-sinf
P=wh
1 x sin f

Where

P
W
h

=
=

<P

the
the
the
the

pressure in kg/m3
unit weight of earth kg/m3
height of fill in Meter.
angle of repose of the fill in degrees.

The unit weight of earth and the angle of repose, will of course vary depending
material.

upon the degree of saturation

of the retained

The pressures exerted on inclined surfaces and due to the effect of sloping files are also derived from the normal formulae, for
which reference may be made to text-book on the subject.
Seismic

Effects

The forces exerted as a result of seimic effects can be calculated directly from the formulate
Practice No. 875 = 1957.

given in clause 7 of the I.S. Code of

Table No.1
DEAD WEIGHT OF MATERIALS
Item
Bituminous Substances
Anthracite Coal
Pear
Heavy charcoal
Coke
Graphite
Crude oil
Pitch
Coaltar
Excavated Materials
Clay (dry)
Clay (dry, plastic)
Earth (dry, loose)
Earth (Packed)
Sand (dry, loose)
Sand (Dry, packed)
Liquides
Alcohal
Gasoline
Ice
Nitric Acid
Sui ph uric acid
Vegetable oil
Water

Item

Weight

Building Materials
Bricks
Cement
Chalk
Glass
Limestone
Sandstone
Steel
Timber
Structural Items, Ceilings
A.C. Sheets
Brick masonry
Brick Wall, 6 in, thick
Brick Wall, 9 in. Thick
Cement Plaster, 2.5 cm. Thick
Concrete
G.!. sheet, 24 gauge
G.!. sheet, 16 gauge
Mangalore tiles with battons
Rubble masonry

1550 kglm3
750 kg/m3
530
1200
500
880
1100
1200

kg/m3
kglm3

1600
1760
1200
1520
1440-1700
1600-1900

kg/m3
kglm3
kglm3

780
670
913
1500
1800
930
1000

kglm'
kg/m'
kg/m'
kglm'
kglm'
kglm'
kglm3

kg/m3
kglm3
kg/m3
kglm3

kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3

18

Weight

1600
1400
2200
2560
2650
2800
7800
570-720

kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kglm3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kglm3
kglm2

Finishes, etc.
17 kg/m2
1920 kglm2
295 kglm2
440 kg/m2
44 kglm2
2306 kglm2
5 kglm2
10 kglm2
69 kg/m2
2100 kglm2

\. Engineering

Information

LIVE LOADS ON FLOORS

Table NO.2
lDading
Class No.

195 a
195b

Minimum Load
per unit area
(kgfm2)
244.390

Type of Floor

Floor for residential

Purposes,

including dwelling houses.

Floor of tenements,

hospital wards, bed rooms,

474

1161

195

474

1162

244

593-949

1451-2322

floors below entrance halls, and reading rooms.

293

711

1742

Shop floors used for the display and scale of merchandise,

390

949

2322

488

1186

2903

Office floors other than entrance halls,

floors of light rooms

293

390

For Slabs uniformly For Bearns uniformly

distributed over Span distributed over Span
per metre width
per metre width
(kg)
(kg)

195

and private sitting rooms in hostels, and dormitories.

244

Alternative minimum
live load

Floors of banking halls office entrance halls and office

work rooms generally,

floors of class rooms in schools,

garages for vehicles not exceeding

2.54 tonnes gross weight,

places of assembly with fixed seating, churches,

restaurants,

circulation

space in machinery

chaples,

halls,

power stations etc. where not occupied by plant or equipment.

488

Floors of warehouses,

workshops,

factories and

other buildings or parts of building of similar,

category for light weight loads, office floors, for
storages and filling Purposes, places of assembly
without fixed seating

(public rooms in hotels,

dances halls, waiting halls etc.)

732

Floors of warehouses,

workshops,

factories and

732

other building of parts of building of similar category

976

For garage floors only 1.5 time

the maximum

wheel load, but not

for medium weight loads. floors of garages for

less then 907kg. Considered

vehicles not exceeding

be distributed over a floors area

of 0.760 m. square.

4.064 tonnes gross weight

Floors of warehouses, workshops,

factories buildings of similar category

976

for heavy, weight loads, floors of book

I

stores, roofs and pavement

basements

projecting

lights over

under the public

footpath.
Stairs, corridors, landings and
balconies not liable to overcrowding
For class 195a loading:

195

For class 195b loading:

For all other classes

293

Balconies

488

liable to overcrowding.

48B

The lower value of 244 kg/m2 should be taken where separate storage facilities are provided and the higher value of

390 kg/m2 where such provisions are lacking.

to

\. Engineering Information
Table

"

No.3

LIVE LOADS ON ROOFS

Type

Slope of Roof

Imposed loads other than

wind and snow

Snow load

Roofs other
than sheeted
roofs

Flat, sloping or
curved with slop
up to and
including 10

147 kg/m2 measured on plan

subject to a minimum of
91 kg uniformly distributed over
any span of 0.305 m width
of the roof slab and 726 kg
uniformly distributed over
this span in the case of
all beams.

Where snow is
encountered ad
ditional allowance of 15 kg.
per meter depth
of snow measured on plant.

Sloping or curved
roofs from 10 to
30 and including
30

73. kg/m2 measured on plan

or 91 kg concentrated load.

-co-

sloping or curved
roofs greater
than 30

nil

-do-

Flat, sloping
or curved

To provide for loads

incidental to maintenance all
roof coverings (other than glass)
and supporting structure shall
be capable of carrying load
of 82 kg. concentrated on
an area 12.7 cm square.
This load is not in addition
to wind load and shall be
treated as an occasional.

-do-

II
Sheeted

,II.!
'II

Table

No.4

WIND VELOCITY AND PRESSURE AT VARIOUS EXPOSED HEIGHTS

III

Height of exposed surface

Horizontal Wind

above mean retarding surface

Velocity

(m)

(km/hr)

(kg/m2)

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
38
46
53
61
76
92
107
122

80
96
108
115
123
128
133
137
141
144
147

40
58
73
85
98
105
112
120
127
133
141
151
166
175
185
200
210
224
234

155
160
165
169
175
181
186
191

20

Horizontal pressure

Engineering Information )

WHITWORTH STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS

of

;:;

6
6

f2.

16
518
1/16
314
3116

7/8
.1/8
1.1/4
1.318
I

1.1/2
1.5/8
1.3/4
2
2.1/4
2.1/2
2.3/4
3
3.1/4
3.1/2

3.314
4
4.1/2

Per
Inch

20
18
16
14
12
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4.5
4
4
3.1
3.5
3.25
3.25
3
3
2.875
2.75

Diam. at
bottom of
thread
Ins.

Area at
bottom of
thread
Ins. sq.

Width
across
flats
Ins.

Width
across
corners
Ins.

Thickness
bolt head

Nut

Ins.

Ins.

.1860
.2414
.2950
.3460
.3933
.4558
.5086
.5611
.6219
.8644
.7327
.8399
.9423
1.0670
1.1616
1.2866
1.3689
1.4938
1.7154
1.9298
2.1798
2.3841
2.6341
2.8560
3.1060
3.3231
3.5731
4.0546
4.534

.027
.046
.068
.094
.121
.164
.203
.256
.304
.366
.422
.554
.697
.894
1.06
1.3
1.472
1.753
2.31
2.925
3.732
4.464
5.45
6.406
7.577
8.673
10.027
12.912
16.15

.525
.6014
.7094
.8204
.9191
1.011
1.101
1.2011
1.3012
1.39
1.4788
1.6701
1.8605
2.0483
2.2146
2.4134
2.3763
2.7578
3.1491
3.546
3.894
4.181
4.531
4.85
5.175
5.55
5.95
6.825
7.8

.6062
.6944
.8191
.9473
1.0612
1.1674
1.2713
1.3869
1.5024
1.6050
1.7075
1.9284
2.1483
2.3651
2.5571
2.7867
2.9748
3.1844
3.6862
4.0945
4.4964
4.8278
5.2319
5.6002
5.9755
6.4085
6.8704
7.8819
9.0066

.2187
.2734
.3281
.3281
.4375
.4921
.5468
.6015
.6562
.7109
.7656
.875
.9843
1.0937
1.2031
1.3125
1.4218
1.5312
1.57
1.9687
2.1825
2.4062
2.625
2.843
2.062
3.281
3.5
3.9037
4.375

1/4
5/8

PIERS-SAFE

LOADS

..................................... Per Square Foot

Granite
.
Umestone
~
.
Sandstone
.
Cement concrete 5:1-
Cement concrete 10:1-
Ume concrete
.
Brick in mortar
.
Brick in cement
.
Rubble
.

3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8

1
1.1/8
1.1/4
1.3/8
1.1/2
1.5/8
1.3/4

2
2.1/4
2.1/2
2.3/4

3
3.1/4
3.1/2
3.3/4
4

4.12
5

Angles of Repose for Various Materials

...................................... Angle of Repose
Bituminous Coal
Anthracite Coal
Slaked Coal
Ashes
Soft Iran Ore
Earth (loam)
Sand (dry)
Sand (Moist)
Sand (wet)
Clay
Gravel
Cinders
Coke
Wheat
Maize
Barley
Oats
Cement

30 tons.
15 tons.
20 tons.
15 tons.
7.5 tons.
2 to 4 tons.
3.5 tons.
8 to 12 tons.
3.5 tons.

21

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

35
27"
37Y2to 45
40
35
30 to 45
25 to 35
30 to 45
15 to 30
25 to 45
30 to 40
25 to 40
30 to 45
28
27 to 30
27
28
17 to 30

Engine;~il1gi;'formation)

FLUID MEMORANDA
Gallon of Water = 10 lb.
Curne Petroleum = 814 lb.
1 Cubic Feet of water-614 glas. (approx.) 62% Ib = 7.48 U.L. Gal.
1 U.S. Gal = 231 cub. in. = 0.1307 cub. ft.
1 Ib Water at 62F=0.016 cub. ft.
B. I. Gal. = 217.418 cub. in. 1.cwt of water = 1.8 cub ft. = 11.2 gal.
British = 1.2009 U.S. Gal. 1 ton of water = 35.9 cub. ft. =2.24 gal.
1 Inch of Rainfall = 22,622 gals, per Acre = 100 tons (approx.)
Gallon of milk weights approximately
125.9Ib./gal.
8.8Ib./gal.
3.0Ib./gal.
18.5Ib./gal.
12.1 Ib./gal.

Mercury
Sprem Oil
Kerosene
Sulphuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid

10% lb.
8.7Ib./gal.
8.0Ib./gal.
7.5Ib./gal.
16.3Ib./gal.
10.4Ib/gal.

Turbentine
Alcohol
Petrol
Nitric Acid
Acetic Acid

Lbs Into Kilos

"II

Lbs.

Kls.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

0.454
0.907
1.361
1.814
2.268
2.721
3.175
3.629
4.082
4.536
4.989
5.443
5.896
6.350
6.804
7.957
7.711
8.164
8.818

Kis.

Lbs.

Kis.

9.071
9.525
9.979
10.432
10.886
11.339
11.793
12.246
12.700
13.154
13.607
14.061
14.514
14.968
15.421
15.875
16.329
16.782
17.236

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

17.689
18.143
18.596
19.050
19.504
19.957
20.411
22.679
24.946
27.214
29.482
31.750
34.016
36.288
38.554
40.820
43.089
45.357

Lbs.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

:1

THEORETICAL VELOCITY OF WATER FT. PER MINUTE

Velocity,

ft. per sec. = 8.02S0Hi

Head

0'

2'

4'

Feet

Ib'/in2.

.8670

1.7340

ft. min. = 481.S0H.

6'
2.6010

H =2.3
8'
3.4681

680.94

963.0

1179.43

1369.89

10

1522.64

1776.96

1801.63

1926.00

2042.81

P.
Pressure

Head

P.lb'/in.

Feet
0

4.3351

10

30

2637.27

2723.80

2807.63

2889.00

2968.16

13.0032

30

50

3404.73

3472.14

3538.30

3603.21

3667.01

21.6754

50

70

4028.52

4142.01

4197.62

4252.51

30.3455

70

90

4567.89

4085.67
4618.40

4668.34

4717.74

4766.61

39.0356

90

6809.42

9630.00

11794.29

13618.82

15226.38

25

7222.50

9926.36

12037.50

13830.30

15415.51

10.8377

25

50

7613.19

10214.16

12275.89

14038.08

15602.38

21.6754

50

75

7984.76

10494.05

12509.76

14242.96

15787.04

32.5130

75

200

400

600

800

22

1000

Ib.in2
0

<=

FLOW OF WATER AND FRICTION

Velocity
Feet per
Second

Diameter of Pipe in Inches

10

12

Discharge per Minute in Cubic Feet and Loss of Head in Feet ,per 100 Feet long
Feet
Feet

Cubic
Feet

Feet
Cubic

Head

Feet

of
Head

Feet
Cubic

of

Feet

Head

Feet

Feet
Cubic

of

Cubic

of

Feet

Feet

Cubic

of

Cubic

of

Feet
Cubic

of

Feet

Head

Feet

Head

Feet

Head

Feet

Head

Feet

Head

Feet
Cubic

of

Feet

Head

5.9

9.7

10.5

.55

16.4

41

23.6

.32

32

.27

42

.23

53

.19

65

.18

94

.15 r:

2.5

7.3

1.49

13.0

.12

20.4

.64

29.3

50

40

.43

52

.36

66

.30

82

.27

117

.23

8.8

1.9

15.7

1.2

24.5

.82

35.2

.72

48

.61

63

.51

79

.44

98

.39

141

.33

3.5

10.3

2.6

18.3

1.6

28.6

1.2

41.2

1.0

56

.7

73

.71

93

.61

115

.52

165

.45

CQ

11.8

3.3

21.0

2.2

32.7

1.7

47.0

1.3

64

.9

86

.92

106

.79

131

.69

188

.59

4.5

..

..

..

..

1.6

72

1.2

94

1.2

119

1.01

147

.87

212

.75

...
...

..

...
...

...
...

..
..
..

53.0

..

..

..

..

..

132

1.2

164

1.1

325

.96

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

"

..

..
..

('I)
('I)

..
...
...

5.5
N
W

of

...

...

...

..

...

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

~.

CQ

S'
0'

Diameter of Pipe in inches

15

18

21

24

27

30

36

33

42

Q)

Discharge per Minute in Cubic Feet and Loss of Head in Feet ,per 100 Feet long

~
Feet
Feet

Cubic
Feet

of

Feet
Cubic

of

Head

Feet

Head

Feet
Cubic
Feet .

of

Feet
Cubic

of

Feet
Cubic

of

Feet
Cubic

of

Feet
Cubic

of

Head

Feet

Head

Feet

Head

Feet

Head

Feet

Head

Feet
Cubic

of

Feet
Cubic

Feet

Head

Feet

of
Head '-

148

11

212

.025

298

.075

377

.065

478

.055

590

.052

700

.049

650

.04

1150

.038

2.5

184

.17

264

.147

360

.117

470

.109

595

.088

730

.085

890

.076

1000

.07

1440

.056

220

.25

317

.21

430

.17

565

.15

715

.013

880

.012

1070

.108

1270

.10

1730

.081

3.5

258

.34

372

.29

505

.23

680

.20

835

.18

1030

.16

1250

.15

1480

.14

2020

.111

295

.44

425

.36

575

.31

755

.27

955

.23

1180

.22

1420

.20

1700

.17

2300

.14

650

.39

845

.34

1070

.30

1320

.28

1600

.25

1900

.22

2590

.18

720

.48

940

.41

1190

.37

1470

.34

1780

.30

210

.22

2880

.22

1610

.39

1950

.36

2330

.32

3170

.27

1760

.43

2140

.43

2540

.40

3450

.32

4.5

331

.56

475

.46

368

.70

530

.58

~.5

405

.84

580

.70

790

.59

1030

.50

1310

.44

1130

.59

1430

.53

::3

'"

Engineering Information )

""

MEASUREMENT OF FLOW OF WATER

Water delivered into a tank provided with him circulation orifices of such a size that they are "drowned".
Velocity
(Tbeor)

Velocity
x.6

Ins.

Ft./m

Ft./m

10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24

439
482
519
555
586
621
652
681

Head over
Centre

272
298
321
344
363
385
404
422

Oritic Diameter (inches)

4
G.
p.m.
148
162
175
188
198
209
220
230

The quantity of water discharged over a 90 triangular

given by-Gal./min = 1,9052 H2IVH.

5
G.
p.m.

6
G.
p.m.

7
G.
p.m.

231
253
273
292
308
327
344
358

364
392
420
447
471
495
517

535
573
606
644
675
704

noten where Q = quantity (cu.ft.!min.)

8
G.
p.m.

750
792
839
881
920

10
G.
p.m.

1312
1474
1437

and H= Head of water in ins. Is

Head measured from crest of notch to surface of still water.

The discharge

of water over a rectangular

Head

o in.

1/8 In.

1/7 In.

7/8 In.

1/2 In.

4/8 In.

3/5 In.

7/8 In.

Ins.

Cu.ft.

Cu. ft.

Cu.ft.

Cu.ft.

cun.

Cu.ft.

Cu.ft.

Cu.ft.

1.13
3.20
5.87
9.05
12.64
16.62
20.95
25.60
30.54
35.77

0.01
1.23
3.35
6.06
9.26
12.88
16.88
21.23
25.90
30.86
36.11

0.05
1.35
3.50
6.25
9.47

0.09
1.46

0.14
1.58
3.81
6.62
9.91
13.60
17.67
22.08
26.80
31.82
37.12

0.19
1.70
3.97
6.82
10.13
13.85
17.94
22.37
27.11
32.10
37.46

0.26
1.82
4.14
7.01
10.35
14.09
18.21
22.65
27.42

0.32
1.95
4.30
7.21
10.57
14.34
18.47

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

The maximum permissible

in the Table below:

uuu

notch per inch. Width. For other widths, multiply by width in inches.

If

3.66
6.44
9.69
13.36
17.41

13.12
17.15
21.51
. 26.20

21.80
26.50
31.50
36.78

31.18
35.46

values of fineness modulus of combined aggregates

32.47
37.08

for mixes of various proportions

Cubic feet of com

bined aggregate, to
one cwt. Cement

Finenes

Modulus

Maximum size of
aggregate

Maximm size of
aggregate 1

4.

5.1

5.8

5.

4.9

5.6

6.

4.8

5.5

7.

4.7

5.4

8.

4.6

5.3

9.

4.5

5.2

P = Percentage of fine material by weight in the combined aggregate.

A= The Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregate.
S= The maximum Permissible F.M. for the combined aggregate from Table above.
C= The Finenes Modulus of fine aggregate.

Then P =

~(A-C)
24

22.94
27.72
32.80
38.15
are given

Engineering Information )

\.

ELECTRICAL
A.C. Motors-Single-phase

Voltage1

x 1.2. Two Phase: x 0.9

110
220
340
400
440
550
R.P.M.

UNITS AND FORMULAE

6.6
3.3
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.3

12.4
6.2
4.0
3
3
2.

17.5
8.8
5.6
4.8
4.4
3.5

Horse Power
20
Approx. Current in Amperes

10
27.7
13.8
8.8
7.6
6.9
5.5

52.0
26.0
16.5
14.3
13.0
10.4

102
51
53
28
26
21

750
Horse Power
30
60
Approx. Current in Amperes

Voltage
110
220
340
400
440
550

204
102
65
56
51
41

Synchronous

302
151
96
83
75
60

Speed-R.P.M.

No. of Poles

= Frequency

Synchr. Speed

2
4
6
8
10

80

100

250

300

404
202
128
111
101
81

512
256
160
138
126
100

996
498
317
274
240
199

1456
728
462
400
363
291
375

500
x2 x 60 No. Poles.

Actual Speed

3000
1500
1000
750
600

600

No. of Poles

2900
1440
970
725
580

Synchr. Speed

12
14
16
18
20

Actual Speed

500
428
375
333
300

485
410
360
320
290

Starting Torques and Currents:

Method of Starting

Direction

% Line Voltage
% Full Load Current
% Full Load Torque

Star Delta

100
500
125

Auto Transformer

58
170
42

30%

60%

75%

50
125
32

60
180
45

75
280
70

For 62,500 KVA, at 20,000 volts at 1,500 r.p.m. are usually made totally enclosed. The startor weight 90 ton made up
of electrically wolded steel-plates, and their laminator cores are help in position without the use of throught.

THERMOMETER AND HYDROMETER SCALES

The number of degrees between freezing point and boiling point of water is 212.32=180 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale, add
100 degress on the Contigrade scale. The magnitude of the degree F. Relative to degress C, is thus as 5 to 9.
Temp C = 5/9 (FO-32); Temp F. = 2/5 Co + 32.
The following formula enables degress Baume to be converted

Sq Gr=

140

Oegs.8.=

Degs. B. + 130

For liquids heavier than water:-

Sq Gr=

=p=

140
Sp.Gr

146
145-Degs.

Pressure of a column of oil h feet high

into Specific Gravity:

B.

61.4h
131.5+B6
Ib'/in.2

-130

r
\. Engineering Information

'\

FUSE WIRE TABLE

Fusing
Current
I>..m,?'S.

1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
Fusing
Current
Amps.

1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120

'2,~.~.

\)\a.

In.

(app.)

In.

.0021
.0034
.0044
.0053
.0062
.0098
.0129
.0156
.0181
.0205
.0227
.0248
.0268
.0288
.0325
.0360
.0394
.0426
.0457
.0516

47
43
41
39
38
33
30
28
26
25
24
23
22
22
21
20
19
19
18
17

~\'a

Platin Old

Aluminium

Copper

Tin

~~~.

\)\'d.

~~~.

(app.)

In.

(app.)

46
42
39
37
36
30
28
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
19
19
18
18
17
16

.0035
.0056
.0074
.0089
.0104
.0164
.0215
.0261
.0303
.0342
.0379
.0414
.0448
.0480
.0542
.0601
.0657
.0711
.0762
.0861

43
39
36
35
33
27
24
23
21
20
20
19
19
18
17
16
16
15
14
13

.0026 .
.0041
.0054
.0065
.0076
.0120
.0158
.0191
.0222
.0250
.0277
.0303
.0328
.0352
.0397
.0440
.0481
.0520
.0558
.0630
AlioTin

Lead

Dia

S.W.G.

Dia.

S.w.G.

Dia.

S.w.G.

In.

(app.)

In.

(app.)

In .

(app.)

.0072
.0113
.0149
.0181
.0210
.0334
.0437
.0529
.0614
.0694
.0769
.0840
.0909
.0975
.1101
.1220
.1334
.1443
.1548
.1748

37
31
28
26
25
21
19
17
16
15
14
14
13
13
11
10
10
9
8
7

.0083
.0132
.0173
.0210
.0243
.0386
.0506
.0516
.0711
.0803
.0890
.0973
1052
.1129
.1275
.1413
.1544
.1671
.1792
.2024

45
29
27
25
23
19
18
16
15
14
13
13
12
11
10
9
8
8
7
6

.0081
.0128
.0168
.0203
.0236
.0373
.0491
.0595
.0690
.0779
.0864
.0944
.1021
.1094
.1237
.1371
.1499
.1621
.1739
.1964

35
30
27
25
23
20
18
17
15
14
13
13
12
12
10
9
9
8
7
6

26

Engineering Information

USEFUL 3-PHASE FORMULAE

nt in 3-phase Star Line current

ent in 3-phase Delta = Line current! 1.732

X power tactor

h.p.x746

1000 x efficiency

Line amps x Line volts x 1.732 x p.t.

1000
==

KW

p.f.

H.P. x 746
1000 x efficiency x p.t.

_ Line amps
-

h.p.

KVA x1000
Line volts x 1.732

h.p. x 746
Line volts x 1.732 x efficiency x p.t.

KW x 1000 x efficiency

=
=

volts x 1732

1000

KW x100
Line x 1.732 p.f.

ine amps =
=

x Line

KVA x 1000 x efficiency x p.t.

746

746

Line amps x Line volts x 1.732 x efficiency x p.f.

746

e phase current

h.p. x 746 x 100

Line volts x p.f. Efficiency

. 3-phase circuit = 1.732 x Line amps x Resistance

ot

1 core

PROXIMATE POWER CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS

Small motors:
Drilling

280W
325 to 425 W
450 to 650 W
750 to 1000 W
1000 to 1500 W

21b
20Ib

.iner:$icr! heaters:
.. long
....,i1. long

250W
275 to
350 to
450 to
500 to
600 to
750 to

300
450
500
650
700
850

6' x 3/4" Wheel

8' x 3/4" Wheel
10" x 3/4" Wheel
Hair drier:

750W
1250W
2300W
550W

1 Slice
3 Slice
5 Slice

550 to 550 W
1750W
2500W

Toaster:

Soldering irons:

6 in. long
x 14 x 12 in. inside
2 x 12 x 16 in. inside
x 14 x 16 in. inside

1500 W
1750 W
2000 W

long

200 to 250W
350 to 400 W
750W
1500W

Grinding:

W
W
w
w
W
W

200 to 500 W
500 to 750 W
800 to 1000 W
1450 to 2000 W

Din.

9/16" hole
7/8" hole
1" hole
1.5" hole

O.5lb
1 Ib
1.51b
21b
31b

60W
120W
200W
275W
450W

Vaccum cleaner:
Domestic
High power
Pints x 3850 (approx.)
Walts

oder to get the time required to boil in minutes

27

200W
300 to 600 W

Engineering Information
CURRENT RATING OF COMMONLY USED "VIR" CABLES

SW.G.

:11:

Nominal
cross
Sectional
Area

Size

1:11

Three
twin
Core Cable

Amperes
Two

twin
Core Cable

0.0015
0.002
0.003
0.0045
0.007
0.01
0.0145
0.0225

1/.044
3/.029
3/0.36
7/0.'2,9
7/.036
7/.044
7/.052
7/.064

1/18
3/22
3/20
7/22
7/20
7/18
7/16
7/14

Two
Single
Core Cable

5
5
10
15
19
25
30
37

5
5
10
15
24
31
37
46

5
5
8
12
17
22
26
32

ELECTRIC WELDING
Size No.
14
12
10
8

Electrode
Dia in

Voltage
Striking
45
90
110
160
210
300

1.7
3.0
5.0
7.2
11.5
15.0

0.080
0.109
0.137
0.166
0.208
0.239

6
4

Wt. in Ib per
100 ft. approx

80 to 100
Volts

Minimum

20 to 35
Volts

CABLES
Current Rating of Trailing Cables
I.S.: 1026-1986
Nominal
Sectional
Area
mm2
2.5'

4'
6'
10'
16
25
35
50
70
95
120

No/Diameter
of wires

mm.
80/.20
128/.20
85/.30
62/.45
101/.45
157/.45
220/.45
113/.75
158/.75
215/.75
272/.75

Current Rating Continuous

(Maximum Ambient
Temperature 30C
3-Core
4-core
A

18
24
29
37
48
60
77
98
128
154
180

12
19
24
31
43
55
69
88
112
133
157

Maximum
Resistance
per km
At 20 C.
ohms
8.053
5.033
3.244
1.976
1.213
0.7806
0.5570
0.3803
0.2739
0.2002
0.1596

, These sires are only intended for 650 V cables.

Cables for Coal Mines- Specifications for cables meant for use in coal mines are covered by I.S.:
691-1966. The different types of cables are as below:
(i) Type FT. The wirearmour in this type is replaced by tinned-copper braiding for the sake of extra
flexibility This type is meant for use with coal cutters. The cable has three power cores, one earth
core (green) and one pilot core (black) and a protective screen of thinned-copper braiding under
the outer sheath. The conductance of this screen must not be less than one-half of the main
conductors subject to a minimum cross-section of 16 mm2
(ii) Type FTD is used with electric drills. There is no protective armour or screen in this cable.

28

Current Ratings (a.c.) For paper-Insulated Armoured Served Three-Core

Screened lead-Covered or Three-Core SL 33 KV Cables
(I.S. : 1961-1967 Part-1)
Nominal Area
Conductor
mm2
70
95
120
150
185
240
300

<.0

Direct in Ground
Copper

Aluminium

A
165
195
215
245

A
130
155
170
190
220
245
270

275
310?
345

Insingle-Way
Copper

Ducts
Aluminium

A
150
180
200
225
255
295
325

A
120
140
155
175
200
230
255

In Air
Copper

Aluminium

A
170
205

A
135
160

235
265

180
210
240

305
360
400

285
320

CQ

S
(I)
(I)

::i
CQ

S-

a'

13

Rating Factors For Depth of Laying

Q,)

Note:

Depth of Laying
cm.

11 K.V. Cables

22 KVand
33 K. V. Cables

90
105
120
150
180 or more

1.00
.99
.98
.96
.95

1.00
.99
.97
.96

3.3,6.6 and

1. The above factors may be used for cables laid in direct ground as well as in ducts and pipes.
2. Sea Table 6 for cables up to 1.1. KV.

I~
O
~

f= -:-

sum

g;;;;+;;;.:.,+iB F5t"+.-~-$b

-c.

~===

.=S2..

-. :- ==---==-=

--=,..;;;:;t=

Current R~ting for Single-Circuit Single-C.ore Rubber-Insulated Sheathed or Unsheathed

Unarmoured Cables Accordmg to 1.5. : 434 (part-I and 11)-1964
(1.5.: 3961-1968-part III)
Nominal
Area of
ConDuctor

~I

(1)
mm2
1
1.5
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
225
240
300
400
500
625

Bunched and enclosed

ClippedDirectand Un-enclosed

lt9s,Single 3 Or4 Cables,

ca~f"lase
Threeor d.c.
Phase a.c.
~
AI
Cu
AI
.C~
(3)
(4)
(5)
(2)
A
A
A
A
8
9
7
11
11
12
9
14
14
15
12
18
19
21
16
24
24
25
20
31
32
28
36
42
45
49
38
57
56
62
48
73
69
75
58
88
84
93
72
108
103
114
88
133
127
139
108
164
147
161
125
190
2

2 Cables,Single
Phase
a.c.ord.c.
AI
Cu
(6)
(7)
A
A
13
10
13
17
17
22
29
22
28
37
51
39
53
68
68
88
107
83
102
131
124
161
152
196
174
224
199
257
227
293
257
331
266
344
310
400
378
488
442
570
507
655

3 or4 Cables
ThreePhase a.c.
Cu
AI
(8)
(9)
A
A
11
9
15
12
20
15
27
21
34
26
46
36
62
48
79
61
96
75
118
91
143
111
176
137
203
157
230
179
264
205
297
230
310
240
360
279
438
339
513
398
591
458

DefinedConditions
SinglePhase a.c.
ord.c.,or30r4
Trefoil
Cables 3-Phase
Three-Phase
Cu
AI
Cu
A
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
A
A
A
A

138
173
218
255
294
337
385
401
479
575
656
740

107
134
169
197
228
262
299
311
372
445
509
578

125
153
188
220
253
290
328
342
405
483
561
631

CQ

S'
CD
CD

~'

CQ

5'
0'
~

97
119
147
170
196
224
254
265
314
378
435
489

Q)

::

0'
~

Current Ratings for Single Circuit Twin and Multicore Rubber Insulated Sheathed of
Unsheathed Unarmoured Cables According to
IS: 434 (Parts I and 11)-1964(IS: 3961-1968-Part III)
Enclosed inConduit
Trunking
Conditions
Nominal
One-Flat
area of
Twin Cable,
Conductor SinglePhase
a.c.or d.c.
Cu
AI

~I

(1)
mm2
1
1.5
2.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
150
185
225
240
300

ClippedDirectand Un-endosed

One-Flat
3-core
Cable
ThreePhase
Cu

AI

One-Flat
Twin Cable
SinglePhase
a.c.ord.c.
AI
Cu

One-Flat
3 Core
Cable
Three
Phase
Cu

AI

Defined

-One
One
Circular
Circular
Twin Cable, 3 or4 Core
Cable
Single-Phase
a.c.or d.c. Three-phase
Cu
AI
Cu
AI

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

10
13
17
23
29
39
53
67

8
10
13
18
22
31
41
52

9
11
15
20
25
34
47
50

7
9
11
17
20
27
36
46

12
15
20
27
34
46
62
79

9
12
16
21
26
36
48
61

10
14
18
24
30
40
57
70

8
11
14
18
23
31
43
54

10
13
18
23
30
41
55
70
86
109
128
157
180
205
234
264
275
319

8
10
14
18
23
32
43
54
66
84
100
121
139
159
181
205
213
247

9
12
16
21
26
36
48
61
75
92
112
137
157
178
204
231
240
280

7
9
12
16
20
28
37
47
58
71
87
106
123
138
158
179
186
217

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

One
Circular
Twin Cable,
Single-phase
a.c.or d.c.
Cu
AI
(14)
A

(15)
A

One
Circular I'll
3 Core cable ;:,
ThreeCQ
.....
phase a.c. ;:,
(1)
Cu
AI
,(1)

(16)
A

27
33
46
63
83
101
125
156
188
214
243
276
309
321
370

=:!

;:,'

CQ

21
25
36
49
65
78
97
121
146
166
189
214
239
249
287

24
29
40
55
72
88
110
138
167
193
218
245
274
284
328

18
22
31
43
58
68
85
107
130
150
169
190
212
220
254

0'

(17)

:;-

Q)

::O
;:,

Engineering Information
DIMENSIONS OF PROPERTIES
Moments of

Radii of

Inertia

Gyration

Ixx
em4

Iyy
crrr'

rxx

Moduli of

I
ryy
em

em

Section

r:
em3

lyy
em3

322.1

9.2

5.98

1.01

42.9

3.7

479.3

9.7

6.83

0.97

54.8

3.9

780.7

17.3

7.86

1.17

78.1

5.8

1308.2

40.5

8.97

1.58

116.3

10.1

72.7

10.0

3.07

1.14

19.4

4.1

168.0

12.7

4.06

1.12

33.6

5.1

406.8

43.4

5.19

1.69

65.1

11.6

688.2

55.2

6.17

1.75

91.8

13.8

1096.2

79.6

7.17

1.93

125.3

17.7

1696.6

115.4

8.19

2.13

169.7

23.1

2501.9

112.7

.9.15

1.94

222.4

22.5

3717.8

193.4

10.23

2.33

297.4

30.9

5375.3

287.0

11.31

2.61

392.4

41.0

7332.9

376.2

12.35

2.80

488.9

50.2

9874.6

510.8

13.41

3.05

607.7

61.9

13158.3

631.9

14.45

3.17

751.9

76.6

19306.3

716.4

16.33

3.15

965.3

80.8

27536.1

853.0

18.20

3.20

1223.8

160.4

38579.0

1063.9

20.10

3.34

1543.2

118.2

53161.6

1335.1

21.99

3.48

1933.2

140.5

72867.6

1821.9

23.98

3.79

2428.9

173.5

257.5

40.8

4.20

1.67

51.5

10.9

449.0

43.7

5.20

1.62

71.8

11.7

726.4

52.6

6.18

1.66

96.6

13.1

1272.0

85.0

7.19

1.86

145.4

18.9

2235.4

150.0

8.32

2.15

223.5

30.0

3441.8

218.3

9.31

2.34

306.9

39.7

5131.6

334.5

10.39

2.65

410.5

58.5

8603.6

483.9

12.37

2.84

573.6

64.8

13630.3

537.7

14.29

2.84

778.9

76.8

20458.4

422.1

16.15

2.82

1022.9

88.9

30390.8

834.0

18.15

3.01

1350.7

111.2

45218.3

1369.8

20.21

3.52

1808.7

152.2

64898.3

1833.8

22.16

3.73

2359.8

193.0

91813.0

2651.0

24.24

4.12

3060.4

252.5

889.1

94.8

6.22

2.09

111.9

19.0

32