Chapter Four discusses satellite-based positioning technologies, primarily focusing on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, which determine precise locations using trilateration. It also covers methods for spatial data input, including remote sensing, field surveys, and digitizing, as well as the importance of data preparation and management in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Key steps in data management include data cleaning, integration, georeferencing, and quality assurance to ensure data accuracy and usability.
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Unit Four 2016 EC
Chapter Four discusses satellite-based positioning technologies, primarily focusing on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, which determine precise locations using trilateration. It also covers methods for spatial data input, including remote sensing, field surveys, and digitizing, as well as the importance of data preparation and management in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Key steps in data management include data cleaning, integration, georeferencing, and quality assurance to ensure data accuracy and usability.
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CHAPTER FOUR
Satellite-Based Positioning, Spatial Data Input, Data Preparation
and Management 4.1. Satellite-Based Positioning: ✓Satellite-based positioning refers to the use of satellites in orbit around the Earth to determine the precise location/ position, velocity, and time information of receivers on or near the Earth's surface.
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the primary
technology used for satellite-based positioning and includes systems like GPS (Global Positioning System), GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System), Galileo, and BeiDou. ✓GNSS receivers receive signals from multiple satellites and use trilateration techniques to calculate their precise location in three- dimensional space. ✓GPS: Developed and maintained by the United States government, GPS consists of a constellation of satellites orbiting the Earth continuously that transmit signals to GPS receivers on Earth. ✓GPS is the most widely used satellite-based positioning system. ✓These receivers use trilateration to calculate their precise position based on the time it takes for signals to travel from multiple satellites. ✓GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou: Similar to GPS, GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (European Union), and BeiDou (China) are satellite navigation systems that provide global coverage and accurate positioning capabilities.
• GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System): Developed by
the Russian Federation, GLONASS is another global navigation satellite system similar to GPS.
• It operates with a constellation of satellites to provide positioning
and timing services worldwide. ✓Galileo: Developed by the European Union and European Space Agency, Galileo is a global satellite navigation system designed to be interoperable with GPS and GLONASS.
✓It aims to provide more precise positioning and timing services to
users worldwide.
✓BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS): Developed by
China, BeiDou is a regional satellite navigation system that has been expanding to provide global coverage.
✓It offers positioning, navigation, and timing services primarily in
the Asia-Pacific region but is expanding its coverage globally. 4.1.2. How Satellite-Based Positioning Works? ✓Satellite Constellations: GNSS consists of a network of satellites that transmit precise timing signals and ephemeris data to GNSS receivers on the ground. ✓Signal Reception: GNSS receivers receive signals broadcasted by multiple satellites visible in their line of sight. A GPS receiver or GNSS receiver on the ground collects signals from multiple satellites in view. ✓Receivers need signals from at least four satellites to calculate their three- dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and time. ✓Trilateration: Trilateration is the method used by GNSS receivers to determine their position by measuring the time delay between transmission and reception of signals from satellites. ✓By knowing the precise location of each satellite and the time it takes for signals to travel from the satellite to the receiver, the receiver can calculate its position. ✓Error Correction: Satellite-based positioning systems are subject to various errors, including atmospheric delays, satellite clock errors, multipath interference, and receiver noise. ✓Error correction techniques, such as differential GPS (DGPS) and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning, are used to improve the accuracy and reliability of GNSS measurements. 4.2. Spatial Data Input ✓Spatial data input involves the process of acquiring, collecting, and digitizing spatial information for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other spatial analysis tools. ✓Spatial data input involves the process of capturing, digitizing, or acquiring spatial information from various sources and converting it into a digital format suitable for use in geographic information systems (GIS) or spatial databases. 4.2.1. Methods of Spatial Data Input ✓Remote Sensing: Remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, drones, ground-based sensors and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), capture spatial data over large areas from a distance. ❑Remote sensing platforms collect multispectral, hyperspectral, or elevation data, which can be processed and analyzed to extract valuable spatial information. ❑Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): GNSS receivers collect precise position and trajectory data by receiving signals from satellites in orbit. ❑GNSS data provide accurate location information for mapping, surveying, and navigation applications. ❑Field Surveys and GPS Mapping: Field surveys involve collecting spatial data manually in the field using GPS-enabled devices, total stations, or surveying equipment. ✓Surveyors measure and record precise locations, features, and attributes of geographic elements such as landmarks, infrastructure, and natural resources. ✓This method allows for high-precision data collection and ground- truthing of remote sensing data. ❑Digitizing and Scanning: Digitizing involves converting analog maps, photographs, drawings, other hardcopy documents into digital format by tracing map features using digitizing tablets or scanners and using specialized software and techniques.
✓Scanned images are georeferenced and vectorized to create spatial
datasets suitable for GIS analysis.
✓This process may involve tracing features, capturing coordinates,
and assigning attributes to spatial elements. ❑Data Acquisition from Existing Sources: Spatial data can be obtained from existing sources such as government agencies, databases, research organizations, commercial vendors, and open data portals.
✓These sources provide digital datasets, maps, aerial imagery, land
use data, demographic information, environmental datasets and geospatial services that can be integrated into GIS applications. 4.3. Data Preparation and Management: ✓Data preparation and management are critical steps in the workflow of GIS and spatial analysis.
✓Data preparation and management involve organizing, cleaning,
storing, processing, and optimizing spatial data for use in GIS applications, analysis, and decision-making processes.
✓Effective data management practices ensure data quality, integrity,
accessibility, usability and interoperability across diverse datasets and user environments. 4.3.1. Steps in Data Preparation and Management: ✓Data Cleaning: Data cleaning involves identifying and correcting errors, inconsistencies, and missing values in spatial datasets. ✓Cleaning procedures include removing duplicate records, correcting geometric/topology errors, and validating attribute data for accuracy and completeness. ❑Data Integration: Data integration combines multiple spatial datasets and sources into a unified data repository or database to create unified datasets for analysis and visualization. ✓Integration techniques include data fusion, schema mapping, and attribute matching to harmonize and reconcile disparate data sources. ✓This may involve merging layers, resolving spatial conflicts, and standardizing data formats and projections. ❑Georeferencing: Georeferencing involves assigning spatial coordinates and projection information to spatial datasets to align them with a common reference framework. ✓Georeferencing ensures spatial data compatibility, consistency, and interoperability across different coordinate systems and map projections. ❑Data Transformation: Data transformation involves converting spatial data between different formats, resolutions, or representations to meet specific analysis or visualization requirements or to ensure compatibility and consistency across datasets. ✓Transformation techniques include resampling, raster-to-vector conversion, and coordinate system conversion. ❑Metadata Creation: Metadata provides descriptive information about spatial datasets, including data source, creation date, coordinate system, accuracy, and usage restrictions. ✓Metadata documents facilitate data discovery, evaluation, and interpretation by users and enhance data transparency and accountability. ❑Data Storage and Archiving: Data storage involves selecting appropriate storage systems and formats for spatial datasets. ✓This may include relational databases, file geodatabases, cloud storage solutions, and distributed data architectures in a structured and scalable manner. . ✓Archiving strategies ensure long-term preservation and accessibility of spatial data assets for future use. ❑Metadata Management: Metadata management involves documenting and cataloging spatial datasets to provide information about their content, structure, and quality. ✓Metadata helps users understand the characteristics and limitations of spatial data and facilitates data discovery and sharing. ✓Version Control and Revision Management: Version control systems track changes, revisions, and updates to spatial datasets over time. ❑Versioning mechanisms enable users to access previous versions, compare changes, and revert to earlier states of spatial data for audit trails and historical analysis. ❑Data Security and Access Control: Data security measures protect sensitive or confidential spatial data from unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. ✓Access control mechanisms restrict data access privileges based on user roles, permissions, and authentication credentials to ensure data confidentiality and integrity. ❑Data Sharing and Collaboration: Data sharing policies and protocols facilitate collaboration, exchange, and dissemination of spatial data among stakeholders, partners, and user communities. ✓Data sharing platforms and services promote interoperability, transparency, and knowledge sharing in spatial data management practices. ❑Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC): QA/QC processes monitor and evaluate spatial data quality throughout the data lifecycle. ✓QA/QC procedures include error detection, validation checks, and performance metrics to assess data accuracy, completeness, and consistency against predefined quality standards. Thank You For Your Attention!