0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views20 pages

Unit Four 2016 EC

Chapter Four discusses satellite-based positioning technologies, primarily focusing on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, which determine precise locations using trilateration. It also covers methods for spatial data input, including remote sensing, field surveys, and digitizing, as well as the importance of data preparation and management in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Key steps in data management include data cleaning, integration, georeferencing, and quality assurance to ensure data accuracy and usability.

Uploaded by

nafyjabesa1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views20 pages

Unit Four 2016 EC

Chapter Four discusses satellite-based positioning technologies, primarily focusing on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, which determine precise locations using trilateration. It also covers methods for spatial data input, including remote sensing, field surveys, and digitizing, as well as the importance of data preparation and management in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Key steps in data management include data cleaning, integration, georeferencing, and quality assurance to ensure data accuracy and usability.

Uploaded by

nafyjabesa1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

CHAPTER FOUR

Satellite-Based Positioning, Spatial Data Input, Data Preparation


and Management
4.1. Satellite-Based Positioning:
✓Satellite-based positioning refers to the use of satellites in orbit
around the Earth to determine the precise location/ position,
velocity, and time information of receivers on or near the Earth's
surface.

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the primary


technology used for satellite-based positioning and includes systems
like GPS (Global Positioning System), GLONASS (Global
Navigation Satellite System), Galileo, and BeiDou.
✓GNSS receivers receive signals from multiple satellites and use
trilateration techniques to calculate their precise location in three-
dimensional space.
✓GPS: Developed and maintained by the United States
government, GPS consists of a constellation of satellites orbiting
the Earth continuously that transmit signals to GPS receivers on
Earth.
✓GPS is the most widely used satellite-based positioning system.
✓These receivers use trilateration to calculate their precise position
based on the time it takes for signals to travel from multiple
satellites.
✓GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou: Similar to GPS, GLONASS (Russia),
Galileo (European Union), and BeiDou (China) are satellite
navigation systems that provide global coverage and accurate
positioning capabilities.

• GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System): Developed by


the Russian Federation, GLONASS is another global navigation
satellite system similar to GPS.

• It operates with a constellation of satellites to provide positioning


and timing services worldwide.
✓Galileo: Developed by the European Union and European Space
Agency, Galileo is a global satellite navigation system designed to
be interoperable with GPS and GLONASS.

✓It aims to provide more precise positioning and timing services to


users worldwide.

✓BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS): Developed by


China, BeiDou is a regional satellite navigation system that has
been expanding to provide global coverage.

✓It offers positioning, navigation, and timing services primarily in


the Asia-Pacific region but is expanding its coverage globally.
4.1.2. How Satellite-Based Positioning Works?
✓Satellite Constellations: GNSS consists of a network of satellites that
transmit precise timing signals and ephemeris data to GNSS receivers on
the ground.
✓Signal Reception: GNSS receivers receive signals broadcasted by
multiple satellites visible in their line of sight. A GPS receiver or GNSS
receiver on the ground collects signals from multiple satellites in view.
✓Receivers need signals from at least four satellites to calculate their three-
dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and time.
✓Trilateration: Trilateration is the method used by GNSS receivers to
determine their position by measuring the time delay between transmission
and reception of signals from satellites.
✓By knowing the precise location of each satellite and the time it
takes for signals to travel from the satellite to the receiver, the
receiver can calculate its position.
✓Error Correction: Satellite-based positioning systems are subject
to various errors, including atmospheric delays, satellite clock
errors, multipath interference, and receiver noise.
✓Error correction techniques, such as differential GPS (DGPS) and
Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning, are used to improve the
accuracy and reliability of GNSS measurements.
4.2. Spatial Data Input
✓Spatial data input involves the process of acquiring, collecting, and
digitizing spatial information for use in Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) and other spatial analysis tools.
✓Spatial data input involves the process of capturing, digitizing, or
acquiring spatial information from various sources and converting
it into a digital format suitable for use in geographic information
systems (GIS) or spatial databases.
4.2.1. Methods of Spatial Data Input
✓Remote Sensing: Remote sensing technologies, including satellite
imagery, aerial photography, drones, ground-based sensors and LiDAR
(Light Detection and Ranging), capture spatial data over large areas from a
distance.
❑Remote sensing platforms collect multispectral, hyperspectral, or elevation
data, which can be processed and analyzed to extract valuable spatial
information.
❑Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): GNSS receivers collect
precise position and trajectory data by receiving signals from satellites in
orbit.
❑GNSS data provide accurate location information for mapping, surveying,
and navigation applications.
❑Field Surveys and GPS Mapping: Field surveys involve collecting
spatial data manually in the field using GPS-enabled devices, total
stations, or surveying equipment.
✓Surveyors measure and record precise locations, features, and
attributes of geographic elements such as landmarks,
infrastructure, and natural resources.
✓This method allows for high-precision data collection and ground-
truthing of remote sensing data.
❑Digitizing and Scanning: Digitizing involves converting analog
maps, photographs, drawings, other hardcopy documents into
digital format by tracing map features using digitizing tablets or
scanners and using specialized software and techniques.

✓Scanned images are georeferenced and vectorized to create spatial


datasets suitable for GIS analysis.

✓This process may involve tracing features, capturing coordinates,


and assigning attributes to spatial elements.
❑Data Acquisition from Existing Sources: Spatial data can be
obtained from existing sources such as government agencies,
databases, research organizations, commercial vendors, and open
data portals.

✓These sources provide digital datasets, maps, aerial imagery, land


use data, demographic information, environmental datasets and
geospatial services that can be integrated into GIS applications.
4.3. Data Preparation and Management:
✓Data preparation and management are critical steps in the workflow
of GIS and spatial analysis.

✓Data preparation and management involve organizing, cleaning,


storing, processing, and optimizing spatial data for use in GIS
applications, analysis, and decision-making processes.

✓Effective data management practices ensure data quality, integrity,


accessibility, usability and interoperability across diverse datasets
and user environments.
4.3.1. Steps in Data Preparation and Management:
✓Data Cleaning: Data cleaning involves identifying and correcting
errors, inconsistencies, and missing values in spatial datasets.
✓Cleaning procedures include removing duplicate records, correcting
geometric/topology errors, and validating attribute data for accuracy
and completeness.
❑Data Integration: Data integration combines multiple spatial
datasets and sources into a unified data repository or database to
create unified datasets for analysis and visualization.
✓Integration techniques include data fusion, schema mapping, and
attribute matching to harmonize and reconcile disparate data
sources.
✓This may involve merging layers, resolving spatial conflicts, and
standardizing data formats and projections.
❑Georeferencing: Georeferencing involves assigning spatial
coordinates and projection information to spatial datasets to align
them with a common reference framework.
✓Georeferencing ensures spatial data compatibility, consistency,
and interoperability across different coordinate systems and map
projections.
❑Data Transformation: Data transformation involves converting spatial
data between different formats, resolutions, or representations to meet
specific analysis or visualization requirements or to ensure compatibility
and consistency across datasets.
✓Transformation techniques include resampling, raster-to-vector
conversion, and coordinate system conversion.
❑Metadata Creation: Metadata provides descriptive information
about spatial datasets, including data source, creation date,
coordinate system, accuracy, and usage restrictions.
✓Metadata documents facilitate data discovery, evaluation, and
interpretation by users and enhance data transparency and
accountability.
❑Data Storage and Archiving: Data storage involves selecting
appropriate storage systems and formats for spatial datasets.
✓This may include relational databases, file geodatabases, cloud
storage solutions, and distributed data architectures in a structured
and scalable manner. .
✓Archiving strategies ensure long-term preservation and
accessibility of spatial data assets for future use.
❑Metadata Management: Metadata management involves
documenting and cataloging spatial datasets to provide information
about their content, structure, and quality.
✓Metadata helps users understand the characteristics and limitations
of spatial data and facilitates data discovery and sharing.
✓Version Control and Revision Management: Version control
systems track changes, revisions, and updates to spatial datasets
over time.
❑Versioning mechanisms enable users to access previous versions,
compare changes, and revert to earlier states of spatial data for
audit trails and historical analysis.
❑Data Security and Access Control: Data security measures
protect sensitive or confidential spatial data from unauthorized
access, modification, or disclosure.
✓Access control mechanisms restrict data access privileges based
on user roles, permissions, and authentication credentials to ensure
data confidentiality and integrity.
❑Data Sharing and Collaboration: Data sharing policies and
protocols facilitate collaboration, exchange, and dissemination of
spatial data among stakeholders, partners, and user communities.
✓Data sharing platforms and services promote interoperability,
transparency, and knowledge sharing in spatial data management
practices.
❑Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC): QA/QC
processes monitor and evaluate spatial data quality throughout the
data lifecycle.
✓QA/QC procedures include error detection, validation checks, and
performance metrics to assess data accuracy, completeness, and
consistency against predefined quality standards.
Thank You
For Your
Attention!

You might also like