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Lecture1 Physics

The document discusses atomic structure, focusing on the nature of atoms and their components, including electrons, protons, and neutrons. It outlines historical theories of atomic evolution, including Dalton's solid atom model, Thompson's discovery of electrons, and Rutherford's nucleus concept. Additionally, it describes the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, detailing electron energy levels and the relationship between kinetic and electrostatic energy.

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8 views7 pages

Lecture1 Physics

The document discusses atomic structure, focusing on the nature of atoms and their components, including electrons, protons, and neutrons. It outlines historical theories of atomic evolution, including Dalton's solid atom model, Thompson's discovery of electrons, and Rutherford's nucleus concept. Additionally, it describes the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, detailing electron energy levels and the relationship between kinetic and electrostatic energy.

Uploaded by

omar.hazem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics

1st grade
Department of Electrical Engineering Techniques

Lecture 1
Atomic structure, Electrons in an atom, Electron
energy in orbit
1.Atomic structure
1.1.Introduction
As we know that, elements are made from atoms by examining atomic structure
An atom cannot be broken down further without changing the chemical nature of
the substance. For example, if you have 1 ton, 1 gram or 1 atom of oxygen, all of
these units have the same properties. We can break down the atom of oxygen into
smaller particles, however, when we do the atom looses its chemical properties.

The properties of materials differ according to their composition and components.


We find that the properties of the elements are determined according to their
position in the periodic table, and that the basic difference between one element
and another depends on the number of electrons in one atom, as well as the atomic
weight, which represents the weight of protons and neutrons.

1.2. The theory of atomic evolution


An atom can be defined as the smallest part of matter, or as an infinitesimal
particle. Several theories have emerged that describe the atom. In the year 8181
AD, Dalton described the atom as a solid, indivisible, minute ball, and that each
element has a specific type of atom of its own, and that these atoms are linked in
simple ways to form composite atoms.

Fig.1

2
In the year 1898 AD, Thompson stated that the atom consists of smaller particles
that carry negative charges, which he called electrons, and described the atom as a
positively charged ball on which the negatively charged electrons stick to it, which
is equivalent to the positive charge of the ball, so it is neutral in charge.

Fig. 2

In the early twentieth century, after the discovery of the proton, which is a
positively charged particle, its mass is much greater than the mass of electrons.
Rutherford proposed that the protons are concentrated in a small volume in the
center of the atom called the nucleus.

Fig.3

3
2. Electrons in an atom
The simplest model for describing the atom is the Bohr model, and the description
applies to the hydrogen atom, as shown in the Fig.4 :

Fig.4: Hydrogen atom

In the year 8181 AD, the scientist Bohr put forward three hypotheses for the atom,
namely:

1-The atom possesses certain and separate energy levels, and the electrons in these
levels are stationary and not radiation.

2-When an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower level, it radiates
energy, and when it moves from a lower energy level to a higher one, it absorbs
energy.

3-The angular momentum of a stable electron in a certain energy level is a


quantum value equal to an integer(n).

……….1

Where:

:Planck's constant 6.626× J.s

:Integer number

:electron mass 9.1× kg

4
: electron speed (m/s)
: Electron orbital radius (m)
The electron can take different paths, and each path has its own speed. An electron
becomes stable in its orbit when the attractive force between it and the nucleus
equals the repulsive force.

……2

Where:

: attractive force
: Repulsive force

e:Electtron charge 1.6× G

: vacuum permittivity 1/36 × F/m

……….5

Substitute eq.4 in eq.5:

5
= 5.3× m

𝑟 5.3× 𝑛 m …..6

The above equations represent the relationship of the radius of the orbit with the
orbit number.

3.Electron energy in orbit


The total energy of an electron in orbit is equal to the sum of its kinetic energy and
its electrostatic energy.

Et= Ek + Ep ……...7

…….8

………9

Note: Electron energy is always expressed in eV, which is the energy of an


electron when it is located in a potential difference of 1 volt.1eV = 1.602×10-19 J

………10

: The total energy of an electron in an orbit

:ground state energy= = -2.17× J = -13.6 eV

6
7

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