www.LearnEngineering.

in

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the author.

n
n g.i
GATE SOLVED PAPER
Electronics & Communication
2004
e eri
gin
Copyright © By NODIA & COMPANY
En
arn

Information contained in this book has been obtained by authors, from sources believes to be reliable. However,
neither Nodia nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information herein, and Nodia nor its
authors shall be responsible for any error, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This book
is published with the understanding that Nodia and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting
.Le

to render engineering or other professional services.

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B-8, Dhanshree Tower Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur 302039
Ph : +91 - 141 - 2101150
www.nodia.co.in
email : [email protected]

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2004

Q. 1 - 30 Carry One Mark Each

Q. 1 Consider the network graph shown in the figure. Which one of the following is

n
NOT a ‘tree’ of this graph ?

n g.i
e eri
gin
En

(A) a (B) b
(C) c (D) d
arn

Sol. 1 For a tree there must not be any loop. So a, c, and d don’t have any loop. Only
b has loop.
Hence (B) is correct option.
.Le

Q. 2 The equivalent inductance measured between the terminals 1 and 2 for the
circuit shown in the figure is
w
ww

(A) L1 L2 +M + (B) L1 L2 +M -
(C) L1 L2 +2M + (D)L1 L2 +2M -
Sol. 2 The sign of M is as per sign of L If current enters or exit the dotted terminals of
both coil. The sign of M is opposite of L If current enters in dotted terminal of
a coil and exit from the dotted terminal of other coil.
Thus Leq L1 =L2 2M + -
Hence (D) is correct option.

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Q. 3 The circuit shown in the figure, with R 13 ,W L = 14 H and C =

3 F=has input
voltage v (t) =sin 2t . The resulting current i (t) is

+ .1c)
(A) 5 sin (2t 53 - .1c)
(B) 5 sin (2t 53
+ .1c)
(C) 25 sin (2t 53 - .1c)
(D) 25 sin (2t 53

n
Sol. 3 Here w=
2 and V =
1+0c

g.i
Y 1 =j Cw 1+ +
R j Lw
= 3 + j2 # 3 + 1 1 = 3 + j4

n
j2 # 4

eri
-1 4
5+ tan = 5+53.11c =
3
I V * Y = (1+0c)( 5+53.1c)= 5+53.1c =
Thus
e
i (t) 5 sin (2t =53.1c) +
Hence (A) is correct option.
gin
Q. 4 For the circuit shown in the figure, the time constant RC = 1 ms. The input
3
voltage is vi (t) = 2 sin 10 t . The output voltage vo (t) is equal to
En
arn

(A) sin (103 t - c)

45 (B) sin (103 t + c)
45
(C) sin (103 t - c)
53 (D) sin (103 t + c)
53
.Le

Sol. 4 Hence (A) is correct option.

vi (t) = 2 sin 103 t
Here 103 rad and Vi
w = = 2 +0c
w

1
j Cw 1
Now V0 = .Vt = V
ww

R +1 1 w i
j+ CR
j Cw
= 1 2 +0c
1 j+# 103 # 10 - 3
1 =45c -
v0 (t) sin (103 t =45c) -
Q. 5 For the R L - circuit shown in the figure, the input voltage vi (t) =
u (t). The
current i (t) is

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GATE SOLVED PAPER - EC 2004

n
n g.i
Sol. 5 Hence (C) is correct option.
Input voltage
Taking laplace transform
e eri
vi (t)
Vi (s)
=
u (t)
1
=
gin
s
Impedance Z (s) s =2 +
Vi (s)
I (s) = = 1
s 2+ s (s 2+)
En

1 1 = 1
2 ; s s 2+E
or I (s) -

Taking inverse laplace transform

arn

i (t) 1 (1 =e 2-t) u (t) -

2
At t =,
0 i (t) =
0
At t =,
1
i (t) =
0.31
.Le

2
At t =3, i (t) =
0.5
Graph (C) satisfies all these conditions.
Q. 6 The impurity commonly used for realizing the base region of a silicon n p -n -
w

transistor is
(A) Gallium (B) Indium
ww

(C) Boron (D) Phosphorus

Sol. 6 Trivalent impurities are used for making p type semiconductor. Boron is trivalent.
Hence option (C) is correct
Q. 7 If for a silicon npn transistor, the base-to-emitter voltage (VBE ) is 0.7 V and the
collector-to-base voltage (VCB) is 0.2 V, then the transistor is operating in the
(A) normal active mode (B) saturation mode
(C) inverse active mode (D) cutoff mode
Sol. 7 Here emitter base junction is forward biased and base collector junction is reversed
biased. Thus transistor is operating in normal active region.
Hence option (A) is correct.

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Q. 8 Consider the following statements S1 and S2.

S1 : The b of a bipolar transistor reduces if the base width is increased.
S2 : The b of a bipolar transistor increases if the dopoing concentration in the
base is increased.
Which remarks of the following is correct ?
(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE
(B) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
(C) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
(D) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE

n
Sol. 8 Hence option (D) is correct.

g.i
We have b = a
1 -a

Thus -" a- b

n
." a. b

and a decreases & hence b eri

If the base width increases, recombination of carrier in base region increases
decreases. If doping in base region increases,
e
recombination of carrier in base increases and a decreases thereby decreasing .b
gin
Thus S1 is true and S2 is false.
Q. 9 An ideal op-amp is an ideal
(A) voltage controlled current source (B) voltage controlled voltage source
En

(C) current controlled current source (D) current controlled voltage source
Sol. 9 An ideal OPAMP is an ideal voltage controlled voltage source.
Hence (B) is correct option.
arn

Q. 10 Voltage series feedback (also called series-shunt feedback) results in

(A) increase in both input and output impedances
(B) decrease in both input and output impedances
.Le

(C) increase in input impedance and decrease in output impedance

(D) decrease in input impedance and increase in output impedance
Sol. 10 In voltage series feed back amplifier, input impedance increases by factor (1 + )b
A
+ ).b
w

and output impedance decreases by the factor (1 A

Rif Ri (1 =A ) b +
ww

Rof = Ro
(1 A + )b
Hence (C) is correct option.
Q. 11 The circuit in the figure is a

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(A) low-pass filter (B) high-pass filter

(C) band-pass filter (D) band-reject filter
Sol. 11 This is a Low pass filter, because
At w = 3 V0 =
0
Vin
and at w = 0 V0 =
1
Vin
Hence (A) is correct option.
Q. 12 Assuming VCEsat = 0.2 V and b = 50 , the minimum base current (IB) required to

n
drive the transistor in the figure to saturation is

n g.i
(A) 56 Am
(C) 60 mA
e eri (B) 140 mA
(D) 3 mA
gin
Sol. 12 Applying KVL we get
VCC IC RC -VCE = 0 -
or I V
=CC -CE
V 3
= 0-.2 =
2.8 mA
C
RC 1k
En

Now IB IC = 2.8m 56= Am =

b 50
Hence option (A) is correct.
arn

Q. 13 A master - slave flip flop has the characteristic that

(A) change in the output immediately reflected in the output
(B) change in the output occurs when the state of the master is affected
.Le

(C) change in the output occurs when the state of the slave is affected
(D) both the master and the slave states are affected at the same time
Sol. 13 A master slave D-flip flop is shown in the figure.
w
ww

In the circuit we can see that output of flip-flop call be triggered only by transition
of clock from 1 to 0 or when state of slave latch is affected.
Hence (C) is correct answer.
Q. 14 The range of signed decimal numbers that can be represented by 6-bits 1’s
complement number is
(A) -31 to +31 (B) -63 to +63
(C) -64 to +63 (D) -32 to +31

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Sol. 14 The range of signed decimal numbers that can be represented by n -

bits 1’s
complement number is (2n - 1 -1) to (2n - 1 -
+1). -
Thus for n =6 we have
-1 -
Range =(26- + (26 1
1) to - -
1)
=31 - to + 31
Hence (A) is correct answer.
Q. 15 A digital system is required to amplify a binary-encoded audio signal. The
user should be able to control the gain of the amplifier from minimum to a
maximum in 100 increments. The minimum number of bits required to encode,

n
in straight binary, is
(A) 8 (B) 6

g.i
(C) 5 (D) 7
Sol. 15 The minimum number of bit require to encode 100 increment is

n
2n $ 100

eri
or n $7
Hence (D) is correct answer.
Q. 16 Choose the correct one from among the alternatives A, B, C, D after matching
e
an item from Group 1 most appropriate item in Group 2.
gin
Group 1 Group 2
P. Shift register 1. Frequency division
Q. Counter 2. Addressing in memory chips
R. Decoder 3. Serial to parallel data conversion
En

(A) P 3, Q -2, R 1 - -(B) P 3, Q -1, R 2 - -

(C) P 2, Q -1, R 3 - -(D) P 1, Q -2, R 2 - -
arn

Sol. 16 Shift Register " Serial to parallel data conversion

Counter " Frequency division
Decoder " Addressing in memory chips.
Hence (B) is correct answer.
.Le

Q. 17 The figure the internal schematic of a TTL AND-OR-OR-Invert (AOI) gate.

For the inputs shown in the figure, the output Y is
w
ww

(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) AB (D) AB
Sol. 17 For the TTL family if terminal is floating, then it is at logic 1.
Thus Y (AB =1) AB .0 =+
0 =
Hence (A) is correct answer.
Q. 18 Given figure is the voltage transfer characteristic of

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(A) an NOMS inverter with enhancement mode transistor as load

(B) an NMOS inverter with depletion mode transistor as load
(C) a CMOS inverter

n
(D) a BJT inverter

g.i
Sol. 18 Hence option (C) is correct
Q. 19 The impulse response h [n] of a linear time-invariant system is given by
h [n] u [n =3] u [n 2+ ) 2n [n + 7] where u [n]-is the unit -
step sequence.-The

n
above system is

eri
(A) stable but not causal (B) stable and causal
(C) causal but unstable (D) unstable and not causal
3
/
e
Sol. 19 A system is stable if h (n) <
3. The plot of given h (n) is
n =3 -
gin
En
arn

3 6
Thus / h (n) =/ h (n)
n =3 -
n =3 -
1 = 1 1 +1 2 +2 2 + 2 2 + + + + +
=
15 < 3
.Le

Hence system is stable but h (n) ! 0 for n <.

0 Thus it is not causal.
Hence (A) is correct answer.
Q. 20 The distribution function Fx (x) of a random variable x is shown in the figure.
w

The probability that X = 1 is

ww

(A) zero (B) 0.25

(C) 0.55 (D) 0.30
Sol. 20 Hence (D) is correct option.
F (x1 # X <
x2) p (X = x2) P (X =
x1) - =
-
or P (X = -(X = 1 )
1) = P (X = 1 ) P +

0.55 =0.25 =0.30 -

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Q. 21 The z -transform of a system is H (z) = z

z 0-.2 . If the ROC is z <
0.2 , then the
impulse response of the system is
(A) (0.2) n u [n] (B) (0.2) n u [ n -1] -
(C) (- 0.2) n u [n] (D) (0.2) n u [ -n 1] - -
Sol. 21 Hence (D) is correct answer.
H (z) = z z <
0.2
z 0-.2
We know that
an u [ -n 1] * - 1 1- - z <
a
-
1 az

n
Thus h [ n] - nu[ n
=(0.2) 1]- -

g.i
Q. 22 The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric function is always
(A) imaginary (B) conjugate anti-symmetric

n
(C) real (D) conjugate symmetric

eri
Sol. 22 The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetrical function is always real.
Hence (C) is correct answer.
Q. 23 The gain margin for the system with open-loop transfer function
e
2 (1 s+)
G (s) H (s) = 2 , is
gin
s
(A) 3 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) 3 -
En

Sol. 23 The open loop transfer function is

2 (1 s+)
G (s) H (s) = 2
s
Substituting s =
j w
we have
arn

j+ )w 2 (1
G (j ) H (j w) w = 2
...(1)
-w
+G (j ) H (j w) =180-c wtan 1-+ w
.Le

- , is called phase crossover

The frequency at which phase becomes 180c
frequency.
Thus -
180 =180-c tan 1-+ wf
or tan 1- wf = 0
w

or wf =
0
The gain at wf = 0 is
ww

2
G (j ) H (j w) 2 1
= +ww =
3
2
w
Thus gain margin is 1 = 0 and in dB
= this is -.
3
3
Hence (D) is correct option

Q. 24 Given G (s) H (s) = K .The point of intersection of the asymptotes of

s (s 1)( s +3) +
the root loci with the real axis is
(A) 4- (B) 1.33
(C) 1-.33 (D) 4
Sol. 24 Centroid is the point where all asymptotes intersects.

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Real of Open Loop Pole -

SReal Part of Open Loop Pole S
s
=
No.of Open Loop Pole - SNo.of Open Loop zero S
= 1 -3 =-1.33
-
3
Hence (C) is correct option.
Q. 25 In a PCM system, if the code word length is increased from 6 to 8 bits, the
signal to quantization noise ratio improves by the factor
(A) 8 (B) 12
6
(C) 16 (D) 8

n
Sol. 25 When word length is 6

g.i
S
` N jN = 6 2
2 #6
= 212 =

When word length is 8

n
S
` N jN = 8 2
2 #8
= 216 =

Now
^ N hN = 8
S

^ N hN = 6
S
216 = 2 4 16
212
e
Thus it improves by a factor of 16.
eri= =

Hence (C) is correct option.

gin
Q. 26 An AM signal is detected using an envelop detector. The carrier frequency and
modulating signal frequency are 1 MHz and 2 kHz respectively. An appropriate
value for the time constant of the envelop detector is
En

(A) 500 secm m

(B) 20 sec
m
(C) 0.2 sec m
(D) 1 sec
Hence (B) is correct option.
arn

Sol. 26

Carrier frequency fc 1 # 106 Hz

=
Modulating frequency
fm 2 # 103 Hz
=
.Le

For an envelope detector

2 fcp 1 >2 f p >
m
Rc
1 RC < 1
w

<
2 fcp 2 fmp
1 RC < 1 <
ww

2 fcp 2 fmp
1 RC < 1 3 <
2 10p6 2 # 10
-7
1.59 # 10 RC < 7.96 # 10 - 5 <
m sec best lies in this interval.
so, 20 sec
Q. 27 An AM signal and a narrow-band FM signal with identical carriers, modulating
signals and modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. The resultant signal
can be closely approximated by
(A) broadband FM (B) SSB with carrier
(C) DSB-SC (D) SSB without carrier

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Sol. 27 Hence (B) is correct option.

SAM (t) Ac [1 =0.1 cos + wm t
m t] cos w
sNBFM (t) Ac cos [ c t =0.1 sin wm t] + w
s (t) SAM (t) =SNB fm (t) +
Ac [1 =0.1 cos m t] cos+ wc t Ac cos ( c t w0.1 sin m+t) w +
= Ac cos c t + Ac 0.1 cos wm t cos c t w w
+ Ac cos c t cos (0.1 sin wm t) A-c sin c t. sin (0.1 sin mw
t)
As 0.1 sin mw
t , 0+.1 to 0-.1

n
so cos (0.1 sin mwt) . 1

g.i
As when is q small cos .q 1 and sin , q, thus q
sin (0.1 sin mw
t) = 0.1 sincos c t cos wm t + Ac cos c tw -c 0.1 sin
A m t sin wcwt w
2Ac cos c t =0.1Ac cos ( wc + w +

n
m) t
1 44 2 44 3 1 4444 4 2 444443
cosec USB

eri
Thus it is SSB with carrier.
Q. 28 In the output of a DM speech encoder, the consecutive pulses are of opposite
polarity during time interval t1 # t # t2 . This indicates that during this interval
e
(A) the input to the modulator is essentially constant
gin
(B) the modulator is going through slope overload
(C) the accumulator is in saturation
(D) the speech signal is being sampled at the Nyquist rate
En

Sol. 28 Consecutive pulses are of same polarity when modulator is in slope overload.
Consecutive pulses are of opposite polarity when the input is constant.
Hence (A) is correct option.
arn

Q. 29 The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave propagating in a hollow metallic

rectangular waveguide in the TE10 mode is
(A) equal to its group velocity
.Le

(B) less than the velocity of light in free space

(C) equal to the velocity of light in free space
(D) greater than the velocity of light in free space
w

Sol. 29 We know that vp c > vg . >

Hence (D) is correct option.
ww

Q. 30 Consider a lossless antenna with a directive gain of 6+dB. If 1 mW of power is

fed to it the total power radiated by the antenna will be
(A) 4 mW (B) 1 mW
(C) 7 mW (D) 1/4 mW
Sol. 30 Hence (A) is correct option.
4 U( p , ) q f
We have GD ( , q) =f
Prad
For lossless antenna
Prad =
Pin
Here we have Prad Pin = 1 mW =
and 10 log GD ( , q) =
6fdB

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or GD ( , q) =3f
.98
Thus the total power radiated by antenna is
4 U( p , ) = PradqGD ( , fq) =
1fm # 3.98 =
3.98 mW

Q.31 - 90 Carry Two Marks Each

Q. 31 For the lattice shown in the figure, Za=
j2 W and Zb =
2 .WThe values of the
z11 z12
open circuit impedance parameters 6z @ ==
z21 z22 G
are

n
n g.i
1 j- 1 j+ 1 j- 1 j+
(A) =
1 j+ 1 j+G
(B) =
+G

eri
1 -j 1 j-
1 j+ 1 j+ 1 j+ 1 -j +
(C) =
1 j- 1 j-G
(D) =
1 -j 1 +j+ G
e
Sol. 31 We know that
gin
V1 z11 I1 =z12 I2 +
V2 z11 I1 =z22 I2 +
where z11 V
=1
I1 I 0=
En

z21 V
=2
I1 I 0=
1

Consider the given lattice network, when I2 =.

0 There is two similar path in
arn

1I
the circuit for the current I1. So I =
2 1
w .Le

For z11 applying KVL at input port we get

ww

V1 I (Za =Zb) +
Thus V1 1 I (Z =Z ) +
2 1 a b

z11 = 1 (Za + Zb)

2
For Z21 applying KVL at output port we get
V2 Za I1 =Zb I1 -
2 2
Thus V2 1 I (Z =Z ) -
2 1 a b

z21 1 (Z =Z ) -
2 a b

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For this circuit z11 =

z22 and z12 =z21. Thus
R V
SZa Z +b Za Z -b W
z11 z12 S 2 2 W
=z z G = SZa Z -b Za Z +b W
21 22
S 2 2 W
Here Za =
2j and Zb = 2T W X
z11 z12 1 j+ j 1-
Thus =z z G ==j 1- 1 j+G
21 22

Hence (D) is correct option.

Q. 32 The circuit shown in the figure has initial current iL (0 )- = 1 A through the

n
-
inductor and an initial voltage vC (0 ) =1 V-across the capacitor. For input

g.i
v (t) =u (t), the Laplace transform of the current i (t) for t $ 0 is

n
(A)
s2
s
s +1 +
e eri (B)
s2
s 2+
s +1 +
gin
(C) 2 s 2- (D) 1
s s +1 + s2 s +1 +
Sol. 32 Applying KVL,
Ldi (t) 1
#0
3
v (t) Ri (t) = +
i (t) dt +
En

dt C
Taking L.T. on both sides,
I (s) vc (0+)
V (s) RI (s) =LsI (s) Li (0+) + - +
arn

sC sC
v (t) =
u (t) thus V (s) 1
=
s
1 I (s) 1
Hence I (s) =sI (s) 1 + - + -
.Le

s s s
2 I (s) 2
1+ 6s =s 1@ + +
s s
or I (s) =2 s 2+
w

s s +1 +
Hence (B) is correct option.
ww

Q. 33 Consider the Bode magnitude plot shown in the fig. The transfer function H (s)
is

(s 10 +) 10 (s 1+)
(A) (B)
(s 1)( s +100) + (s 10)( s +100) +

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102 (s 1+) 103 (s 100

+ )
(C) (D)
(s 10)( s +100) + (s 1)( s +10) +
Sol. 33 The given bode plot is shown below

n
At w=
1 change in slope is +20 dB " 1 zero at w = 1

g.i
At w=
10 change in slope is 20 - dB " 1 poles at w = 10
At w=
100 change in slope is 20 - dB " 1 poles at w = 100
K (s 1+)
Thus T (s) =s

n
s
( 10 1)( 100 +1) +

eri
Now 20 log10 K =20 -" K 0.1 =
0.1 (s 1+) 100 (s 1+)
Thus T (s) =s =
s
( 10 1)( 100 +1) (s 10)( s + 100) +
Hence (C) is correct option.
e
gin
Vo (s)
Q. 34 The transfer function H (s) = of an RLC circuit is given by
Vi (s)
6
=2 10
H (s)
s 20s +106 +
En

The Quality factor (Q-factor) of this circuit is

(A) 25 (B) 50
(C) 100 (D) 5000
arn

Sol. 34 Characteristics equation is

s2 20s +106 =
0 +
2 2
Comparing with s 2 xn s +
w n 0 wwe have+ =
.Le

6 3
nw
10 = 10 =
2 x w=
20
Thus 2 x 203 = 0.02 =
10
w

Now Q 1 = 1 50 = =
2 x 0.02
ww

Hence (B) is correct option.

Q. 35 For the circuit shown in the figure, the initial conditions are zero. Its transfer
V (s)
function H (s) =c is
Vi (s)

(A) 1 (B) 106

2
s 106 s +106 + s 2
103 s +106 +

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(C) 103 (D) 106

2
s 103 s +106 + s 2
106 s +106 +
Sol. 35 Hence (D) is correct option.
V (s)
H (s) =0
Vi (s)
1
= sC =2 1
R sL + 1 s LC
+ sCR +1 +
sC
=2 1

n
s (10 2 # 10 -4) s (10 4 # 10
- 4
) +1 -
+

g.i
6
= 6- 2 1 = 10
10 s s +1 s2 + 106 s +106 +

n
d 2y dy
Q. 36 A system described by the following differential equation 2 3 +2y x (t) + =
dt dt

eri
is initially at rest. For input x (t) =
2u (t), the output y (t) is
(A) (1 2e t -e -2t) u (t) + -
(B) (1 2e t +2e -2t) u (t) - -
(C) (0.5 e t +1.5e -2t) u (+ t) -
(D) (0.5 2e t +2e -2t) u (t) + -
e
Sol. 36 Hence Correct Option is (A)
gin
d2y dy
Given, 3 +2y = x^t h +
dt2 dt
Taking Laplace Transformation both sides, we have
En

6s 3s +2@Y ^s h +X ^s h = s
2 2 =

or Y ^s h = 2 1 = 2 -+1
s ^s 1h^s +2h s s +1+ s 2+
arn

Increasing Laplace transformation gives,

y ^ t h ^1 =2e t e -- 2t
hu^t h
-
+
Q. 37 Consider the following statements S1 and S2
.Le

S1 : At the resonant frequency the impedance of a series RLC circuit is zero.

S2 : In a parallel GLC circuit, increasing the conductance G results in increase
in its Q factor.
Which one of the following is correct?
w

(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE

(B) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
ww

(C) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE

(D) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
Sol. 37 Impedance of series RLC circuit at resonant frequency is minimum, not zero.
Actually imaginary part is zero.
Z R =j` Lw +1 j -
Cw
At resonance Lw 1 - 0 and Z = R=that is purely resistive. Thus S1 is false
Cw
Now quality factor R C
Q =
L
Since G = 1, Q =1 C
R G L

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If G - then Q . provided C and L are constant. Thus S2 is also false.

Hence (D) is correct option.
Q. 38 In an abrupt p n - junction, the doping concentrations on the p side
- and n
16
-side are NA = 9 # 10 /cm respectively. The p n
3 - junction is reverse biased
and the total depletion width is 3 m.m The depletion width on the p side- is
(A) 2.7 mm (B) 0.3 mm
(C) 2.25 mm (D) 0.75 mm
Sol. 38 We know that
Wp NA =
Wn ND

n
W 3 #m 1016
or Wp = n # ND = 0.3 m
m =

g.i
NA 9 # 1016
Hence option (B) is correct.

n
Q. 39 The resistivity of a uniformly doped n type - silicon sample is 0.5 W - mc. If
the electron mobility ( n)m is 1250 cm 2 /V-sec and the charge of an electron is

eri
1.6 # 10 - 19 Coulomb, the donor impurity concentration (ND) in the sample is
(A) 2 # 1016 /cm 3 (B) 1 # 1016 /cm 3
(C) 2.5 # 1015 /cm 3 (D) 5 # 1015 /cm 3
e
Sol. 39 Hence option (B) is correct.
gin
Conductivity s =
nqun

or resistivity r 1 = 1 =
nq sn m
En

Thus n =1 1 = 1016 /cm 3

q rn m 1.6 # 10 - 19 # 0.5 # 1250
For n type semiconductor n =
ND
arn

Q. 40 Consider an abrupt p n - junction. Let Vbi be the built-in potential of this

junction and VR be the applied reverse bias. If the junction capacitance (Cj ) is 1
pF for Vbi VR + 1 V, then=for Vbi VR + 4 V, Cj will = be
(A) 4 pF (B) 2 pF
.Le

(C) 0.25 pF (D) 0.5 pF

Sol. 40 We know that
e A ND
e SN
1

Cj ;=2 (V VR)( NA +ND) E

2
w

bi +
Thus Cj \ 1
ww

(Vbi V +R)
C j2 (V +R) 1
V 1 =1
Now = bi =
C j1 (Vbi V +R) 2 4 2
Cj1
or Cj2 = 1 0.5 pF= =
2 2
Hence option (D) is correct.
Q. 41 Consider the following statements Sq and S2.
S1 : The threshold voltage (VT ) of MOS capacitor decreases with increase in
gate oxide thickness.
S2 : The threshold voltage (VT ) of a MOS capacitor decreases with increase in
substrate doping concentration.

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Which Marks of the following is correct ?

(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE
(B) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
(C) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
(D) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
Sol. 41 Increase in gate oxide thickness makes difficult to induce charges in channel. Thus
VT increases if we increases gate oxide thickness. Hence S1 is false.
Increase in substrate doping concentration require more gate voltage because
initially induce charges will get combine in substrate. Thus VT increases if we

n
increase substrate doping concentration. Hence S2 is false.

g.i
Hence option (C) is correct.
Q. 42 The drain of an n-channel MOSFET is shorted to the gate so that VGS = VDS .
The threshold voltage (VT ) of the MOSFET is 1 V. If the drain current (ID) is 1

n
mA for VGS = 2 V, then for VGS = 3 V, ID is
(A) 2 mA (B) 3 mA

Sol. 42
(C) 9 mA
We know that
ID
e
K (VGS =VT ) 2
eri
(D) 4 mA

-
gin
IDS (V -T ) 2
V
Thus = GS2
IDI (VGS1 V-T ) 2
Substituting the values we have
En

ID2 (3 1-) 2
= =
4
ID1 (2 1-) 2
or ID2 4IDI = 4 mA =
arn

Hence option (D) is correct.

Q. 43 The longest wavelength that can be absorbed by silicon, which has the bandgap
m If the longest wavelength that can be absorbed by
of 1.12 eV, is 1.1 m.
.Le

another material is 0.87 m,m then bandgap of this material is

(A) 1.416 A/cm 2 (B) 0.886 eV
(C) 0.854 eV (D) 0.706 eV
Sol. 43 Hence option (A) is correct.
w

Eg \ 1
l
ww

Eg2 1l
Thus = 1.1 =
Eg1 2 l 0.87

or Eg2 1.1 # 1.12 = 1.416 eV =

0.87
Q. 44 The neutral base width of a bipolar transistor, biased in the active region, is
0.5 m. m The maximum electron concentration and the diffusion constant in
the base are 1014 / cm 3 and Dn =
25 cm 2 /sec respectively. Assuming negligible
recombination in the base, the collector current density is (the electron charge is
1.6 # 10 - 19 Coulomb)
(A) 800 A/cm 2 (B) 8 A/cm 2
(C) 200 A/cm 2 (D) 2 A/cm 2

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Sol. 44 Concentration gradient

dn 1014 = 2 # 1018 =
dx 0.5 # 10 -4

q 1.6 # 10 - 19 C
=
Dn =
25
14
dn = 10 - 4
dx 0.5 # 10
JC qDn dn
=
dx
1.6 # 10 - 19 # 25 # 2 # 1018
= =
8 A/cm 2

n
g.i
Hence option (B) is correct.
Q. 45 Assume that the b of transistor is extremely large and VBE =
0.7V, IC and VCE
in the circuit shown in the figure

n
e eri
gin
En

(A) IC 1 mA, VCE = 4.7 V (B) I=

C =
0.5 mA, VCE =
3.75 V
(C) IC =
1 mA, VCE = 2.5 V (D) IC =
0.5 mA, VCE =
3.9 V
Sol. 45 The thevenin equivalent is shown below
arn
w .Le

VT = R1 VC =1 #5 =
1 V
R1 R+2 4 1+
ww

Since b
is large is large, IC . IE , IB . 0 and
IE V =T V -BE 1 0-.7
= =
3 mA
RE 300

Now VCE 5 =2.2kIC - 300IE -

5 =2.2k #-
1m 300 # 1m -
=
2.5 V
Hence (C) is correct option
Q. 46 A bipolar transistor is operating in the active region with a collector current
of 1 mA. Assuming that the b of the transistor is 100 and the thermal voltage

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(VT ) is 25 mV, the transconductance (gm) and the input resistance (r )p of the
transistor in the common emitter configuration, are
(A) gm = 25 mA/V and r p = 15.625 k W
(B) gm = 40 mA/V and r p = 4.0 k W
(C) gm =
25 mA/V and r p =
2.5 k W
(D) gm =
40 mA/V and r p =
2.5 k W
Sol. 46 When IC > ICO
>
IC
gm = =1mA 0.04 = 40 mA/V =
VT 25mV

n
b
r p = 100 - 3 = 2.5 k W =

g.i
gm 40 # 10
Hence (D) is correct option.
Q. 47 The value of C required for sinusoidal oscillations of frequency 1 kHz in the

n
circuit of the figure is

e eri
gin
En

(A) 1 Fm (B) 2 pFm

2 p
arn

(C) 1 Fm (D) 2 p6 F]m

2 p6
Sol. 47 The given circuit is wein bridge oscillator. The frequency of oscillation is
2 f p =1
.Le

RC
or C =1 = 1 =1 m
p
2 Rf 2 #p 103 # 103 2 p
Hence (A) is correct option.
w

Q. 48 In the op-amp circuit given in the figure, the load current iL is

ww

(A) V
-s (B) Vs
R2 R2
(C) V
-s (D) Vs
RL R1

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Sol. 48 The circuit is as shown below

n
We know that for ideal OPAMP

g.i
V- =V+
Applying KCL at inverting terminal
V- V -s V +- V -0 =
0

n
R1 R1

eri
or 2V- V -o = Vs ...(1)
Applying KCL at non-inverting terminal
V+ V -o
V
IL + + + =
0
R2 R2
e
or 2V+ Vo -IL R2 = 0+ ...(2)
gin
Since V- =
V+ , from (1) and (2) we have
Vs I+L R2 = 0
or IL =Vs -
En

R2
Hence (A) is correct option.
Q. 49 In the voltage regulator shown in the figure, the load current can vary from
arn

100 mA to 500 mA. Assuming that the Zener diode is ideal (i.e., the Zener
knee current is negligibly small and Zener resistance is zero in the breakdown
region), the value of R is
w .Le

(A) 7 W (B) 70 W
ww

(C) 70 W (D) 14 W
3
Sol. 49 If IZ is negligible the load current is
12 V -z =
IL
R
as per given condition
100 mA # 12 -Z # 500 mA
V
R
At IL 100 mA 12 5-
= =
100 mA VZ =
5V
R
or R =
70 W

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At IL 500 mA 12 5-
= =
500 mA VZ =
5V
R
or R =14 W
Thus taking minimum we get
R = 14 W
Hence (D) is correct option.
Q. 50 In a full-wave rectifier using two ideal diodes, Vdc and Vm are the dc and peak
values of the voltage respectively across a resistive load. If PIV is the peak
inverse voltage of the diode, then the appropriate relationships for this rectifier

n
are
(A) Vdc Vm , PIV = 2Vm (B)= Idc 2 Vm , PIV = 2Vm

g.i
=
p p
(C) Vdc 2 Vm , PIV = Vm (D) Vdc=Vm , PIV = Vm
p p

n
Sol. 50 Hence (B) is correct option.

eri
Q. 51 The minimum number of 2- to -1 multiplexers required to realize a 4- to -1
multiplexers is
(A) 1 (B) 2
e
(C) 3 (D) 4
gin
Sol. 51 Number of MUX is 4 = 2 and 2 =
1. Thus the total number 3 multiplexers is
3 2
required.
Hence (C) is correct answer.
En

Q. 52 + is equivalent to
The Boolean expression AC BC
(A) AC BC +AC + (B) BC AC +BC ACB+ +
(C) AC BC +BC ABC+ +(D) ABC ABC +ABC ABC + +
arn

Sol. 52 Hence (D) is correct answer.

AC +
BC AC1 =BC 1 +
AC (B =B ) BC (A A)+ + +
.Le

ACB =ACB BC A +BC A + +

Q. 53 11001, 1001, 111001 correspond to the 2’s complement representation of which
one of the following sets of number
w

(A) 25,9, and 57 respectively (B) -6, -6, and -6 respectively

(C) -7, -7 and -7 respectively (D) -25, -9 and -57 respectively
ww

Sol. 53 Hence (C) is correct answer.

11001 1001 111001
00110 0110 000110
+1 +1 +1
00111 0111 000111
7 7 7
Thus 2’s complement of 11001, 1001 and 111001 is 7. So the number given in the
question are 2’s complement correspond to -7.

Q. 54 The 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface is used as described below.

(i) An A/D converter is interface to a microprocessor through an 8255.

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The conversion is initiated by a signal from the 8255 on Port C. A signal on Port
C causes data to be stobed into Port A.
(ii) Two computers exchange data using a pair of 8255s. Port A works as a
bidirectional data port supported by appropriate handshaking signals.
The appropriate modes of operation of the 8255 for (i) and (ii) would be
(A) Mode 0 for (i) and Mode 1 for (ii)
(B) Mode 1 for (i) and Mode 2 for (ii)
(C) Mode for (i) and Mode 0 for (ii)
(D) Mode 2 for (i) and Mode 1 for (ii)

n
Sol. 54 For 8255, various modes are described as following.

g.i
Mode 1 : Input or output with hand shake
In this mode following actions are executed
1. Two port (A & B) function as 8 - bit input output ports.

n
2. Each port uses three lines from C as a hand shake signal
3. Input & output data are latched.
Form (ii) the mode is 1.
eri
Mode 2 : Bi-directional data transfer
This mode is used to transfer data between two computer. In this mode port A
e
can be configured as bidirectional port. Port A uses five signal from port C as
gin
hand shake signal.
For (1), mode is 2
Hence (D) is correct answer.
En

Q. 55 The number of memory cycles required to execute the following 8085

instructions
(i) LDA 3000 H
arn

(ii) LXI D, FOF1H

would be
(A) 2 for (i) and 2 for (ii) (B) 4 for (i) and 3 for (ii)
(C) 3 for (i) and 3 for (ii) (D) 3 for (i) and 4 for (ii)
.Le

Sol. 55 LDA 16 bit & Load accumulator directly this instruction copies data byte from
memory location (specified within the instruction) the accumulator.
It takes 4 memory cycle-as following.
w

1. in instruction fetch
2. in reading 16 bit address
ww

1. in copying data from memory to accumulator

LXI D, (F0F1) 4 & It copies 16 bit data into register pair D and E.
It takes 3 memory cycles.
Hence (B) is correct answer.
Q. 56 In the modulo-6 ripple counter shown in figure, the output of the 2- input gate
is used to clear the J-K flip-flop
The 2-input gate is

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(A) a NAND gate (B) a NOR gate

(C) an OR gate (D) a AND gare

n
Sol. 56 In the modulo - 6 ripple counter at the end of sixth pulse (i.e. after 101 or at 110)

g.i
all states must be cleared. Thus when CB is 11 the all states must be cleared. The
input to 2-input gate is C and B and the desired output should be low since the
CLEAR is active low

n
Thus when C and B are 0, 0, then output must be 0. In all other case the output

eri
must be 1. OR gate can implement this functions.
Hence (C) is correct answer.
Q. 57 Consider the sequence of 8085 instructions given below
e
LXI H, 9258
gin
MOV A, M
CMA
MOV M, A
Which one of the following is performed by this sequence ?
En

(A) Contents of location 9258 are moved to the accumulator

(B) Contents of location 9258 are compared with the contents of the
accumulator
arn

(C) Contents of location 8529 are complemented and stored in location 8529
(D) Contents of location 5892 are complemented and stored in location 5892
Sol. 57 Hence (A) is correct answer.
.Le

LXI H, 9258H ; 9258H " HL

MOV A, M ; (9258H) " A
CMa ; A"A
w

MOV M, A ; A"M
This program complement the data of memory location 9258H.
ww

Q. 58 A Boolean function f of two variables x and y is defined as follows :

f (0, 0) f (0, 1) = f (1, 1) 1; f (1, 0)= 0 = =
Assuming complements of x and y are not available, a minimum cost solution
for realizing f using only 2-input NOR gates and 2- input OR gates (each
having unit cost) would have a total cost of
(A) 1 unit (B) 4 unit
(C) 3 unit (D) 2 unit
Sol. 58 Hence (D) is correct answer.
We have f (x, y) xy =xy xy +x (y =y) +xy x+=xy ++
or f (x, y) x =y +

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Here compliments are not available, so to get x we use NOR gate. Thus desired
circuit require 1 unit OR and 1 unit NOR gate giving total cost 2 unit.
Q. 59 It is desired to multiply the numbers 0AH by 0BH and store the result in the
accumulator. The numbers are available in registers B and C respectively. A
part of the 8085 program for this purpose is given below :
MVI A, 00H
LOOP ------
------
-----

n
HLT
END

g.i
The sequence of instructions to complete the program would be
(A) JNX LOOP, ADD B, DCR C
(B) ADD B, JNZ LOOP, DCR C

n
(C) DCR C, JNZ LOOP, ADD B

eri
(D) ADD B, DCR C, JNZ LOOP
Sol. 59 Hence (D) is correct answer.
MVI A, 00H
e
; Clear accumulator
LOOP ADD B ; Add the contents of B to A
gin
DCR C ; Decrement C
JNZ LOOP ; If C is not zero jump to loop
HLT
En

END
This instruction set add the contents of B to accumulator to contents of C times.
Hence (D) is correct answer.
arn

Q. 60 A 1 kHz sinusoidal signal is ideally sampled at 1500 samples/sec and the

sampled signal is passed through an ideal low-pass filter with cut-off frequency
800 Hz. The output signal has the frequency.
(A) zero Hz (B) 0.75 kHz
.Le

(C) 0.5 kHz (D) 0.25 kHz

Sol. 60 Hence Correct Option is (C)
Here fs =1500 samples/sec, fm kHz =
w

The sampled frequency are 2.5 kHz, 0.5 kHz, Since LPF has cut-off frequency
800 Hz, then only output signal of frequency 0.5 kHz would pass through it
ww

Q. 61 A rectangular pulse train s (t) as shown in the figure is convolved with the
signal cos2 (4p # 103 t). The convolved signal will be a

(A) DC (B) 12 kHz sinusoid

(C) 8 kHz sinusoid (D) 14 kHz sinusoid

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Sol. 61 Hence Correct Option is (D)

Ts 6 @
S^t h 1 1 =2 cos
s t + 2 ws t
2 cos + w +

^1 + 8 #
cos p 103 t h
cos2 4 #
p 103 t =
2
2 p p 10 # 103
sw =2 # =
0.1 # 10 3-
3

S^t h * x^t h # S^ h # ^ t=t h d t t -

-
3
3

n
# 10 # 10 61 =2 cos
3
s t 2 cos 2 ws t @dt + w

g.i
-
3

+ 8 #
cos 61
p 103 t@
2 #
So, frequencies present will be fs ! fm, 2fs ! 3fs ! fm; fs = 10 kHz

n
8 # p 103 = 4 kHz

eri
fm =
2 p
Hence 14 kHz sinusoidal signal will be present
Q. 62 Consider the sequence x [n] [ =4 j51
- j25- +
]. The conjugate anti-symmetric
e
-
part of the sequence is
gin
(A) [ 4 -j2.5, j2,- 4 j2.5] - (B) [ j-2.5, 1, j2.5]
(C) [ j-2.5, j2, 0] (D) [ 4,- 1, 4]
Sol. 62 Hence (A) is correct answer.
En

We have x (n) [ =4 j5,

- 1 -
2j, 4] +
-

x *( n) [ =4 - 1
j5, +
2j, 4] -
-
arn

x *( -)
n [4, 1 =2j, 4 j5] - - +
-

x (n) x* ( -n) -
xcas (n) =
2
.Le

[ =4 j-
5
2, 2j - 4 j 25 ] -
-

Q. 63 A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation

2y [n] = y [n 2] -2x [n] -ax [n 1] + - b
w

The system is stable only if

(A) a =,
2 b < 2 (B) 2, a > 2 b>
ww

(C) a <2 , any value of b (D) b <

2 , any value of a
Sol. 63 Hence (C) is correct answer.
We have 2y (n) y (n =2) 2x (n) a
x-(n 1) - + b -
Taking z transform we get
2Y (z) Y (z) z 2 =2X (z) X (z) z -1
a - + b -

Y (z) z b1- 2-
or
X (z) c 2 -za2-m
= ...(i)

z ( b z-)
or H (z) = 22 a
(z -
2)

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It has poles at ! /2 a and zero at 0 and /2

b. For a stable system poles must
lie inside the unit circle of z plane. Thus
a < 1
2
or a <2
But zero can lie anywhere in plane. Thus, b
can be of any value.
Q. 64 A causal system having the transfer function H (s) 1/ (s =2) is excited with
+
10u (t). The time at which the output reaches 99% of its steady state value is
(A) 2.7 sec (B) 2.5 sec

n
(C) 2.3 sec (D) 2.1 sec

g.i
Sol. 64 Hence (C) is correct option.
We have r (t) =
10u (t)
10

n
or R (s) =
s

eri
Now H (s) = 1
s 2+
C (s) H (s) $ R (s) = 1 $ 10 10 =
s 2 s s (s +2) +
e
or C (s) 5 = 5 -
gin
s s 2+
c (t) 5 [1 =e 2-t] -
The steady state value of c (t) is 5. It will reach 99% of steady state value
reaches at t , where
En

5 [1 e- 2-t] =
0.99 # 5
or 1 e- 2-t =
0.99
arn

2-
t
e =
0.1
or 2-t =
ln 0.1
or t =
2.3 sec
.Le

Q. 65 The impulse response h [n] of a linear time invariant system is given as

2 2 n - 1, 1 = -
h [ n]*4 2 n 2, =2
= -
0 otherwise
w

If the input to the above system is the sequence e j np/4 , then the output is
(A) 4 2 e j np/4 (B) 4 2 e j-np/4
ww

(C) 4e j np/4 (D) 4-e j np/4

Sol. 65 Hence (D) is correct answer.
We have x (n) = e j np/4
and h (n) = 4 2 (n + 2) 2 2 (dn + 1) -2 2 (n 1) d -
+ 4 2 (nd 2)
-
Now y (n) =
x (n)* h (n)
3 2
/ x (n =k) h (k) / x (n =-k) h (k) -
k =3 - k =2 -

or y (n) = x (n + 2) h ( 2) + x (n + 1) h ( -1) -
+ x (n 1) h (1) + x (n -2) h (2) -

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p p
(n +1) (n +2)
4 2 ej 4
(n 2)
=2 2 e j 4
2 2 ej 4
(n 1)
-4 2 e j 4
-
4 2 6e j 4p(n +2)
@ 2 2 6e 1p) -
+@
p
j 4 (n 2) j 4 (n j 4 (n 1) +
=e e -
6e =e @
j 2p
6e e @
p p p p p
j4n j2 j2n j4 -j 4
4 2e 2 2e + -
j4n j 4pn p
4 2e [0] =2 2 e p
[2 cos 4 ] -
=4e j-n
r

or y (n) 4

Q. 66 Let x (t) and y (t) with Fourier transforms F (f) and Y (f) respectively be related
as shown in Fig. Then Y (f) is

n
n g.i
1-X (f/2) e 1-X (f/2) e j2

eri
j-f p fp
(A) (B)
2 2
fp
(C) -(f/2) e j2
X e (D) -(f/2) e
X j-
2 fp

Sol. 66 From given graph the relation in x (t) and y (t) is

y (t) =x [2- (t 1)] +
gin
F
x (t) X (f)
Using scaling we have
1 X f
a ca m
F
x (at)
En

1X f
2 c2m
F
Thus x (2t)
Using shifting property we ge
arn

x (t t-0) =e j-2 ftp X (f) 0

1X f- e j2 f pX f
2 b2l 2 b2l
F j2 f (p-1)
Thus x [2 (t 1+)] e =
.Le

e j2 +f pX f
c2m
F
x [2 (t -1)] -
2
Hence (B) is correct answer.
w

Q. 67 A system has poles at 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz and 80 Hz; zeros at 5 Hz, 100 Hz and 200
Hz. The approximate phase of the system response at 20 Hz is
ww

-
(A) 90c (B) 0c
(C) 90c -
(D) 180c
Sol. 67 Approximate (comparable to 90c) phase shift are
Due to pole at 0.01 Hz " 90 -c
Due to pole at 80 Hz " 90 -c
Due to pole at 80 Hz " 0
Due to zero at 5 Hz " 90c
Due to zero at 100 Hz " 0
Due to zero at 200 Hz " 0
Thus approximate total 90c - phase shift is provided.
Hence (A) is correct option.

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Q. 68 Consider the signal flow graph shown in Fig. The gain x5 is

x1

1 (be -cf dg) + + bedg

(A) (B)
abcd 1 (be -cf dg) + +
abcd 1 (be -cf dg) +
bedg + +
(C) (D)
1 (be -cf dg) +
bedg + + abcd
Sol. 68 Mason Gain Formula

n
pS
k 3k
T (s) =

g.i
3
In given SFG there is only one forward path and 3 possible loop.
p1 =abcd

n
31 = 1

eri
3 1 = (sum of-indivudual loops) - (Sum of two non touching loops)
1 =(L1 L- 2 L3) +1 L3)
(L + +
Non touching loop are L1 and L3 where
e
L1 L2 =bedg
gin
C (s) p1 3 1
Thus =
R (s) 1 (be -cf dg) +
bedg + +
= abcd
En

1 (be -cf dg) +

bedg + +
Hence (C) is correct option
2- 2
Q. 69 If A == 1 3-G, then sin At is
arn

sin ( 4t) -2 sin ( t) + 2 sin ( -4t) - 2 sin ( t-) + -

(A) 1 =
3 sin ( -4t) sin ( -t) 2 sin ( +4t) -sin ( t- ) G+ -
sin ( 2-t) sin (2t)
(B) =
sin (t) sin ( 3-t)G
.Le

sin (4t) 2+sin (t) 2 sin ( 4t) -2 sin ( t) - -

(C) 1 =
3 sin ( -4t) sin (t)- 2 sin (4t)+ sin + (t) G
cos ( t) -2 cos (t) + 2 cos ( 4t) -2 cos ( t) + -
w

(D) 1 =
3 cos ( -4t) cos ( -t) +4t) cos (t) -G -
2 cos ( - +
Sol. 69 Hence (A) is correct option
ww

2- 2
A ==
1 3-G
We have

Characteristic equation is
[ Il A
-] =
0
l 2+ 2-
or =
0
1- l 3+
or ( + 2)( l+ 3) 2- = 0 l
2
or 5 l+4 = 0 +
l
Thus 1 l =4 and
- 2l =1 -

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Eigen values are 4-and 1-.

Eigen vectors for 1 l =4 -
( 1 Il A
-) X1 =
0

1l 2 +2x11 -
or = 1 3+G=x21G
=
0
1l
2- 2- x11
= 1- 1-G=x G =
0
21

or 2x11 -2x21 =
0 -
or x11 x+21 =
0

n
g.i
We have only one independent equation x11 =x21.-
Let x21 =
K , then x11 =K ,-the Eigen vector will be
x11 -
K 1-
=x G == K G K=
1G

n
=
21

eri
Now Eigen vector for 2l =1 -
( 2 Il A
-) X2 =
0

2l 2+ 2- x12
e
or = 1- l 3+G=x22 G
=
0
gin
2
1 2- x12
or = 1- 2 G=x G =
0
22

We have only one independent equation x12 =2x22

En

Let x22 =
K , then x12 =2K . Thus Eigen vector will be
x12 2K 2
=x G ==K G K= G
=
1
arn

22

Digonalizing matrix
x11 x12 1- 2
M =x x G == 1 1G
=
21 22
.Le

1- 1 2-
`= 3 j= 1- 1-G
1-
Now M

Now Diagonal matrix of sin At is D where

w

sin ( 1 tl) 0 sin ( 4-t) 0

D ==
sin ( 2 tl)G = sin ( 2 tl)G
=
0 0
ww

1-
Now matrix B =
sin At =
MDM
1 2 sin ( -4t) 0 1 2--
= 1 1G=
=` 1 j-
0 sin ( t)G= -1 1-G -
3

sin ( -4t) 2 sin (- t) 2 sin ( -4t) -2 sin ( t-

)- -
= sin ( 4t) -2 sin (t) + 2 sin ( -4t) sin ( t)G-
=` 1 j-
-
3
sin ( -4t) 2 sin (- t) 2 sin ( -4t) -2 sin ( -t) - -
= sin ( 4t) -sin ( t) - 2 sin ( -4t-
=` 1 j-
) 2 sin ( t- )G +
3
1 sin ( 4t) -2 sin ( t) + 2 sin ( -4t) - 2 sin ( t- ) +
`=3 j= sin ( -4t sin ( - t) 2 sin ( +4t) -sin ( - t) G+
s
-

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Q. 70 The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is

G (s) = 2 K
s (s s +2)( s +3) +
The range of K for which the system is stable is
(A) 21 K > 0 > (B) 13 K > 0 >
4
(C) 21 K < 3 < (D) 6- K < 3 <
4
Sol. 70 For ufb system the characteristic equation is
1 + (s)
G =
0

n
1 + G (s)
+ 2 K
1 =0

g.i
s (s 2s +2)( s 3)+ +
4 3 2
s 4s +5s 6s + K =0 + +
The routh table is shown below. For system to be stable,

n
(21 4-K)
0 < K and 0 <
2/7
This gives

s4
0 K < 21
4

1
< e eri 5 K
gin
s3 4 6 0
s2 7
2 K
21 4-K
s1 0
En

7/2

s0 K

Hence (A) is correct option

arn

Q. 71 For the polynomial P (s) s2 =s 4 2s3 + 2s2 3s+ 15 the number

+ +
of roots +
-
which lie in the right half of the s plane is
(A) 4 (B) 2
.Le

(C) 3 (D) 1
Sol. 71 Hence (B) is correct option.
We have P (s) s5 =s 4 2s3 + 3s 15 + + +
w

The routh table is shown below.

If "e 0+ then 2 +e 12e is positive and 15 2-24e12
2
e 144 - e -
is negative. Thus there are two
ww

sign change in first column. Hence system has 2 root on RHS of plane.

s5 1 2 3
s4 1 2 15
s 3
e -
12 0
2 +e 12
s2 e 15 0

s1
2
15 -24 e 144 - e -
2 e12
+

s0 0

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Q. 72 The state variable equations of a system are : xo1 =3x1- x2 u-, xo2 2=
x1 and =
y x1 =u . The system
+ is
(A) controllable but not observable
(B) observable but not controllable
(C) neither controllable nor observable
(D) controllable and observable
Sol. 72 Hence (D) is correct option.
x1 3 -1 x1 -1
We have =x G = = 2 0 G=x G + =0 Gu
2 2

n
x1 1
and Y [1 0]= G =+ Gu
=

g.i
x2 2
3 -1 -1
Here A == G, B == G and C =
[1 0]
2 0 0

n
The controllability matrix is

eri
QC =
[B AB ]
1 3-
==0 2G
e
det QC ! 0 Thus controllable
gin
The observability matrix is
Q0 [CT AT CT ]
=
1 3-
==0 1-G ! 0
En

det Q0 ! 0 Thus observable

1 0
==0 1G, the state transition matrix eAt is given by
arn

Q. 73 Given A
0 e t- et 0
(A) > t- H (B) = t G
e 0 0 e
.Le

e t- 0 0 et
(C) > H (D) = t G
0 e t- e 0
Sol. 73 Hence (B) is correct option.
s 0 1 0 s 1- 0
-) = G == G == 0 -
s 1-G
w

(sI A
0 s 0 1
(s 1-) 0 1
0
= 1 2=
1-)G >=0 H
ww

1- s 1-
(sI -)
A 1
(s 1-) 0 (s s 1-

eAt L 1 [(sI =A)] -1 - -

et 0
== t G
0 e
Q. 74 Consider the signal x (t) shown in Fig. Let h (t) denote the impulse response of
the filter matched to x (t), with h (t) being non-zero only in the interval 0 to 4
sec. The slope of h (t) in the interval 3 t < 4 sec is<

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(A) 1 sec - 1 (B) 1-sec - 1

2
(C) 1-sec - 1 (D) 1 sec - 1
2

n
Sol. 74 The impulse response of matched filter is

g.i
h (t) x (T =t) -
Since here T =,
4 thus
h (t) x (4 =t) -

n
The graph of h (t) is as shown below.

e eri
gin
En

From graph it may be easily seen that slope between 3 t < 4 is <
1-.
Hence (B) is correct option.
Q. 75 A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 MHz is transmitted to a
arn

receiver through cable that has 40 dB loss. If the effective one-side noise
spectral density at the receiver is 10 - 20 Watt/Hz, then the signal-to-noise ratio
at the receiver is
(A) 50 dB (B) 30 dB
.Le

(C) 40 dB (D) 60 dB
Sol. 75 The SNR at transmitter is
SNRtr =Ptr
w

NB
-3
10 = 109
10 - 20 # 100 # 106
ww

In dB SNRtr 10 log 109 = 90 dB =

Cable Loss =
40 db
At receiver after cable loss we have
SNRRc 90 =40 -
50 dB =
Hence (A) is correct option.
Q. 76 A 100 MHz carrier of 1 V amplitude and a 1 MHz modulating signal of 1 V
amplitude are fed to a balanced modulator. The ourput of the modulator is
passed through an ideal high-pass filter with cut-off frequency of 100 MHz. The
output of the filter is added with 100 MHz signal of 1 V amplitude and 90c
phase shift as shown in the figure. The envelope of the resultant signal is

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(A) constant (B) 1 + (2 #p 106 t)

sin

(C) 5 sin (2 - p 106 t) - (D) 5 cos

+ (2 #p 106 t)
4 4
Sol. 76 Hence (C) is correct option.
We have fc = 100 MHz = 100 # 106 and fm =1 MHz

n
6
=
1 # 10
The output of balanced modulator is

g.i
VBM (t) = [cos c t][ cos wc t] w
1 [cos ( = wm) t cos (wc + w w + -
c m) t]
2

n
If VBM (t) is passed through HPF of cut off frequency fH =100 # 106 , then only
( c +wm) passes and

Now
w output of HPF is
VHP (t) 1 cos ( c = wm) t
2
e w
eri
6
V0 (t) VHP (t) =sin (2 #p 100 # 10 +
)t
+
gin
1 cos [2 100 # 106 =2 p# 1 # 106 t] sin (2 # 100 # 10
p 6) t +
2
1 cos [2 108 =2 p106 t] sin (2 108)pt + p +
2
En

1 [cos (2 108 t) t cos (2 p106 t)] =sin [2 108 t sin (2 10p6 t) sin 2 108 t] p -
2
arn

1 cos (2 106 t) cos 2 p108 t = 1 1 sin 2 106 tp sin 2 108 t

2 ` 2 j p

This signal is in form

A cos 2 108 t =B sin 2 p108 t + p
.Le

The envelope of this signal is

A2 =B2 +
1 2 1 6 2
` 2 cos (2 10 t)j =`1 2 sin (2 p10 t j
6
+ p
w

1 cos2 (2 106 t) =1 1 sin2 (2 p106 t) sin (2 106 t) + p +

4 4
ww

1 =1 sin (2 10 6
p+ t) -
4
5 =sin (2 10p6 t) -
4
Q. 77 Two sinusoidal signals of same amplitude and frequencies 10 kHz and 10.1 kHz
are added together. The combined signal is given to an ideal frequency detector.
The output of the detector is
(A) 0.1 kHz sinusoid (B) 20.1 kHz sinusoid
(C) a linear function of time (D) a constant
Sol. 77 Hence (A) is correct option.

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s (t)A cos [2 10 # 103 t] =A cos [2 p10.1 # 103 t] + p

Here T1 1 = 100 secm =
10 # 103
and T2 1 = 99 sec
m =
10.1 # 103
Period of added signal will be LCM [T1, T2]
Thus T LCM [100, 99] = 9900 sec m =
Thus frequency f 1 = 0.1 kHz =
9900 m
Q. 78 Consider a binary digital communication system with equally likely 0’s and

n
1’s. When binary 0 is transmitted the detector input can lie between the levels
0-.25 V and 0+.25 V with equl probability : when binary 1 is transmitted,

g.i
the voltage at the detector can have any value between 0 and 1 V with equal
probability. If the detector has a threshold of 0.2 V (i.e., if the received signal is
greater than 0.2 V, the bit is taken as 1), the average bit error probability is

n
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.2

eri
(C) 0.05 (D) 0.5
Sol. 78 The pdf of transmission of 0 and 1 will be as shown below :
e
gin
En

Probability of error of 1
P (0 # X # 0.2) =
0.2
Probability of error of 0 :
arn

P (0.2 # X # 0.25) =
0.05 # 2 =
0.1
P (0 # X # 0.2) +(0.2 # X # 0.25)
P
Average error =
2
.Le

0. 2
= 0+.1 =
0.15
0
Hence (A) is correct option.
A random variable X with uniform density in the interval 0 to 1 is quantized as
w

Q. 79
follows :
If 0 # X # 0.3 , xq =
0
ww

If 0.3 < X#1 , xq =

0.7
where xq is the quantized value of X.
The root-mean square value of the quantization noise is
(A) 0.573 (B) 0.198
(C) 2.205 (D) 0.266
Sol. 79 Hence (B) is correct option.
The square mean value is
#- 3 (x =xq) 2 f (x) dx
2 3
s -
1
#0 (x =xq) 2 f (x) dx -

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0. 3 0. 1
#0 (x =0) 2 f (x) dx #0.3 (-x 0.7) 2 f (x) dx + -

x 3 0. 3 x3 x 2 1
; 3 E =; 3 0.49x 14+
2 E0.3
+ -
0
2
or s =
0.039
2
RMS = s = 0.039 =
0.198
Q. 80 Choose the current one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an
item from Group 1 with the most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1 Group 2

n
1. FM P. Slope overload
2. DM m
Q. -law

g.i
3. PSK R. Envelope detector
4. PCM S. Hilbert transform
T. Hilbert transform

n
U. Matched filter

eri
(A) 1 - T, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - S (B) 1 - S, 2 - U, 3 - P, 4 - T
(C) 1 - S, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - Q (D) 1 - U, 2 - R, 3 - S, 4 - Q
Sol. 80 Hence (C) is correct option.
e
FM $ Capture effect
gin
DM $ Slope over load
PSK $ Matched filter
PCM $ m- law
En

Q. 81 Three analog signals, having bandwidths 1200 Hz, 600 Hz and 600 Hz, are
sampled at their respective Nyquist rates, encoded with 12 bit words, and time
division multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed. The bit rate for the
arn

multiplexed signal is
(A) 115.2 kbps (B) 28.8 kbps
(C) 57.6 kbps (D) 38.4 kbps
.Le

Sol. 81 Since fs =
2fm , the signal frequency and sampling frequency are as follows
fm1 = 1200 Hz $ 2400 samples per sec
fm2 = 600 Hz $ 1200 samples per sec
fm3 = 600 Hz $ 1200 samples per sec
w

Thus by time division multiplexing total 4800 samples per second will be sent.
ww

Since each sample require 12 bit, total 4800 # 12 bits per second will be sent
Thus bit rate Rb 4800 # 12 = 57.6 kbps =
Hence (C) is correct option.
Q. 82 Consider a system shown in the figure. Let X (f) and Y (f) and denote the
Fourier transforms of x (t) and y (t) respectively. The ideal HPF has the cutoff
frequency 10 kHz.

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n
The positive frequencies where Y (f) has spectral peaks are

g.i
(A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (B) 2 kHz and 244 kHz
(C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz

n
Sol. 82 The input signal X (f) has the peak at 1 kHz and 1-kHz. After balanced modulator
the output will have peak at fc ! 1 kHz i.e. :
10 ! 1 $ 11 and 9 kHz
10 ! ( 1-) $ 9 and 11 kHz
e eri
9 kHz will be filtered out by HPF of 10 kHz. Thus 11 kHz will remain. After
gin
passing through 13 kHz balanced modulator signal will have 13 ! 11 kHz signal
i.e. 2 and 24 kHz.
Thus peak of Y (f) are at 2 kHz and 24 kHz.
Hence (B) is correct option.
En

Q. 83 A parallel plate air-filled capacitor has plate area of 10 - 4 m 2 and plate

separation of 10 - 3 m. It is connect - ed to a 0.5 V, 3.6 GHz source. The
-9
arn

magnitude of the displacement current is ( e = 1

36 10
p F/m)
(A) 10 mA (B) 100 mA
(C) 10 A (D) 1.59 mA
The capacitance is
.Le

Sol. 83
- 12 -4
C e
oA
= 8.85 # 10 - 3 #=10 8.85 # 10 - 13
=
d 10
The charge on capacitor is
w

Q = CV 8.85 # 10 - 13 = 4.427 # 10 - 13 =
Displacement current in one cycle
ww

Q
I = fQ 4.427 = # 10 - 13 # 3.6 # 109 = 1.59 mA
T
Hence (D) is correct option.
Q. 84 A source produces binary data at the rate of 10 kbps. The binary symbols are
represented as shown in the figure given below.

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The source output is transmitted using two modulation schemes, namely Binary
PSK (BPSK) and Quadrature PSK (QPSK). Let B1 and B2 be the bandwidth
requirements of BPSK and QPSK respectively. Assume that the bandwidth of he
above rectangular pulses is 10 kHz, B1 and B2 are
(A) B1 20 kHz, B2 = 20 kHz (B) B=
1 10 kHz, B2 = 20 kHz =
(C) B1 20 kHz, B2 = 10 kHz (D) B=
1 20 kHz, B2 = 10 kHz =
Sol. 84 The required bandwidth of M array PSK is
BW =2Rb
n
n
where 2 =
M and Rb is bit rate

n
For BPSK, M 2 = 2n $ n= 1 =

g.i
Thus B1 2Rb = 2 10 20 kHz
= =
#
1
For QPSK, M 4 = 2n $ n= 2 =

n
Thus B2 2Rb = 10 kHz =

eri
2
Hence (C) is correct option.
Q. 85 Consider a 300 ,Wquarter - wave long (at 1 GHz) transmission line as shown in
e
Fig. It is connected to a 10 V, 50 W
source at one end and is left open circuited
gin
at the other end. The magnitude of the voltage at the open circuit end of the
line is
En
arn

(A) 10 V (B) 5 V
(C) 60 V (D) 60/7 V
.Le

Sol. 85 Hence (C) is correct option.

VL =ZO
Vin Zin
or VL = ZO V 10 # 300 = 60 V =
Zin in 50
w

Q. 86 In a microwave test bench, why is the microwave signal amplitude modulated at

ww

1 kHz
(A) To increase the sensitivity of measurement
(B) To transmit the signal to a far-off place
(C) To study amplitude modulations
(D) Because crystal detector fails at microwave frequencies
Sol. 86 Hence (D) is correct option.
Q. 87 If E (atx =jaty) e jkz - k tw+
and H (k/ w) (atym =katx ) e jkz - j tw, the time-averaged
+
Poynting vector is
(A) null vector (B) (k/ w) atz m
(C) (2k/ w) atz m (D) (k/2 w) atz m

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Sol. 87 Hence (A) is correct option.

Ravg = 1 Re [E # H*]
2
E # H* (atx =jaty) e jkz
+ k j t -jkz j wt
- +
# w( mjatx aty) e

atz ; k =( j) (j) k E 0 - - =
w m w m
Thus Ravg 1 Re [E # H*] =
= 0
2
Q. 88 Consider an impedance Z R =jX marked + with point P in an impedance

n
Smith chart as shown in Fig. The movement from point P along a constant
resistance circle in the clockwise direction by an angle 45c is equivalent to

n g.i
e eri
gin
(A) adding an inductance in series with Z
(B) adding a capacitance in series with Z
(C) adding an inductance in shunt across Z
En

(D) adding a capacitance in shunt across Z

Sol. 88 Suppose at point P impedance is
Z r =j ( 1) + -
arn

If we move in constant resistance circle from point P in clockwise direction by

an angle 45c, the reactance magnitude increase. Let us consider a point Q at
45c from point P in clockwise direction. It’s impedance is
.Le

Z1 r =0.5j -
or Z1 Z =0.5j +
Thus movement on constant r - circle by an +45c in CW direction is the
w

addition of inductance in series with Z .

Hence (A) is correct option.
ww

Q. 89 A plane electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is incident normally on

a large slab of loss-less, non-magnetic, dielectric material with >0e. Maximae
and minima are observed when the electric field is measured in front of the
slab. The maximum electric field is found to be 5 times the minimum field. The
intrinsic impedance of the medium should be
(A) 120 p W (B) 60 p W
(C) 600 p W (D) 24 p W
Sol. 89 Hence (D) is correct option.
1 - G
We have VSWR Emax = 5 = =
Emin 1 + G
or G =2
3

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Thus G =2 -
3
2 -1h h
Now G=
2 +1h h
2- - h
120 p
or =2
3 2 + h
120 p
or 2 h =
24 p
Q. 90 A lossless transmission line is terminated in a load which reflects a part of the
incident power. The measured VSWR is 2. The percentage of the power that is

n
reflected back is

g.i
(A) 57.73 (B) 33.33
(C) 0.11 (D) 11.11
Sol. 90 Hence (D) is correct option.

n
1 - G
The VSWR 2 =

eri
1 + G

or 1
G =
3
e
Pref 2G = 1
Thus =
gin
Pinc 9

or Pref Pinc
=
9
i.e. 11.11% of incident power is reflected.
En
arn
w .Le
ww

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Answer Sheet
1. (B) 19. (A) 37. (D) 55. (B) 73. (B)
2. (D) 20. (D) 38. (B) 56. (C) 74. (B)
3. (A) 21. (D) 39. (B) 57. (A) 75. (A)
4. (A) 22. (C) 40. (D) 58. (D) 76. (C)
5. (C) 23. (D) 41. (C) 59. (D) 77. (A)
6. (C) 24. (C) 42. (D) 60. (C) 78. (A)

n
7. (A) 25. (C) 43. (A) 61. (D) 79. (B)

g.i
8. (D) 26. (B) 44. (B) 62. (A) 80. (C)
9. (B) 27. (B) 45. (C) 63. (C) 81. (C)
10. (C) 28. (A) 46. (D) 64. (C) 82. (B)

n
11. (A) 29. (D) 47. (A) 65. (D) 83. (D)
12.
13.
14.
(A)
(C)
(A)
30.
31.
32.
(A)
(D)
(B)
48.
49.
50.
e eri
(A)
(D)
(B)
66.
67.
68.
(B)
(A)
(C)
84.
85.
86.
(C)
(C)
(D)
15. (D) 33. (C) 51. (C) 69. (A) 87. (A)
gin
16. (B) 34. (B) 52. (D) 70 (A) 88. (A)
17. (A) 35. (D) 53. (C) 71 (B) 89. (D)
18. (C) 36. (A) 54. (D) 72 (D) 90. (D)
En
arn
w .Le
ww

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