Mathematics Division, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages

VIT Bhopal University

Winter Semester 2024 - 25
MAT2005-Transform Techniques and Difference Equations
Practice Set-1
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1. The fundamental period is the smallest positive period. Find it for

(a). cos x, sin x, cos 2x, sin 2x, cos πx, sin πx, cos 2πx, sin 2πx.
2πx 2πx 2πnx 2πnx
(b). cos nx, sin nx, cos , sin , cos , sin .
k k k k
2. The function f (x) = x3 − π 2 x has the Fourier series
∞
X 12(−1)n
f (x) = sin nx.
n=1
n3
∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 π6
What is the value of ? Ans: =
n=1
n6 n=1
n6 945

3. If (
0, 0 < x < π2 ,
f (x) = π
π − x, 2 < x < π,

then show that

 
4 1 1 1
• f (x) = sin(x) − 2 sin(3x) + 2 sin(5x) − ... ,
π 12 3 5
 
π 2 1 1 1
• f (x) = − cos(x) + 2 cos(6x) + 2 cos(10x) + · · · .
4 π 12 3 5
4. State and explain the Fourier Convergence Theorem with an example.
π2 x2
5. Find the Fourier series expansion of the function − ; −π < x < π.
12 4
∞
X (−1)n+1
Ans: f (x) = cos nx
n=1
n2

6. Show that in the interval (0, 1)

∞  
8X n
cos πx = sin 2nπx.
π 1 4n2 − 1

π−x π
7. Find the Fourier series expansion of the function f (x) = 2 in 0 < x < 2π and also deduce that 4 = 1− 13 + 15 − 17 +.....

Ans: The Fourier expansion of the given function on [0, 2π] is given by
∞
X sin(nx)
f (x) = .
n=1
n

1
 8. Expand in Fourier series of periodicity 2πf (x) = x sin x, for 0 < x < 2π.

Ans: The Fourier expansion of the given function on [0, 2π] is given by
∞
1 X cos(nx)
x sin x = 1 − cos x + 2 + π sin x.
2 n=2
n2 − 1

9. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function

f (x) = x, −π ≤ x ≤ π, f (x + 2π) = f (x)

Ans: The Fourier expansion of the given function on [−π, π] is given by

 
sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x
2 sin x − + − + ······ .
2 3 4


l − x, 0<x<l
10. Find the Fourier series of f (x) with period 2l, defined by f (x) = .
0, l < x < 2l
1 1 1 π2
Hence deduce that 12 + 32 + 52 + ··· = 8 .
Ans:
∞ ∞
l 2l X 1 nπx l X1 nπx
f (x) = + cos + sin
4 π2 n=1,3,...
n 2 l π n=1
n l

(
1
2 + x, when − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0,
11. Determine whether the function f (x) = 1
is an even function. If so, find its Fourier series.
2 − x, when 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
∞
X 4
Ans:f (x) = cos(nπx).
n=1
(nπ)2
n odd

12. Find the Fourier series representation of f (t) in (0, 2T ) of the half wave rectifier defined by

E sin πt

f (t) = T , 0 < t < T,
0, otherwise.

∞
E 2E
cos nπt E
sin πt
P
Ans:f (t) = π + π(n2 −1) T + 2 T
n=2,4,6,···
√ 1 1 1
13. Expand f (x) = 1 − cos x,
0 < x < 2π, in a Fourier series. Hence evaluate 1×3 + 3×5 + 5×7 + ···
√ √ 
√

2 2 4 2 1 1 1
Ans:f (x) = 1 − cos x = − cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + · · ·
π π 1×3 3×5 5×7
1 1 1 1
= + + + ···
2 1×3 3×5 5×7
14. Find the Fourier series expansion for the function f (x) = x3 , −π < x < π.
∞ 
π2

X 6
Ans: f (x) = 2 3
− (−1)n sin nx.
n=1
n n

2
15. Find the Fourier half  = (2x − 1); 0 < x < 1.
 range series for the function f (x)
2 1 1
Ans: f (x) = − sin 2πx + sin 4πx + sin 6πx · · · .
π 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
16. Find the Fourier Series for f (x) = |sin x|, −π < x < π, and hence show that + + + +···= .
1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9 2
 
2 4 1 1 1
Ans: f (x) = |sin x| = − cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x + · · ·
π π 1·3 3·5 5·7
17. Is the given function even or odd or neither even nor odd? Find its Fourier series. Show details of your work.
f (x) = x|x| and f (x + 2) = f (x) on (−1, 1).
∞
!
n
X − 4 + 4(−1) 2(−1)n
Ans: f (x) = − sin nπx
n=1
n3 π 3 nπ

18. Write down the Dirichlet condition of convergence of the Fourier series. Is it a sufficient condition for a Fourier series
to converge at the value of function? Justify. Give an example of a function with a finite number of discontinuities but
an infinite number of maxima and minima in [−π, ( π].
x, if x ∈ [−π, 0)
Ans: No. The Fourier series of f (x) = does not converge to the value of the
x + 5, if x ∈ [0, π]
(
sin x1 , if x ∈ [−π, π] \ {0}
function at x = 0. Take the function f (x) =
0, if x = 0

19. Find the Fourier Series for the function for which the graph is given

Figure 1: Graph of an odd periodic square wave function.

(
−3, −π < t < 0 ∞
12 sin(2n−1)t
P
Ans: f (x) = and: f (x) = π (2n−1)
3, 0<t<π n=1

20. Obtain the Fourier series of the function

(
0, −π ≤ x ≤ 0,
f (x) = 1
4 πx, 0≤x≤π
∞
π 2 X [(−1)n − 1] (−1)n
Ans: f (x) = + cos nx − sin nx.
6 n=1
4n2 4n

3
21. Compute the Fourier series of each function below (assume the function is 2π-periodic).

0 −π < x < −π/2

∞
2 nπ
P
(a) f (x) = 1 −π/2 < x < π/2 Ans:f (x) = 1 + nπ sin 2 cos(nx)
 n=1
0 π/2 < x < π

(
π + x −π < x < 0
(b) f (x) =
π−x 0<x<π

22. Obtain the Sine series of the function (

cx, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l ,
f (x) = l
c(l − x), 2 ≤x≤l
∞
4cl X 1 nπ nπx
Ans: f (x) = 2 sin sin .
π n=1 n2 2 l

23. Obtain the Fourier Sine series of the function

(
−1, −π < x < 0,
f (x) =
1, 0 < x < π,

where f (x + 2π) = f (x).

Ans: π4 11 sin(x) + 13 sin(3x) + 1 1
 
5 sin(5x) + 7 sin(7x) + · · ·
∞
n(1−(−1)n e)
24. Find the Fourier half range sine series for the function f (x) = ex , 0 < x < 1. Ans: f (x) = 2π
P
1+n2 π 2 sin nπx
n=1

25. Obtain half range sine and cosine series for the function
(
x, 0 < x < π2 ,
f (x) = π
(π − x), 2 <x<π

∞
X 4 nπ
Ans: sine series f (x) = 2
sin sin nx
n=1
πn 2
∞
π 2X 1  nπ 
cosine series f (x) = + 2
2 cos − 1 − (−1)n cos nx
4 π n=1 n 2

26. Find the Fourier cosine and sine series of the function f (x) = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Ans: The Fourier cosine series is f (x) = 1. The Fourier sine series is
       
4 πx 1 3πx 1 5πx
f (x) = sin + sin + sin + ··· .
π 2 3 2 5 2

27. Develop the half-range cosine series expansion of f (x) = x(2 − x) in 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, and hence find the sum of the series
1 − 212 + 312 − 412 + · · · .
1 1 1 π2
Ans: 1 − + − + · · · = .
22 32 42 12

4
28. Find the half range Fourier cosine and sine series expansion of following functions f (x) = e−x 0<x<π

Ans:
∞
!
1 − e−π 2 X 1 − (−1)n e−π
half range Fourier cosine Series = − cos nx
π π n=1 n2 + 1

∞
!
2X 1 − (−1)n e−π
half range Fourier cosine Series = n sin nx
π n=1 n2 + 1

π−2
29. Obtain the Fourier cosine series for f (x) = x sin x, x ∈ (0, π). Hence evaluate the value of 4
1 2 2 1 1 1
Ans:f (x) = 1 − cos x − cos 2x + cos 3x−, ... and: 1.3 − 3.5 + 5.7 , ... = π−2
4
2 1.3 2.4
∞
π 4X 1
30. Expand f (x) = π − x, 0 < x < π as a Fourier Cosine series. Ans: f (x) = + cos nx
2 π n=1 n2
∞
X 1 π4
31. Expand f (x) = πx − x2 , 0 < x < π as a Fourier Cosine series and hence use Parseval’s identity to deduce. = .
1
n4 90
∞
π2 X 1
Ans: f (x) = −4 2
cos nx, n is even
6 n=2
n

32. Obtain the Fourier series for f (x) = x2 in −π < x < π. Hence show that

1 1 1 π2
+ + + · · · =
14 24 34 90
Hint: From the Fourier series of f (x) = x2 ,

2π 2 (−1)n 4
a0 = , an = , bn = 0, ∀n.
3 n2
Then use Parseval’s identity
∞ ZL
a0 2 X 2 1
+ an + bn 2 = f 2 (x) dx.
2 n=1
L
−L

33. Using Parseval’s Identity, prove that for a periodic function f (x) with period 2π, the sum of the squares of its Fourier
coefficients equals the average value of the square of the function over one period.
Ans: Fourier series
X∞
f (x) = a0 + (an cos(nx) + bn sin(nx))
n=1

and Z π ∞
1 1X 2
|f (x)|2 dx = a20 + an + b2n


π −π 2 n=1

5
34. Find the Fourier series for the function f (x) = x2 , −π < x < π where f (x) = f (x + 2π). Using Parseval’s equality show
that
1 1 1 1 π4
4
+ 4 + 4 + 4 + ··· =
1 2 3 4 90
.
∞
1 X 4
Ans: x2 = π 2 + 2
(−1)n cos nx.
3 n=1
n

35. State and prove Parseval’s identity of half-range Fourier cosine series for f (x) = x2 , x ∈ (0, 1).
36. Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the function given by table below:

x 0◦ 30◦ 60◦ 90◦ 120◦ 150◦ 180◦ 210◦ 240◦ 270◦ 300◦ 330◦
f(x) 2.34 3.01 3.69 4.15 3.69 2.20 0.83 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64

Ans: f (x) = 2.1015 + 0.559 cos x − 0.519 cos 2x + · · · + 1.535 sin x − 0.091 sin 2x + · · ·
37. Expand the function y = f (x) in the form of a Fourier series up to second harmonic from the following values of x and
y.

x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22.0 9.0

Ans. a0 = 42.96; a1 = −8.22; a2 = −3.08; b1 = −1.99; b2 = −0.203

38. The following data gives the variations of a periodic current over a period

T T T 2T 5T
t secs 0 6 3 2 3 6 T
A amps 9 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22 9

Find numerically the direct current part of the variable current and obtain the amplitudes upto the second harmonic.
Ans: A = 21.4835 + (−8.217 cos θ − 1.9918 sin θ) + (−3.083 cos 2θ − 0.202 sin 2θ)
Amplitude of the first harmonic : 8.455, Amplitude of the second harmonic : 3.09
39. Identify the harmonics of the following signal

X(t) = 2 sin(3t + 15◦ ) + 6 sin(9t + 30◦ ) + 8 sin(12t + 15◦ ).

Hint:

Fundamental frequency = 3
1st harmonic = 2 sin(3t + 15◦ )
3rd harmonic = 6 sin(9t + 30◦ )
4th harmonic = 8 sin(12t + 15◦ )

6
 1 − cos nπ
40. Determine the frequency spectrum of the rectangular waveform with a0 = 1, an = 0 and bn = .
nπ
Ans:

Figure 2: Frequency Spectrum