Operating System Lab File

1. pwd:-
 It will print the current folder path.

2. mkdir :-
 you can create folder using mkdir command.

 you can create multiple folders with one command

 you can also create nested folder using -p option in mkdir command
 This command can also be used to create a hidden folder just add . in
starting

3. dir :-
 dir command in Linux is used to list the contents of a directoryFor
detailed information about each file, use the -l option
4. cd :-
 This command is used to change directory
 To exit from any directory use .. ahead of this command

5. rm :-
 This command is used to remove item
 rm -rf directory_name Forcefully delete all commands without confirmation

rmdir :-
 This command is used to delete a blank directory
 This command is used to remove multiple directories at once

6. echo :-
 This command is used to directly print a message
 This command can also be used to create a empty file
 This command can also be used to create a file with text in it.
7. touch :-
 This command is used to create new file
 If the file already exists this command will update the timestamp of the
file
 touch command can also be used to create a hidden file just start the
name with .
 -m option is used to update only the modification time of a file
8. stat :-
 This command is used to get statistical data of a file
9. cat :-
 This command is used to insert text in any file and then print the content
of file

 cat command can also be used to show contents of multiple files.

  cat command can also be used to concatenate two files in a another file
 If we use -n option with command then we can get number of lines in a file

10. ls :-
 This command is used to list directory contents.
 THE ONE in BLUE is directory and other are files
 -l option is used to list with detailed information
 a option is used to view all hidden files that one starting with .


11. sort :-
 It is used to sort lines of a file numerically, alphabetically or in reverse
order.
 To sort in reverse order use -r option
 To sort numerically use -n option
 -u option removes duplicated while sorting
12. mv :-
 This command can be used to Move files/directories from one location to
another
 This command can also be used to rename a file
13. cp :-
 This command is used to copy file
 This command can also be used to create a new file and copy the data to
that file

14. head :-
 This command can be used to print the starting 10 lines(default) of a file
 By using -n option we can print first n lines
 We can also see the first few lines of multiple files
 

15. tail :-
 This command can be used to print last 10 lines(default ) of a file
 By using tail -n option you can print last n number of lines
16. find :-
 This command is used to search for files and directories within a directory.
17. tree :-
 The tree command shows a visual hierarchical structure of directories and
files.
 To install use command sudo apt install tree

 tree -s is used to print sizes

 tree -a is used to print hidden files in tree

 tree -d is used to print directories only

18. df :-
 The df command is used to display disk space usage of file systems.
 df -h is used to show specific file system
 df -T is used to Include file system type
 

19. top :-
 The top command is used to monitor system performance in real-time
 It shows CPU usage, memory usage running processes.

20. chown :-
 Chown command in linux is used to change the ownership of files and
directories.
 We can also use chown command to change only the group
 We can also change both ownership and group at same time
21. history :-
 The history command in Linux of used to view a list of previously executed
commands
22. man :-
 This command is used to get manual of any command q
23. whereis :-
 It is used to locate the binary,source and manual page files for a
command

24. ps :-
 The ps command in is used to display information about running
processes
 ps -e will show all ongoing processes
 ps -aux command is used to get detailed view of all processes
 ps -u username command is used to see the process if a specific user
25. free :-
 Free command is used to display the amount of free and used memory
 This command is used to show values in human- readable format

26. kill :-
 The kill command is used to terminate a running process using its
Process ID.
27. clear :-
 This command is used to clear the terminal screen
28. sudo :-
 sudo command is used to install a package
 create new user using
 sudo command i=can also be used to delete a user

29. lsof :-
 lsof command is used to see which files are currently open
 lsof -u username shoes files opened by a specific user
30. hostname:-
 This command is used to display or set system’s hostname

31. tar:-
 This command is used to create, extract and manipulate archive files
32. zip :-
 It is used to compress files and directories into .zip format
 

zip -r recursively zips a files directory

c. unzip command

33. grep:-
 It is used to search patterns or text in files
 grep -i ignores the case sensitivity
 grep -n : shows the line numbers
 34. sed:-
 It is used to replace , insert or delete text in files

‘1’ is replaced with 4 at every location

35. gpasswd:-
it used for administer.
etc/passwd used to show user.
gpasswd -a is used for add user .
gpasswd -d are used for remove to user.

36. chmod:-
chmod are used for change permission to all file.

Chmod 755 Uses numbers to represent permissions.

37. Id:-
It is ude to show user id group_id.
BASIC VI COMMANDS
To Start vi
Command Description
vi filename Create or edit file starting at line 1
vi -r filename Recover file after system crash

To Exit vi
Command Description
:x Save and quit
:wq Save and quit
:q Quit without saving (if no changes)
:q! Force quit without saving

Moving the Cursor

Command Description
j, <Return> Move cursor down one line
k Move cursor up one line
h, <Backspace> Move cursor left
l, <Space> Move cursor right
0 Move to start of current line
$ Move to end of current line
w Move to beginning of next word
b Move back to beginning of previous
word
:0 or 1G Move to first line in file
:n or nG Move to line n
:$ or G Move to last line in file

Screen Manipulation
Command Description
^f Move forward one screen
^b Move backward one screen
^d Move down (forward) half screen
^u Move up (backward) half screen
^l Redraw the screen
^r Redraw screen, removing deleted
lines
Adding, Changing, Deleting Text
Command Description
u Undo last change (toggle)

Inserting or Adding Text

Command Description
i Insert before cursor, until <Esc>
I Insert at beginning of line, until
<Esc>
a Append after cursor, until <Esc>
A Append at end of line, until <Esc>
o Open new line below current line,
until <Esc>
O Open new line above current line,
until <Esc>

Changing the Text

Command Description
r Replace one character
R Replace characters continuously
until <Esc>
cw Change current word
cNw Change next N words
c Change current line from cursor
cc Change entire line
Ncc / cNc Change N lines

Deleting the Text

Command Description
x Delete character under cursor
Nx Delete N characters
dw Delete word from cursor
dNw Delete N words
D Delete from cursor to end of line
dd Delete current line
Ndd / dNd Delete N lines

Cutting and Pasting Text

Command Description
yy Yank (copy) current line
Nyy / yNy Yank next N lines including current
p Paste below current line

Searching the Text

Command Description
/string Search forward
?string Search backward
n Next match in same direction
N Next match in opposite direction

Determining Line Numbers

Command Description
:. Show current line number
:= Show total number of lines
^g Show current line number and total
lines

Saving and Reading Files

Command Description
:r filename Insert contents of file after current
line
:w Save file
:w newfile Save to a new file
:12,35w smallfile Save lines 12–35 to smallfile
:w! prevfile Overwrite and save to existing file