Read 503-515 (up to “spain’s tributary…”) & p.

460-469

- Constantinople: Hagia Sofia (p.464 originally church then

turned into mosque after Muslim Turks invaded
Constantinople)
- Giovanni Caboto(John Cabot)
- 1497 “New Found Land”
- Beothuk = native people
- “Red men”
- Many fish
- Fish = protein
- Timber
- Furs (pelts)
- Permanent English settlements - fisheries
- Jacques Cartier
- Fleuve St-Laurent (1534)
- Met Mi’kmaw
- Mi’kmaw were eager to trade furs (esp. beaver) for iron (pots),
steel (knives ,scissors, axes), muskets, cotton + woolen
clothes + blankets, glass beads, mirrors…
- Became reliant upon European manufactured goods
- Cartier  Mount Royal (planted the cross)
- Met Iroquois chief
- Hochelaga village. Corn, farmland.
- Champlain, mapmaker, “New France”, Quebec City
- Jesuit (Society of Jesus) by Ignatius Loyola
- Cholera
- Brandy, whiskey, vodka = “spirits” (can kill you) (Unlike wine,
beer)
- Natives were called “les sauvages”(live in the
woods)/”savages” vs civilized(city life)
- Jean Jacques Rousseau “the noble savage” (praised the
Amerindians(First Nations ppl.))
- “New France” (Quebec) + L’Acadie (NB + NS)
- “New England”(North-east USA)
- A shaman (spiritual leader)
- 1450-1750 many killed for witchcraft
- 50k-100k executed
- About 20% were men
- Witches were blamed for accidents(ex: fires, storms, illnesses, bad
luck)
- Group of witches = a coven
- Suspects were tortured for information
- Misogyny = hatred of women
- Malleus maleficarum = handbook for witch hunters
- “Sclavus” ca. 800 (referred to language of S-E Europeans
- Ca. 1300 “sclave/esclave” = slave
- “Concubines” – female slave used for sex
- Slavery was not race related
- Most slaves were prisoners of war or their offspring
- Chattel slavery (property)permanent
- Debt slaverytemporary
- Janissaries = Ottoman soldier-society (or military force) made of
captured Christian boys
- Ottoman ended in 1918
- Safavid Empire (Persia = Modern Iran) = Shi’ite Muslims
- 1525 Babur conquered many Hindu cities
- Akbar much more popular, more tolerant
- Gave important jobs to non-Muslims as well as Muslims
- Expanded internation trade Indian Ocean
- Ninja Turtles = named after 4 Italian Renaissance artists, all of whom
lived in Florence
 o Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael
- Secular(not religious) subjects and secular patrons  the merchant
class growing
- Linear perspective (Masaccio ca.1425)
- Oil paint (Van Eyck)
- Nudes (Donatello’s David)
- Leonardo da Vinci
- La Giaconda (Mona Lisa)
- Republics were for, e.g., the venetian Republic (Republic of Venice)
- Boticelli’s Birth of Venus = pagan subject matter
- Michelangelo’s David
o Sistine Chapel ceiling
o Pièta
- Raffaelo
- The School of Athens
 Review a primary(first-hand info/creations(e.g. diary,
letter, laws, books[writen works]+ artefacts)) source
(document)
 Secondary: sources, history textbook, teacher
- Arabs bought African salves for many centuries (12 centuries?)
- 1525 first African slaves brought from Spanish to America
- Eunach = castrated man
- The Reformulation (birth of Protestantism)
- St. Peter’s Basilica
- Pope Alexander VI
- Martin Luther  Prof. of Theology at University of Wittenberg
- Sale of indulgences (ticket out of purgatory(strategy used by
church to get money and say people won’t go to purgatory) = $
- 95 theses(arguments) in protest against indulgences
- Excommunicated
- Lutheranism + other Protestant sects
- 1520s–1648 = wards of religion
- Henry VIII of England  Founded the Church of
England(Anglican Church)
- For over 2000 years (400b.c to 1800), doctors used “bleeding” to cure
patients (drain some blood to cure them by restoring balance to the
“Four Humors”)
- The Scientific Revolution (1600s-1700s)
- Nicholas Copernicus = Polish priest, math prof., astronomer
- The geocentric system (a.k.a. Ptolemaic)
- Aristotle also believed in the geocentric system (earth centered)
- 1543: Copernicus published his heliocentric theory (sun centered)
- Galileo Galilei built his own telescope
- Saw mountains and craters on the moon
- He observed 4 moons around Jupiter + phases of Venus
- Galileo wrote Dialogue in 1610
- Galileo tried for heresy (going against the orthodox belie in 1633
- He recanted (sentenced to house arrest)
- Forbidden to publish
- The scientific method: 1. A question/problem to solve, 2. Hypothesis(=
a guess), test the hypothesis(experiment), 4. write down you
observations honestly, 5. Publish(share) your report
- Anecdotal evidence vs empirical evidence
- Skepticism
- William Harvey, English, discovered the circulatory system, veins,
arteries
- The heart is a pump
- Cells, “animalcules”(micro-organisms)
- Isaac Newton, invented calculus, discovered that white light (sunlight)
is many colors combined
- Law of Gravity
- Observable, measurable, predictable, natural laws govern the universe
- Natural laws( a mechanistic cosmos)
- Scientific Revolution skepticism, reasoning, led to the enlightenment
- The philosophes (because most were French)
- John Locke, late 1600’s, idea of noble birth, Argued for responsible
government
- Royal inbreeding
- Louis XIV of France, reigned 1643-1715, autocrat
- Absolute monarchy (Louis XIV, did not consult) parlement
- Noble class descended from warriors (knights) = local lords
(seigneurs)
- The enlightenment = intellectual movement + state of mind,
outlook, based on reason(reason>revelation, logic>tradition)
- Voltaire
- Arbitrary arrest was common
- Individualism + freedom of speech
- The social contract
- “the general will”
- In England, division of powers
o Executive branch
o Legislative branch
o Judicial branch
- (House of commonds + House of lords) = parliament
- Cesare Beccaria (abolish torture)
- Mercantile economy (resources  wealth the Crown)
- Free market capitalism
- New France - British North America 1759(battle)
- Benjamin Franklin: writer, inventor, scientist
- Discovered that lightning is electricity
- Lightning rod
- Ca. 700 Euros’ worth of goods(bought Manhattan Island)
- New Amsterdam
- The Netherlands (Holland is a province)
- South Africa, Boers
- The joint stock company + INSURANCE
- Stocks, stock market
- Increase middle class (more profits to more people)
- 1600s-1800s
o The Dutch East India Company
o The British East India Company
- 1776 Declaration of Independence
- Taxation without representation
- Secession
- War (1775-1783)
- George Washington led the army, had a lot of help from France: ships,
advisors
- Marquis de Lafayette
- Sent by Louis XVI
- Formed a republic(res publica), the USA
- Ancient roman:
o 2 consuls(elected) = executive
o Senator(aristocracy) legislative
o Citizen Assemblies(elected)
- Modern:
o President + Vice-President (executive)
o Senate (senators) elected
o Representatives
- Bill of Rights
- Freedom of Speech
- Freedom of the press
- Freedom of assembly
- Freedom from arbitrary arrest
- Freedom of worship
- Three “estates”(classes)
o 0.5% = clergy (paid no taxes)
o 1.5% Second estate(the nobility) (paid few taxes, only
vingtième(1/20) + the tithe(1/10))
o 98% = Third Estate (the commoners)(including
merchants, lawyers, business owners, farmers,
craftsmen, etc.) (about 1/3 were impoverished) (paid the
tithe, the gabelle(tax on salt), the octrois, the capitation,
+ corvée royale, corvée seigneurial)
- 1756-1736 The Seven Years’ War
- In Europe + North America (“The French and Indian War”) put
King Louis XV’s government in debt.
- Causes of the French Revolution
o Economic crisis
o The debt grew when Louis XVI funded/helped the
American Rebellion
o 1788 bad weather – hail storm in summer - ruined crop =
food shortage, price of bread ↑ 50% + unemployment ↑
- Louis called a meeting of the Estates-General
- Financial Crisis, government on the verge of bankruptcy
- The members of 3rd Estate brought grievances (lists of
complaints)
- Met in Versailles. Locked out of the meeting hall one day, 
indoor tennis court
- There were clergy and nobles who agreed things need to
change
- Tennis Court Oath
- Get the king to sign a constitution
- Called themselves the Nation Assembly
 - The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
o Freedom of Speech, assembly, press, worship
- A crowd in Paris went looking for weapons at the Bastille,
violence erupted , 14 July 1789
- Violence spread throughout the land Churches were
vandalized, Nobles were attacked
- Émigrés Nobles fled France
- The National Assembly confiscated Church property and
started selling it off
- Motto : “Liberté, égalité, fraternité”
- 1791 King louis signs constitution but he tried to go to Austria
in disguise with wife + 2 children
- Arrested, imprisoned in an old palace
- Austria + Prussia condemned the French Revolution
- National Assembly declared war on them
- Armée en masse, conscription
- Counter-revolutionaries in Vendée, there were battles
- Ennemies within(french people) and without(foreigners)
- National Assembly (“The convention”) become radical.
- Left National Assembly Right

(Radical change) (some changes)

Speake
r

- The Jacobins gained control, led by Robespierre

- “Cult of the Supreme Being”
o + New calendar renamed the months
 o + a republic, no more monarchy
 Voted what to do with royale family(idea kill them)
- Louis XVI was executed on the guillotine, January 1793
- 10 months later, Marie.
- The Dauphin (their little son)died in a prison, from neglect
- Robespierre led the Reign of Terror when about 20k people
(men + women) were beheaded 1703-17994
- “Committee for Public Safety” by Robespierre executed
“royalists” or counter-revolutionary suspects
- Many thousands more died in prisons and in battles
- Robespierre executed some other revolutionary leaders who
weren’t radical enough
- He was beheaded in July 1794 (Thermidor)