COMPLEX NUMBERS

INDEX:
Theory: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 – 9

Exercise: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 – 46
COMPLEX NUMBERS

COMPLEX NUMBERS

THEORY:

1. Iota

• The quantity −1 is called an imaginary unit and is called iota. It is represented by “ i ”.

• Integral Power of Iota :
i = −1

( )
2
i2 = −1 = −1
i 3 = i 2  i = −i
i4 = (i2 ) = 1
2

( )
m r
• General Integral Power : i n = i 4m+r = i 4 i = i r where n, m  Z and 0  r  4
Note : Sum of any four consecutive powers of iota is zero

1.1 Splitting of Square Root

a  0, b  0

• If a, b  R, then ab = a b ,if a  0, b  0
a  0, b  0

• ab  a b ,if a  0, b  0
−a −b = − ab ,if a  0, b  0

1.2 Introduction to Complex Number

• If x and y are real numbers, then number of the form x + iy is called a complex number.
It is generally denoted by z = x + iy; x , y  R
Here x = (Re(z)), real part of z
and y = (Im(z)), imaginary part of z

1
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Note :

(a) If x = 0 then z is called purely imaginary.

(b) If y = 0 then z is called purely real.

2. Algebra of complex Number

2.1 Equality

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2

then z1 = z2 if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

Note:
Inequalities do not occur in complex number i.e. we, cannot compare two complex numbers.
Eg. 1+2i < 5+10i is a wrong statement

2.2 Addition and Subtraction

z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 )
•
z1 − z2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 )
Observation:
( z1 + z2 ) = (Re ( z1 ) + Re ( z2 )) + i(Im ( z1 ) + Im ( z2 ))

2.3 Multiplication

• z1  z2 = ( x1 + iy1 )  ( x2 + iy2 )
Observation:
z1 z2 = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i ( x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
= ( Re ( z1 ) Re ( z2 ) − Im ( z1 ) Im ( z2 ) ) + i ( Re ( z1 ) Im ( z2 ) + Re ( z2 ) Im ( z1 ) )

2
COMPLEX NUMBERS

2.4 Division

• Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that, z2  0.

z1 1
Then, = z1 
z2 z2

2.4 Identities Involving Complex Number

• Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers, then

( z1 + z2 ) = z12 + z2 2 + 2 z1 z2
2

( z1 − z2 ) = z12 + z2 2 − 2 z1 z2
2

z12 − z2 2 = ( z1 + z2 )( z1 − z2 )
( z1 + z2 ) = z13 + z23 + 3z1 z2 ( z1 + z2 )
3

( z1 − z2 ) = z13 − z23 − 3z1 z2 ( z1 − z2 )

3

3. Modulus and Conjugate of a Complex Number

• Let z = a + ib

Re ( z ) + Im ( z )
2 2
Modulus of z: z =

z = a 2 + b2 z 0

• Let z = a + ib
Conjugate of z: z = a + ib = a − ib

3.1 Properties of conjugate of a complex Number

3
COMPLEX NUMBERS

(1) (z) = z
( 2 ) ( z1  z2 ) = ( z1  z2 )  ( zn ) = z ()
n

 z1   z1 
( 3)  = 
 z2   z2 
( 4 ) ( z1 + z2 ) = ( z1 + z2 )
( 5) ( z1 − z2 ) = ( z1 − z2 )
( 6 ) ( a ) z + z = 2 Re ( z )
( b ) z − z = 2i Im ( z )

3.2 Properties of Modulus of a complex Number

• z =0 z=0
i.e., Re ( z ) = Im ( z ) = 0

• z = −z = z = −z

• − z  Re ( z )  z − a 2 + b2  a  a 2 + b2

− z  Im ( z )  z − a 2 + b2  a  a 2 + b2
• zz = z
2

• z1 z2 = z1 z2 in general, z1 z2 z3 ...zn = z1 z2 z3 ... zn

z1 z
• = 1 , ( z2  0 )
z2 z2

• z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 + 2Re z1 z1
2 2 2
( )
z1 − z2 = z1 + z2 − 2Re ( z z )
2 2 2
1 1

• If z = a + ib (  0 )
1 a − ib z
Then = 2 2 = 2
z a +b z

• az1 − bz2 + bz1 + az2 = ( a 2 + b2 ) z1 + z2

2 2
( 2 2
)
4
COMPLEX NUMBERS

If a = b = 1
2 2
(
z1 + z2 + z1 − z2 = 2 z1 + z2
2 2
)
z1 + z2  z1 + z2 
•  Triangle properties
z1 − z2  z1 − z2 

4. Argand Plane

• A two dimensional plane having axes as Re (z) and Im(z) is called Argand plane.
We represent the complex number z = x + iy by the (x, y) on Argand plane.

4.1 Plotting a Complex Number on Argand Plane

• z = x + iy

4.2 Geometrical Interpretation of a Modulus

• Let P denotes z = x + iy in argand plane. Then Modulus of complex number z represents

the distance between the point P ( x, y ) and origin O ( 0, 0 )

5
COMPLEX NUMBERS

4.2 Geometrical Interpretation of a Conjugate

➢ Let P denotes z = x + iy in argand plane, then point Q ( x, − y ) represent the Conjugate of

Complex number z.

Note : Since, Point Q (x, -y) is the mirror image of P(x,y) on the Real Axis. Therefore, z is the
mirror image of z on Real Axis.

4.3 Argument of a Complex Number

• If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is defined as the angle which OP

makes with positive direction of Re (z) axis.

➢ Argument of purely imaginary number is 
2
➢ Argument of purely real number is 0 or 
➢ If z = 0 then arg(z) is not defined.

6
COMPLEX NUMBERS

4.4 Properties of Argument

(a) arg ( z1 z2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z2 ) + 2k ; k  Z

z 
(b) arg  1  = arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z2 ) + 2k ; k  Z
 z2 
(c) arg ( z n ) = n arg ( z ) + 2k ; k  Z

Observation

(1) arg ( z ) = − arg ( z )

( 2 ) arg ( − z ) = arg ( z ) + 
( 3) arg ( − z ) =  − arg ( z )

Again 2k can be used for general purpose, if required

5. Representation of complex number in different forms

5.1 Polar Form

• Consider
z = x + iy
= r ( cos  + i sin  )

7
COMPLEX NUMBERS

This is called polar form where r is z &  is arg ( z ) or more precisely principal argument of z.

5.2 Euler ‘s Form

• Consider polar form

z = r ( cos  + i sin  )
Euler proved that cos  + i sin  = ei , & hence he gave Euler’s form
z = rei ; where r = z &  = arg ( z )

5.2 De – Moivre’s Theorem

• ( cos  + i sin  ) = cos n + i sin n

n

6. Cube roots of Unity

• Roots of this equation z 3 = 1 are called cube roots of unity.

z3 = 1
z3 −1 = 0
( z − 1) ( z 2 + z + 1) = 0
−1 + 3i −1 − 3i
z = 1 or z = or
2 2
 2
• Properties of  :
()  3 = 1

8
COMPLEX NUMBERS

() 1 +  +  2 = 0
()  3k +  3k +1 +  3k + 2 = 0; k  Z
() z 3 − 1 = ( z − 1)( z −  ) ( z −  2 )

Observation
Roots of equation z 2 + z + 1 = 0 are  &  2 and roots of equation z 2 − z + 1 = 0 are − & −  2

9
COMPLEX NUMBERS

EXERCISE: PRACTICE QUESTIONS

IOTA AND POWERS OF IOTA

1. The value of the sum  n=1 ( i n + i n+1 ), where i = −1, equals,

13

(a) −1 + i (b) i − 1
(c) –i (d) 0

2. If n is an odd integer, then (1 + i ) + (1 − i )

6n 6n
is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) -2 (d) None of these

 1+ i 
n

3. The least positive integer n for which   is real, is

 1− i 
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) None of these

7 7
 1 1   1 1 
4. If z =  + i + − i  , then
 3 2   3 2 
(a) Re (z) = 0 (b) Im ( z ) = 0
(c) Re ( z )  0, Im ( z )  0 (d) Re ( z )  0, Im ( z )  0

(1 + i )
n

5. If n  N , then is equal to
(1 − i )
n−2

(a) i n +1 (b) −2i n+1

(c) i n + 2 (d) −2i n + 2

 1− i 
n

6. The smallest positive integral value of n for which   is purely imaginary with positive
 1+ i 
imaginary part, is
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) None of these

10
COMPLEX NUMBERS

7. if i = −1, the number of values i n + i − n for different n  I is

(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 1

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND ITS ALGEBRA:

8. Find all complex numbers of the form z = a+ib, where a and b are real numbers such that
zz = 25 and a + b = 7.
(a) 3 − 4i (b) 4 − 3i
(c) Both A and B (d) None of these

9. If 8iz 3 + 12 z 2 − 18 z + 27i = 0 then

3 2
(a) z = (b) z =
2 3
3
(c) z = 1 (d) z =
4

1 + cos  + i sin   
10. If z =  0     , then z equals
sin  + i (1 + cos  )  2
(a) 2 sin  (b) 1
 
(c) 2 cos  (d) cos  
2

11. The square root of 3 – 4i is

(a) (2 + i) (b) (2 − i)
(c) (1 − 2i) (d) (1 + 2i)

12. If z is any complex number satisfying z − 3 − 2i  2, then the minimum value of 2 z − 6 + 5i is

5
(a) 2 (b)
2
(c) 3 (d) 5

11
COMPLEX NUMBERS

13. If z is a complex number, then which of the following is not true

(a) | z 2 | = | z |2 (b) | z 2 | = | z |2

(c) z = z (d) z 2 = z 2

 −
14. If  and  are different complex numbers with  = 1, then is equal to
1 − 
(a) 0 (b) ½
(c) 1 (d) 2

(1 + i ) 2
15. The imaginary part of is
(2 − i )
1 3
(a) (b)
5 5
4
(c) (d) None of these
5

16. If z = 3 − 4i , then z 4 − 3z 3 + 3z 2 + 99 z − 95 is equal to

(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) – 5 (d) – 4

17. Find maximum value of z − 3 if z − 1 = 5

(a) 3 (b) 7
(c) 8 (d) 10

1+ i
18. Argument and modulus of are respectively
1− i

− 
(a) and 1 (b) and 2
2 2

(c) 0 and 2 (d) and 1
2

12
COMPLEX NUMBERS

19. Find minimum value of z − ( 2 − i ) if z + 3 = 2

(a) 26 (b) 26 + 2
(c) 26 − 2 (d) 5

z 
20. If z1 , z2  C , then amp  1  =
 z2 
(a) amp ( z1 z 2 ) (b) amp ( z1 z2 )
z  z 
(c) amp  2  (d) amp  1 
 z1   z2 

21. If (3 + i) z = (3 − i) z , then complex number z is

x
(a) x (3 − i), x  R (b) , xR
3+i
(c) x(3 + i), x  R (d) x(−3 + i), x  R

2
22. The maximum value of | z | where z satisfies the condition z + = 2 is
z
(a) 3 −1 (b) 3 +1
(c) 3 (d) 2+ 3

z−w
23. If k  0, z = w = k and  = then, Re (α) equals
k 2 + zw
(a) 0 (b) k/2
(c) k (d) None of these

24. The values of z for which | z + i | = | z − i | are

(a) Any real number (b) Any complex number
(c) Any natural number (d) None of these

13
COMPLEX NUMBERS

25
25. If z is a complex number, z − 3i = , then z cannot exceed
z + 3i '
(a) 3 (b) 8
(c) 16 (d) 18

26. If z1 = 2, z2 = 3, z3 = 4 and 2 z1 + 3 z2 + 4 z3 = 4, then 8 z2 z3 + 27 z3 z1 + 64 z1 z2 is equal to –

(a) 24 (b) 48
(c) 72 (d) 96

27. If arg z  0 then arg (− z ) − arg ( z ) is equal to

(a)  (b) −
 
(c) − (d)
2 2

CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

2
28. The conjugate of a complex number z is , then Re ( z ) equals
1− i
(a) -1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 2

2−i
29. The conjugate complex number of is
(1 − 2i )
2

 2   11   2   11 
(a)   +   i (b)  −  +   i
 25   25   25   25 
 2   11   2   11 
(c)   −   i (d)  −  −   i
 25   25   25   25 

( a + bi ) = x + iy, where a, b, x, y  R, then ( b + ai ) equals

11 11
30. If

14
COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a) y + ix (b) − y − ix
(c) − x − iy (d) x + iy

31. The values of x and y for which the numbers 3 + ix 2 y and x 2 + y + 4i are conjugate
complex can be
(a) (−2,−1) or (2,−1) (b) (−1, 2) or (−2, 1)

(c) (1, 2) or (−1,−2) (d) None of these

32. If z is a complex number, then z. z = 0 if and only if

(a) z = 0 (b) Re( z ) = 0
(c) Im ( z ) = 0 (d) None of these

33. The number of solutions of the equation z 2 + z = 0 is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

REPRESENTING COMPLEX NUMBER IN DIFFERENT FORMS

1− i
34. is equal to
1+ i
   
(a) cos + i sin (b) cos − i sin
2 2 2 2
 
(c) sin + i cos (d) None of these
2 2

1
35. If y = cos  + i sin  ,then the value of y + is
y

15
COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a) 2cos  (b) 2sin 

(c) 2cosec (d) 2 tan 

36. (−1 + i 3)20 is equal to

(a) 220 (−1 + i 3)20 (b) 220 (1 − i 3)20
(c) 220 (−1 − i 3)20 (d) None of these

Re ( z )
( )
100
37. If z = 1 + i 3 , then equals
Im ( z )
(a) 2100 (b) 250
1
(c) (d) 3
3

38. If (1 + i 3)9 = a + ib, then b is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 256
(c) 0 (d) 93

1+ i 3
39. If z = , then ( z )100 lies in
3 +i
(a) I quadrant (b) II quadrant
(c) III quadrant (d) IV quadrant

40. The number of non-zero integral solutions of the equation |1 − i |x = 2 x is

(a) Infinite (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these

7−i
41. If z = then z14 =
3 − 4i
(a) 2 7 (b) 27 i
(c) 214 i (d) −27 i

16
COMPLEX NUMBERS

4 ( cos 75 + i sin 75 )

42. The value of is
0.4 ( cos 30 + i sin 30 )
10 10
(a) (1 + i ) (b) (1 − i )
2 2
5
(c) (1 + i ) (d) None of these
2

1
43. If x + = 3, then x =
x
   
(a) cos + i sin (b) cos + i sin
3 3 2 2
   
(c) sin + i cos (d) cos + i sin
6 6 6 6

44. If ei = cos  + i sin  , then in ABC value of eiA .eiB .eiC is

(a) –i (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) None of these

CUBE ROOT OF UNITY

a + b + c 2
45. =
c + a + b 2
(a)  (b)  2
(c)  3 (d) None of these

(cos  + i sin  )4
46. is equal to
(sin  + i cos  )5
(a) cos  − i sin  (b) cos9 − i sin 9
(c) sin  − i cos  (d) sin 9 − i cos9

17
COMPLEX NUMBERS

47. Common roots of the equations z 3 + 2 z 2 + 2 z + 1 = 0 and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 are

(a)  ,  2 (b)  ,  3
(c)  2 ,  3 (d) None of these

48. If the cube roots of unity are 1,  ,  2 , then the roots of the equation ( x − 2 ) + 27 = 0 are
3

(a) -1, -1, -1 (b) −1, −  , −  2

(c) −1, 2 + 3 , 2 + 3 2 (d) −1, 2 − 3 , 2 − 3 2

49. If  (  1) is a cube root of unity and (1 +  ) = A + B. Then (A, B) equals:-

7

(a) (1, 0) (b) (-1, 1)

(c) (0, 1) (d) (1, 1)

50. if  is a complex cube root of unity then (1 −  +  2 )(1 −  2 +  4 )(1 −  4 +  8 )(1 −  8 + 16 )
(a) 12 (b) 14
(c) 16 (d) None of these

334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
51. Complex number 4 + 5  − +  + 3  − +  is equal to
 2 2  2 
  2
(a) 1 − 3i (b) −1 + 3i
(c) 3i (d) − 3i

52. Let  and  be the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0. then the equation whose roots are
 19 ,  7 is
(a) x 2 − x − 1 = 0 (b) x 2 − x + 1 = 0
(c) x 2 + x − 1 = 0 (d) x 2 + x + 1 = 0

18
COMPLEX NUMBERS

53. The value of (8)1/3 is

(a) −1 + i 3 (b) −1 − i 3
(c) 2 (d) All of these

54. If z 2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is complex number, then the value of

2 2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1   6 1
 z +  +  z + 2  +  z + 3  + ..... +  z + 6  is
 z  z   z   z 
(a) 54 (b) 6
(c) 12 (d) 18

1
55. If  and  are imaginary cube roots of unity, then  4 +  4 + =

(a) 3 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 2

(
56. If  (  1) is a cube root of unity and 1 +  2 )
11
= a + b + c 2 , then (a, b, c) equals
(a) (1, 1, 0) (b) (0, 1, 1)
(c) (1, 0, 1) (d) (1, 1, 1)

57. If  (  1) is a complex cube root of unity and 1 +  4( ) = (1 +  )

n 8 n
, then the least positive
integral value of n is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 12

58. Let x =  +  , y =  +  2 , z =  2 +  ,  is an imaginary cube root of unity. Product of

xyz is
(a)  2 +  2 (b)  2 −  2
(c)  3 +  3 (d)  3 −  3

19
COMPLEX NUMBERS

59. If  ,  are the roots of x 2 + px + q = 0, and  is a cube root of unity, then value of
( +   )(  +  ) is
2 2

(a) p 2 (b) 3q
(c) p 2 − 2q (d) p 2 − 3q

60. If  is a complex cube root of unity, then value of (1 −  ) (1 −  2 )(1 −  4 )(1 −  8 ) is

(a) 1 (b) -1
(c) 0 (d) None of these

20
COMPLEX NUMBERS

ANSWER KEY

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (d) 60. (d)

21
COMPLEX NUMBERS

SOLUTIONS

IOTA AND POWERS OF IOTA

1.
 (i + i n +1 ) = (1 + i )  n =1 i n
13 n 13
n =1

= (1 + i ) i13  sum of 4 consecutive powers of iota is zero

= (1 + i ) i  i 4 n = 1  i13 = i12 .i = i
= −1 + i

2. We have,
(1 + i )
6n
+ (1 − i ) = (1 + i )
6n
 2 3n
 + (1− i )  2 3n

= (1 + i 2 + 2i ) + (1 + i 2 − 2i )
3n 3n

= ( 2i ) + ( −2i )
3n 3n


= 23n i 3n + ( −i )
3n

= 23n i 3n − i 3n   n is odd 
=0

3. We have,
n
 1 + i   (1 + i ) 
n 2

  = 
 1 − i   1 − i 
2

= (i )
n

Clearly, it is real for n =2.

4.
7 7
 1 1   1 1 
z = − i + + i = z
 3 2   3 2 
 z is purely real.
 Im ( z ) = 0.

22
COMPLEX NUMBERS

5.
(1 + i ) n−2
n
 1+ i 
= (1 + i )
2

(1 − i )
n−2
 1− i 
n−2
 −i 2 + i 
=  ( 2i )
 1− i 
= i n − 2 ( 2i )
= 2i n −1
= −2i n +1

6.
1 − i (1 − i )
2
−2i
= = = −i
1+ i 1− i 2
2
 1− i 
n

  = ( −i ) = Imaginary  n = 1,3,5
n

 1+ i 
Which is + ve imaginary for n =3,7…….
 n = 3 is smallest positive integer.
Hence, b is the correct answer.

7.
As, i n + i − n can be written as,
1 i 2n + 1
x = in + n = n
i i
1+1
If n = 4, x = =2
1
i2 + 1
n = 5, x = =0
i
1+1
n = 6, x = = −2
−1
i2 +1
n = 7, x = = 0,...and so on.
−i
Which shows there exists three different solutions for n  I .
Hence, a is the correct answer.

23
COMPLEX NUMBERS

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND ITS ALGEBRA:

8.
z z = ( a + ib )( a − ib )
 ( a 2 + b 2 ) = 25
a+b = 7
b = 7 − a
 a 2 + ( 7 − a ) = 25
2

 a 2 + 49 + a 2 − 14a = 25
 a 2 − 7a + 12 = 0
 ( a − 3)( a − 4 ) = 0
 a = 3, 4
 b = 4,3
 z = 3 + 4i or 4 + 3i

9.
8iz 3 + 12 z 2 − 18 z + 27i = 0
 8iz 3 − (12i 2 z 2 ) − 18 z + 27i = 0
 4 z 2i ( 2 z − 3i ) − 9 ( 2 z − 3i ) = 0
 ( 4 z 2i − 9 ) ( 2 z − 3i ) = 0
9 3i
 z 2i = , z =
4 2
9
 z2 =
4i
3
z =
2

10.
z1 z
Using = 1 if z2  0, we got
z2 z2
1 + cos  + i sin 
 z =
sin  + i (1 + cos  )

24
COMPLEX NUMBERS

(1 + cos  ) + sin 2 
2

 z =
2

sin 2  + (1 + cos  )
2

 z =1
2

 z =1

11.
Let 3 − 4i = x + iy  3 − 4i = x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy
 x 2 − y 2 = 3, 2 xy = −4 ......(i)
 ( x + y ) = ( x − y ) + 4 x 2 y 2 = (3)2 + (−4)2 = 25
2 2 2 2 2 2

 x2 + y 2 = 5 …..(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii) x 2 = 4  x =  2 ,
y 2 = 1  y =  1.
Hence the square root of (3 − 4i ) is  (2 − i) .

12. Given : z − 3 − 2i  2
5
To find : minimum of 2 z − 6 + 5i = 2 z − 3 + i
2
5 5 9
 z − 3 + i = z − 3 − 2i + 2i + i = ( z − 3 − 2i ) + i
2 2 2
Using triangle inequality :
z1 + z2  ( z1 − z2 )
9 9
 ( z − 3 − 2i ) + i  ( z − 3 − 2 i − )
2 2
9 9
 ( z − 3 − 2i ) + i  2 −
2 2
9 5
 ( z − 3 − 2i ) + i 
2 2
5 5
 z −3+ i 
2 2
 2 z − 6 + 5i  5

25
COMPLEX NUMBERS

13.
L.H.S.= | z 2 | = | ( x + iy) 2 |
= | x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy |= ( x 2 − y 2 ) 2 + (2 xy ) 2

(x + y2 )
2
= 2
…..(i)

R.H.S. =| z |2 =| x + iy |2 = ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
= x2 + y 2 ……(ii)
Therefore | z |=| z | 2 2

(b) True (c) False (since z  z ).

14.
 −  −
=
1 −    − 

 −
=
(
  − )
1  −
=
 (  − )
=
1

 z = z 
=1

15.

(1 + i )2 (2i)(2 + i) 2 4
We have = = − +i .
2−i (2 − i)(2 + i) 5 5
4
Thus Im ( z ) = .
5

16.

Given that

z = 3 − 4i  ( z − 3)2 = −16

26
COMPLEX NUMBERS

 z 2 − 6 z + 25 = 0

z 4 − 3z 3 + 3z 2 + 99 z − 95

= ( z 2 + 3z − 4)( z 2 − 6 z + 25) + 5 = ( z + 3z − 4)(0) + 5 = 5

2

17.
Given, z − 1 = 5
Then z − 3 = z − 1 − 2
 z − 1 + −2
 5+2
7
 z − 3 max = 7

18.
 1+ i 
arg   = arg (1 + i ) − arg (1 − i )
 1− i 

= 45o − (−45o ) = 90o

1+ i 1+ i 2
= = = 1.
1− i 1− i 2

19. Given, z + 3 = 2
Then z − ( 2 − i ) = z + 3 − ( 2 + 3 − i )
= ( z + 3) − ( 5 − i )
 z +3 − 5−i
 2 − 26

 26 − 2
 z − ( 2 − i ) min = 26 − 2

27
COMPLEX NUMBERS

20.
z 
arg  1  = arg z1 − arg ( z 2 ) = arg z1 + arg z2 = arg ( z1.z2 )
 z2 
Option (c) gives the same result.

21. Given : (3 + i) z = (3 − i) z
Let z = x(3 − i) , x  R
L.H.S. = (3 + i ) z = (3 + i) x (3 − i)
= x (3 + i ) (3 − i ) = x [(3)2 + 12 ] = 10 x
R.H.S. = (3 − i) z = (3 − i) x (3 + i) = x [32 + 12 ] = 10 x
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
z = x(3 − i ) satisfies the equation, then z = x(3 − i ) , where x is a real number.

22.
2 2
z+ = 2 | z | −  2  | z |2 −2 | z | −2  0
z |z|
2 4+8
| z |  1 3 .
2
Hence max. value of | z | is 1 + 3

23.
z = w =k

z−w z − ( k 2 / w) wz − k 2
= 2 = =
k + zw  k 2  k 2 ( z + w)
k + z 
2

w
Now,
 z−w  z−w z−w
 = = 2 = 2
 k + zw  k + zw k + zw
2

28
COMPLEX NUMBERS

k2
−w
k 2 − zw
 = z 2 = 2 = −
k k ( z + w)
k + w
2

z
a +
 Re ( ) = =0
2
Hence, Re ( ) = 0

24. Let z = x + iy ......(i)

Given | z + i | = | z − i |
or | x + iy + i | = | x + iy − i |
or | x + i( y + 1) | = | x + i( y − 1) |
or x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = x 2 + ( y − 1) 2
or x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = x 2 + ( y − 1) 2
or y 2 + 2 y + 1 = y 2 − 2 y + 1 or 4 y = 0 or y = 0
Hence from (i), we get z = x , where x is any real number.

25.
( z − 3i ) ( z + 3i ) = 25
 z − 3i = 25
2

 z − 3i = 5
Now, z = ( z − 3i ) + 3i  z − 3i + 3i
 z  5+3 = 8
 z 8

26.
8 27 64
8 z2 z3 + 27 z3 z1 + 64 z1 z2 = z1 z2 z3 + +
z1 z2 z3

29
COMPLEX NUMBERS

8z 1 27 z 2 64 z 3
= ( 2 )( 3)( 4 ) 2
+ 2
+ 2
z1 z2 z3
= 24 2 z1 + 3z 2 + 4 z 3

= 24 2 z1 + 3z2 + 4 z3
= 24 2 z1 + 3z2 + 4 z3
= 24 ( 4 )
= 96

27. Since arg z  0 i.e. – ve, we choose arg z = – 

where  is +ve
arg (− z ) = −[+ − (− )]
= − −  = 2 + (− −  ) =  + arg ( z )
 arg (− z ) − arg ( z ) =  . .

CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

2 2
28. Since, the conjugate of z is , thus z =
1− i 1+ i
Simplifying, we get
2 (1 − i ) 2 (1 − i )
z= = = 1− i
(1 + i )(1 − i ) 2
 Re ( z ) = 1

29. z =
(2 − i)
(1 − 2i )
2

=
(2 − i)
−3 − 4i
− ( 2 − i ) ( 3 − 4i )
= 
( 3 + 4i ) ( 3 − 4i )

30
COMPLEX NUMBERS

− 6 − 4 + ( −8 − 3) i
=
25
2 11
=− + i
25 25
2 11
Therefore, conjugate of z = − − i
25 25

30.
( a + bi ) = x + iy
11

 ( a − bi ) = x − iy
11

 [( −i )( b + ia )]11 = −i ( y + ix )
 ( −i ) ( b + ia ) = −i ( y + ix )
11 11

As ( −i ) = (−1)11 i11 = −i 3 = i,
11

we get ( b + ia ) = − ( y + ix ) = − y − ix
11

31. According to condition, 3 − ix 2 y = x 2 + y + 4i

 x 2 + y = 3 and x 2 y = −4  x = 2, y = −1
 ( x, y) = (2, −1) or (−2, −1)

32. Let z = x + iy, z = x − iy

 zz = 0  ( x + iy)( x − iy ) = 0  x 2 + y 2 = 0
It is possible only when x and y both simultaneously zero i.e., z = 0 + 0i = 0

33. Let z = x + iy, so that z = x − iy, therefore

z 2 + z = 0  ( x2 − y 2 + x) + i (2 xy − y) = 0
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
x 2 − y 2 + x = 0 .....(i)
1
and 2 xy − y = 0  y = 0 or x =
2
If y = 0 , then (i) gives x + x = 0  x = 0 or x = −1
2

31
COMPLEX NUMBERS

1
If x = ,
2
1 1 3 3
Then x 2 − y 2 + x = 0  y 2 = + = y=
4 2 4 2
Hence, there are four solutions in all.

REPRESENTING COMPLEX NUMBER IN DIFFERENT FORMS

1 − i (1 − i)(1 − i) 1 + (i) 2 − 2i
34. = = = −i
1 + i (1 + i)(1 − i) 1+1
 
which can be written as cos − i sin
2 2

1
35. y = cos  + i sin  = ei , then = e−i = cos  − i sin 
y
1
y+ = 2cos  .
y
36.
Let z = −1 + i 3 , r = 1 + 3 = 2
 2 2 
 z = 2  cos + i sin 
 3 3 
20
  2 2  
 ( z ) =  2  cos
20
+ i sin 
  3 3  
20
 2 2 
20
 1 3
= 2  cos + i sin  = 2  − + i  .
20 20

 3 3   2 2 

32
COMPLEX NUMBERS

37.
( )
100
z = 1+ i 3
Coverting into polar form.
100
 1 3 
z =  2  + i 
  2 2  

z = 2100 ( cos 60 + i sin 60 )

100

 
100

z = 2  cos + i sin 
100

 3 3
Using De- Moivre ‘s Theorem
  
z = 2100  cos 100 + i sin100 
 3 3
  
z = 2100  cos100 + i sin100 
 3 3
 
Since, 100 = 33 +
3 3
    
z = 2100  cos(33 +  + i sin  33 + ) 
 3  3 
    
z = 2100  − cos + i  − sin  
 3  3 
 1 3 
z = 2100  − − i 
 2 2 
 −1 
2100  
Re ( z )  2  = 1
 =
Im ( z ) − 3 3
2100  
 2 

38.
1 3    i /3
1 + i 3 = 2  + i  = 2 cos + i sin  = 2e
2 2   3 3
 (1 + i 3)9 = (2ei /3 )9 = 29.ei (3 )
= 29 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = −29
 a + ib = (1 + i 3)9 = −29 ;  b = 0 .

33
COMPLEX NUMBERS

1+ i 3 1+ i 3 3 −i
39. z = z= 
3 +i 3 +i 3 −i
3 + 3i − i + 3 2( 3 + i )
 z= =
3 +1 4
3 +i   
 z= = cos + i sin 
2  6 6
 
Now z = cos − i sin
6 6
 
100

 ( z ) = cos − i sin 
100

 6 6
50  50  2 2
 ( z )100 = cos − i sin = cos − i sin
3 3 3 3
100
( z ) lies in III quadrant.

40.
  
Since 1 − i = 2 cos − i sin  ,|1 − i |= 2
 4 4
 |1 − i |x = 2 x  ( 2) x = 2x  2 x / 2 = 2 x
x
 = x x =0
2
Therefore, the number of non-zero integral solutions is nil or zero.

7 − i 3 + 4i 21 + 25i + 4 25(1 + i)
41. z =  = = = (1 + i )
3 − 4i 3 + 4i 16 + 9 25
z14 = (1 + i)14 = [(1 + i)2 ]7 = (2i)7 = 27 i 7 = −27 i .

4 ( cos 75 + i sin 75 )

42. z =
0.4 ( cos 30 + i sin 30 )

34
COMPLEX NUMBERS

 i 5 
4  e 12 
=  i 
 
0.4  e 6 
 

i
= 10e 4

  
= 10  cos + i sin 
 4 4
 1 i 
= 10  + 
 2 2
10
= (1 + i )
2

43.

3  3− 4
x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0  x =
2
3 i 3 i
 x= = 
2 2 2
   
 x = cos   + i sin   [Taking +ve sign]
6 6

44. eiA .eiB .eiC = eiA+iB +iC = ei ( A+ B +C ) = ei

= cos  + i sin  = (−1) + i(0) = −1 . [ A + B + C =  ]

CUBE ROOT OF UNITY

45. Multiplying numerator and denominator by  2 we get

35
COMPLEX NUMBERS

a + b + c 2  ( a + b + c )
2 2

=
c + a + b 2 ( a 3 + b 4 + c 2 )
 2 ( a + b + c 2 )
= (  3 = 1)
( a + b + c ) 2

= 2

46.
(cos  + i sin  ) 4 (cos+ i sin  ) 4
=
(sin  + i cos  )5 1 
5

i 5  sin  + cos  
i 
(cos  + i sin  ) 4
(cos  + i sin  ) 4
= =
i (cos  − i sin  )5 i (cos  + i sin  ) −5
1
= (cos  + i sin  )9 = sin 9 − i cos9 .
i

47. The first equation can be written as ( z + 1) ( z 2 + z + 1) = 0. its roots are −1,  and  2
Now let f ( z ) = z1985 + z100 + 1
We have f ( −1) = ( −1) + ( −1) +1  0
1985 100

Therefore, -1 is not a root of the equation f(z)=0.

Again f ( ) = 1985 + 100 + 1
= ( 3 )  2 + ( 3 )  + 1
661 33

= 2 +  +1
=0
Therefore,  is a root of the equation f ( z ) = 0.
Similarly, we can show that f ( 2 ) = 0
Hence  and  2 are the common roots.

36
COMPLEX NUMBERS

48.
Here 11/3 = 1,  ,  2
 For the equation ( x − 2 ) + 27 = 0
3

 ( x − 2 ) = −27 = −33
3

 x − 2 = −3 (1) = −3 (1,  ,  2 ) = −3, − 3 , − 3 2

1/3

 x = −1, 2 − 3 , 2 − 3 2

49.

(1 +  ) = A + B.
7

( − )2 7
= A + B
− 2 = A + B
1 +  = A + B
 A = 1, B = 1
 ( A, B ) = (1, 1)

50.

(1 −  +  )(1 −  +  )(1 −  +  )(1 −  +  )

2 2 4 4 8 8 16

= (1 −  +  )(1 −  +  )(1 −  +  )(1 −  +  )

2 2 2 2

= (1 −  +  )(1 −  +  )
2
2 2

= ( − −  ) ( − −  )
2
2
{using1 +  = − and 1 +  = − }
2 2 2

= ( −2 ) ( −2 ) 

2
2

2
=  4 3 
= 16

1 3
51. Using − + i =  , we can write the given complex number as
2 2
z = 4 + 5 334 + 3 365

37
COMPLEX NUMBERS

= 4 + 5 + 3 2
= 3 + 3 + 3 2 + 1 + 2
= 1 + 2
= 3i

52. Let  =  ,  =  2 so that  19 = 19 =  and  7 = 14 =  2 .

 Equation whose roots are  19 ,  7 is x 2 + x + 1 = 0

However ,if  =  2 ,  =  , then  19 =  38 =  2 and  7 =  7 = 
Again, we need an equation whose roots are  ,  2  x 2 + x + 1 = 0

53. (8)1/3 = x  x3 − 8 = 0
 ( x − 2) ( x 2 + 2 x + 4) = 0 .
 x = 2, 2 , 2 2 or x = 2, − 1 + i 3, − 1 − i 3 .

54. Given equation is z 2 + z + 1 = 0

−1  1 − 4 11
z=
2 1
−1  i 3
z=  z = ,  2
2
Now
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1   4 1   5 1   6 1 
z +  +z + 2  +z + 3  +z + 4  +z + 5  +z + 6 
 z  z   z   z   z   z 
= ( −1) + (1) + (1 + 1) + ( −1) + ( −1) + (1 + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2

= 12
When we put either z =  or z =  2 , we get the same result
= 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 4 = 12.

55.
Complex cube root of unity are 1,  ,  2
Let  =  ,  =  2 ;
Then  4 +  4 +  −1 −1 =  4 + ( 2 )4 + ( −1 ) ( 2 ) −1 =  +  2 + 1 = 0 .

38
COMPLEX NUMBERS

56.

a + b + c 2 = (1 +  2 )
11

= ( − ) [ 1 +  +  2 = 0]
11

= − ( 3 )  2
3

= 1+ 
 a = 1, b = 1, c = 0.

57.

(1 +  ) = (1 +  2 )
n n

 ( − 2 ) = ( − )
n n

 n = 1
 n = 3.

58. x =  +  , y =  +  2 , z =  2 + 
 xyz = ( +  ) ( +  2 )( 2 +  )
= ( +  )[ 2 +  ( +  2 ) +  2 ]
= ( +  ) ( −  +  ) =  +  .
2 2 3 3

59.
we have  +  = − p,  = q
Now,
( +   )(  +  ) =  
2 2 3 2
+  2 +  4 +  3  2
=  ( +  ) + ( +  ) 
3 2 2 2 4

=  +  + ( +  ) 
2 2 2

=  2 +  2 − 
= ( +  ) − 3
2

= p 2 − 3q

39
COMPLEX NUMBERS

60.
(1 −  ) (1 −  2 )(1 −  4 )(1 −  8 ) = (1 −  ) (1 −  2 ) (1 −  ) (1 −  2 )
= (1 −  ) (1 −  2 ) 
2

2
= 1 −  2 −  +  3 
2
= 1 −  2 −  +  3 

= 1 + 1 + 1
2

=9

40