Application of ICT 9/28/2024

What is Data?
 Definition:
 Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts that may include numbers, text, images, or
sounds.
 Data on its own has no context or meaning.
 Examples:

Application of ICT
 Numbers: 123, 456
 Text: "John", "Doe"
 Images: Pixels in a photo
Transforming Data into Information
 Sounds: A recorded audio file
Instructor: Farhan Mateen Khan

What is Information? How Data Becomes Information

 Definition:  The Transformation Process:
 Information is processed data that is organized, structured, or presented in a  Data Collection: Raw facts are gathered (e.g., surveys, sensors, inputs).
meaningful context.
 Data Processing: Data is cleaned, organized, and analyzed to identify patterns or
 It allows for better understanding, decision-making, and insights. trends.
 Examples:  Data Interpretation: The processed data is presented as meaningful information.
 Data: 90, 85, 88  Example:
 Information: Average exam score of a student = 87.67  Raw data from sensors (temperature, humidity) → analyzed by a weather system
→ Output: "Today's temperature is 30°C with 50% humidity."
Application of ICT 9/28/2024

How Data Becomes Information How Computers Process Data

 Binary Representation:  Input:
 Computers represent all data using binary numbers (0s and 1s).  Data is entered into the computer via input devices (e.g., keyboard, sensors, scanners).

 Bits: The smallest unit of data (0 or 1).  Processing:

 Bytes: A group of 8 bits, used to represent larger units like characters or numbers.  The Central Processing Unit (CPU) processes the data using instructions from programs.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations.
 Control Unit (CU): Directs the flow of data and controls the operations of other
 Character Representation:
components
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): Uses 7 or 8 bits to
 Storage:
represent text (e.g., 'A' = 65 in ASCII).
 Data is temporarily stored in RAM (Random Access Memory) during processing.
 Unicode: Extended character set that supports multiple languages (e.g., 'A' in
Unicode = U+0041).  Processed data may be saved to long-term storage (e.g., hard drives, SSDs).

 Output:
 Information is outputted through devices like monitors, printers, or sent to databases.

Examples of Data Representation in Computers Data vs. Information - A Practical Example

 Numbers:  Scenario: A company collects data on customer purchases.
 Computers represent numbers using binary (base-2 system).
 Data Collected: Product names, prices, purchase dates, customer ID.
 Example: The decimal number 10 is represented as 1010 in binary.
 Processed Data (Information):
 Text:
 Each letter or character is stored as a binary code using ASCII or Unicode.  Total sales for the month.
 Example: The letter 'A' is 01000001 in ASCII.  Most purchased product.
 Images:  Average amount spent per customer.
 Images are represented as a collection of pixels, with each pixel assigned a binary code
to represent its color.  Outcome:
 RGB (Red, Green, Blue): Each color is represented by a combination of three values (one  The raw data is transformed into actionable insights that the company can use for
for each color). marketing and business decisions.
 Sound:
 Sound is represented as a series of waveforms converted into digital form using binary.
 Sampling: The process of converting analog sound waves into digital data by taking
samples at regular intervals.
Application of ICT 9/28/2024

Why is the Transformation Important? Conclusion

 Enhanced Decision-Making:  Summary:
 Information helps individuals and organizations make informed decisions based on  Data is the raw material, and information is the valuable output.
facts, trends, and predictions
 Computers represent data using binary, process it using the CPU, and generate
 Improved Efficiency: meaningful information.
 Processed data allows for optimized operations, resource allocation, and better  Understanding how computers transform data into information is key to
customer service leveraging technology for problem-solving, decision-making, and business
 Knowledge Generation: intelligence.

 Turning data into information creates knowledge, which can be used for
innovation, learning, and development.