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Share some Associate Data Practitioner exam online questions below.

1.Your organization needs to implement near real-time analytics for thousands of events arriving each
second in Pub/Sub. The incoming messages require transformations. You need to configure a
pipeline that processes, transforms, and loads the data into BigQuery while minimizing development
time.
What should you do?
A. Use a Google-provided Dataflow template to process the Pub/Sub messages, perform
transformations, and write the results to BigQuery.
B. Create a Cloud Data Fusion instance and configure Pub/Sub as a source. Use Data Fusion to
process the Pub/Sub messages, perform transformations, and write the results to BigQuery.
C. Load the data from Pub/Sub into Cloud Storage using a Cloud Storage subscription. Create a
Dataproc cluster, use PySpark to perform transformations in Cloud Storage, and write the results to
BigQuery.
D. Use Cloud Run functions to process the Pub/Sub messages, perform transformations, and write
the results to BigQuery.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Using a Google-provided Dataflow template is the most efficient and development-friendly approach
to implement near real-time analytics for Pub/Sub messages. Dataflow templates are pre-built and
optimized for processing streaming data, allowing you to quickly configure and deploy a pipeline with
minimal development effort. These templates can handle message ingestion from Pub/Sub, perform
necessary transformations, and load the processed data into BigQuery, ensuring scalability and low
latency for near real-time analytics.

2.Your company uses Looker to visualize and analyze sales data. You need to create a dashboard
that displays sales metrics, such as sales by region, product category, and time period. Each metric
relies on its own set of attributes distributed across several tables. You need to provide users the
ability to filter the data by specific sales representatives and view individual transactions. You want to
follow the Google-recommended approach.
What should you do?
A. Create multiple Explores, each focusing on each sales metric. Link the Explores together in a
dashboard using drill-down functionality.
B. Use BigQuery to create multiple materialized views, each focusing on a specific sales metric. Build
the dashboard using these views.
C. Create a single Explore with all sales metrics. Build the dashboard using this Explore.
D. Use Looker's custom visualization capabilities to create a single visualization that displays all the
sales metrics with filtering and drill-down functionality.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Creating a single Explore with all the sales metrics is the Google-recommended approach. This
Explore should be designed to include all relevant attributes and dimensions, enabling users to
analyze sales data by region, product category, time period, and other filters like sales
representatives. With a well-structured Explore, you can efficiently build a dashboard that supports
filtering and drill-down functionality. This approach simplifies maintenance, provides a consistent data
model, and ensures users have the flexibility to interact with and analyze the data seamlessly within a
unified framework.
Looker’s recommended approach for dashboards is a single, unified Explore for scalability and
usability, supporting filters and drill-downs.
Option A: Materialized views in BigQuery optimize queries but bypass Looker’s modeling layer,
reducing flexibility.
Option B: Custom visualizations are for specific rendering, not multi-metric dashboards with
filtering/drill-down.
Option C: Multiple Explores fragment the data model, complicating dashboard cohesion and
maintenance.
Option D: A single Explore joins tables in LookML, enabling all metrics, filters (e.g., sales rep), and
drill-downs to transactions, per Looker’s best practices.
Extract from Google Documentation: From "Building Dashboards in Looker"
(https://cloud.google.com/looker/docs/creating-dashboards): "Create a single Explore that models
your data relationships, allowing users to filter and drill into details like individual transactions directly
within a dashboard."
Reference: Looker Documentation - "Explores and Dashboards"
(https://cloud.google.com/looker/docs).

3.Your company’s ecommerce website collects product reviews from customers. The reviews are
loaded as CSV files daily to a Cloud Storage bucket. The reviews are in multiple languages and need
to be translated to Spanish. You need to configure a pipeline that is serverless, efficient, and requires
minimal maintenance.
What should you do?
A. Load the data into BigQuery using Dataproc. Use Apache Spark to translate the reviews by
invoking the Cloud Translation API. Set BigQuery as the sink.U
B. Use a Dataflow templates pipeline to translate the reviews using the Cloud Translation API. Set
BigQuery as the sink.
C. Load the data into BigQuery using a Cloud Run function. Use the BigQuery ML create model
statement to train a translation model. Use the model to translate the product reviews within
BigQuery.
D. Load the data into BigQuery using a Cloud Run function. Create a BigQuery remote function that
invokes the Cloud Translation API. Use a scheduled query to translate new reviews.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Loading the data into BigQuery using a Cloud Run function and creating a BigQuery remote function
that invokes the Cloud Translation API is a serverless and efficient approach. With this setup, you can
use a scheduled query in BigQuery to invoke the remote function and translate new product reviews
on a regular basis. This solution requires minimal maintenance, as BigQuery handles storage and
querying, and the Cloud Translation API provides accurate translations without the need for custom
ML model development.

4.Your company is building a near real-time streaming pipeline to process JSON telemetry data from
small appliances. You need to process messages arriving at a Pub/Sub topic, capitalize letters in the
serial number field, and write results to BigQuery. You want to use a managed service and write a
minimal amount of code for underlying transformations.
What should you do?
A. Use a Pub/Sub to BigQuery subscription, write results directly to BigQuery, and schedule a
transformation query to run every five minutes.
B. Use a Pub/Sub to Cloud Storage subscription, write a Cloud Run service that is triggered when
objects arrive in the bucket, performs the transformations, and writes the results to BigQuery.
C. Use the “Pub/Sub to BigQuery” Dataflow template with a UDF, and write the results to BigQuery.
D. Use a Pub/Sub push subscription, write a Cloud Run service that accepts the messages, performs
the transformations, and writes the results to BigQuery.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Using the "Pub/Sub to BigQuery" Dataflow template with a UDF (User-Defined Function) is the
optimal choice because it combines near real-time processing, minimal code for transformations, and
scalability. The UDF allows for efficient implementation of custom transformations, such as
capitalizing letters in the serial number field, while Dataflow handles the rest of the managed pipeline
seamlessly.
5.Your retail company wants to analyze customer reviews to understand sentiment and identify areas
for improvement. Your company has a large dataset of customer feedback text stored in BigQuery
that includes diverse language patterns, emojis, and slang. You want to build a solution to classify
customer sentiment from the feedback text.
What should you do?
A. Preprocess the text data in BigQuery using SQL functions. Export the processed data to AutoML
Natural Language for model training and deployment.
B. Export the raw data from BigQuery. Use AutoML Natural Language to train a custom sentiment
analysis model.
C. Use Dataproc to create a Spark cluster, perform text preprocessing using Spark NLP, and build a
sentiment analysis model with Spark MLlib.
D. Develop a custom sentiment analysis model using TensorFlow. Deploy it on a Compute Engine
instance.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth
Why B is correct:AutoML Natural Language is designed for text classification tasks, including
sentiment analysis, and can handle diverse language patterns without extensive preprocessing.
AutoML can train a custom model with minimal coding.
Why other options are incorrect:A: Unnecessary extra preprocessing. AutoML can handle the raw
data.
C: Dataproc and Spark are overkill for this task. AutoML is more efficient and easier to use.
D: Developing a custom TensorFlow model requires significant expertise and time, which is not
efficient for this scenario.
Reference: AutoML Natural Language: https://cloud.google.com/natural-language/automl/docs

6.Following a recent company acquisition, you inherited an on-premises data infrastructure that needs
to move to Google Cloud. The acquired system has 250 Apache Airflow directed acyclic graphs
(DAGs) orchestrating data pipelines. You need to migrate the pipelines to a Google Cloud managed
service with minimal effort.
What should you do?
A. Convert each DAG to a Cloud Workflow and automate the execution with Cloud Scheduler.
B. Create a new Cloud Composer environment and copy DAGs to the Cloud Composer dags/ folder.
C. Create a Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) standard cluster and deploy Airflow as a workload.
Migrate all DAGs to the new Airflow environment.
D. Create a Cloud Data Fusion instance. For each DAG, create a Cloud Data Fusion pipeline.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth
Why B is correct:Cloud Composer is a managed Apache Airflow service that provides a seamless
migration path for existing Airflow DAGs.
Simply copying the DAGs to the Cloud Composer folder allows them to run directly on Google Cloud.
Why other options are incorrect:A: Cloud Workflows is a different orchestration tool, not compatible
with Airflow DAGs.
C: GKE deployment requires setting up and managing a Kubernetes cluster, which is more complex.
D: Cloud Data Fusion is a data integration tool, not suitable for orchestrating existing pipelines.
Reference: Cloud Composer: https://cloud.google.com/composer/docs

7.Your organization uses Dataflow pipelines to process real-time financial transactions. You discover
that one of your Dataflow jobs has failed. You need to troubleshoot the issue as quickly as possible.
What should you do?
A. Set up a Cloud Monitoring dashboard to track key Dataflow metrics, such as data throughput, error
rates, and resource utilization.
B. Create a custom script to periodically poll the Dataflow API for job status updates, and send email
alerts if any errors are identified.
C. Navigate to the Dataflow Jobs page in the Google Cloud console. Use the job logs and worker logs
to identify the error.
D. Use the gcloud CLI tool to retrieve job metrics and logs, and analyze them for errors and
performance bottlenecks.
Answer: C
Explanation:
To troubleshoot a failed Dataflow job as quickly as possible, you should navigate to the Dataflow Jobs
page in the Google Cloud console. The console provides access to detailed job logs and worker logs,
which can help you identify the cause of the failure. The graphical interface also allows you to
visualize pipeline stages, monitor performance metrics, and pinpoint where the error occurred,
making it the most efficient way to diagnose and resolve the issue promptly.
Extract from Google Documentation: From "Monitoring Dataflow Jobs"
(https://cloud.google.com/dataflow/docs/guides/monitoring-jobs): "To troubleshoot a failed Dataflow
job quickly, go to the Dataflow Jobs page in the Google Cloud Console, where you can view job logs
and worker logs to identify errors and their root causes."
Reference: Google Cloud Documentation - "Dataflow Monitoring"
(https://cloud.google.com/dataflow/docs/guides/monitoring-jobs).

8. Social media activity: CloudSQL for MySQL

D. 1. Online transactions: Cloud SQL for MySQL

9.You are building a batch data pipeline to process 100 GB of structured data from multiple sources
for daily reporting. You need to transform and standardize the data prior to loading the data to ensure
that it is stored in a single dataset. You want to use a low-code solution that can be easily built and
managed.
What should you do?
A. Use Cloud Data Fusion to ingest data and load the data into BigQuery. Use Looker Studio to
perform data cleaning and transformation.
B. Use Cloud Data Fusion to ingest the data, perform data cleaning and transformation, and load the
data into BigQuery.
C. Use Cloud Data Fusion to ingest the data, perform data cleaning and transformation, and load the
data into Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL.
D. Use Cloud Storage to store the data. Use Cloud Run functions to perform data cleaning and
transformation, and load the data into BigQuery.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth
Why B is correct:Cloud Data Fusion is a fully managed, cloud-native data integration service for
building and managing ETL/ELT data pipelines.
It provides a graphical interface for building pipelines without coding, making it a low-code solution.
Cloud data fusion is perfect for the ingestion, transformation and loading of data into BigQuery.
Why other options are incorrect:A: Looker studio is for visualization, not data transformation.
C: Cloud SQL is a relational database, not ideal for large-scale analytical data.
D: Cloud run is for stateless applications, not batch data processing.
Reference: Cloud Data Fusion: https://cloud.google.com/data-fusion/docs
10. Bigtable
B. 1. Filestore

11.Your organization has decided to move their on-premises Apache Spark-based workload to
Google Cloud. You want to be able to manage the code without needing to provision and manage
your own cluster.
What should you do?
A. Migrate the Spark jobs to Dataproc Serverless.
B. Configure a Google Kubernetes Engine cluster with Spark operators, and deploy the Spark jobs.
C. Migrate the Spark jobs to Dataproc on Google Kubernetes Engine.
D. Migrate the Spark jobs to Dataproc on Compute Engine.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Migrating the Spark jobs to Dataproc Serverless is the best approach because it allows you to run
Spark workloads without the need to provision or manage clusters. Dataproc Serverless automatically
scales resources based on workload requirements, simplifying operations and reducing administrative
overhead. This solution is ideal for organizations that want to focus on managing their Spark code
without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. It is cost-effective and fully managed, aligning
well with the goal of minimizing cluster management.

12.You used BigQuery ML to build a customer purchase propensity model six months ago. You want
to compare the current serving data with the historical serving data to determine whether you need to
retrain the model.
What should you do?
A. Compare the two different models.
B. Evaluate the data skewness.
C. Evaluate data drift.
D. Compare the confusion matrix.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Evaluating data drift involves analyzing changes in the distribution of the current serving data
compared to the historical data used to train the model. If significant drift is detected, it indicates that
the data patterns have changed over time, which can impact the model's performance. This analysis
helps determine whether retraining the model is necessary to ensure its predictions remain accurate
and relevant. Data drift evaluation is a standard approach for monitoring machine learning models
over time.

13.You manage an ecommerce website that has a diverse range of products. You need to forecast
future product demand accurately to ensure that your company has sufficient inventory to meet
customer needs and avoid stockouts. Your company's historical sales data is stored in a BigQuery
table. You need to create a scalable solution that takes into account the seasonality and historical
data to predict product demand.
What should you do?
A. Use the historical sales data to train and create a BigQuery ML time series model. Use the
ML.FORECAST function call to output the predictions into a new BigQuery table.
B. Use Colab Enterprise to create a Jupyter notebook. Use the historical sales data to train a custom
prediction model in Python.
C. Use the historical sales data to train and create a BigQuery ML linear regression model. Use the
ML.PREDICT function call to output the predictions into a new BigQuery table.
D. Use the historical sales data to train and create a BigQuery ML logistic regression model. Use the
ML.PREDICT function call to output the predictions into a new BigQuery table.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
Forecasting product demand with seasonality requires a time series model, and BigQuery ML offers a
scalable, serverless solution. Let’s analyze:
Option A: BigQuery ML’s time series models (e.g., ARIMA_PLUS) are designed for forecasting with
seasonality and trends. The ML.FORECAST function generates predictions based on historical data,
storing them in a table. This is scalable (no infrastructure) and integrates natively with BigQuery, ideal
for ecommerce demand prediction.
Option B: Colab Enterprise with a custom Python model (e.g., Prophet) is flexible but requires coding,
maintenance, and potentially exporting data, reducing scalability compared to BigQuery ML’s in-
place processing.
Option C: Linear regression predicts continuous values but doesn’t handle seasonality or time series
patterns effectively, making it unsuitable for demand forecasting.
Option D: Logistic regression is for binary classification (e.g., yes/no), not time series forecasting of
demand quantities.
Why A is Best: ARIMA_PLUS in BigQuery ML automatically models seasonality and trends, requiring
only SQL knowledge. It’s serverless, scales with BigQuery’s capacity, and keeps data in one place,
minimizing complexity and cost. For example, CREATE MODEL ...
OPTIONS(model_type='ARIMA_PLUS') followed by ML.FORECAST delivers accurate, scalable
forecasts.
Extract from Google Documentation: From "BigQuery ML Time Series Forecasting"
(https://cloud.google.com/bigquery-ml/docs/reference/standard-sql/bigqueryml-syntax-create-time-
series): "The ARIMA_PLUS model type in BigQuery ML is designed for time series forecasting,
accounting for seasonality and trends, making it ideal for predicting future values like product demand
based on historical data."
Reference: Google Cloud Documentation - "BigQuery ML Time Series"
(https://cloud.google.com/bigquery-ml/docs/time-series).

14.You need to design a data pipeline to process large volumes of raw server log data stored in
Cloud Storage. The data needs to be cleaned, transformed, and aggregated before being loaded into
BigQuery for analysis. The transformation involves complex data manipulation using Spark scripts
that your team developed. You need to implement a solution that leverages your team’s existing
skillset, processes data at scale, and minimizes cost.
What should you do?
A. Use Dataflow with a custom template for the transformation logic.
B. Use Cloud Data Fusion to visually design and manage the pipeline.
C. Use Dataform to define the transformations in SQLX.
D. Use Dataproc to run the transformations on a cluster.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
The pipeline must handle large-scale log processing with existing Spark scripts, prioritizing skillset
reuse, scalability, and cost. Let’s break it down:
Option A: Dataflow uses Apache Beam, not Spark, requiring script rewrites (losing skillset leverage).
Custom templates scale well but increase development cost and effort.
Option B: Cloud Data Fusion is a visual ETL tool, not Spark-based. It doesn’t reuse existing scripts,
requiring redesign, and is less cost-efficient for complex, code-driven transformations.
Option C: Dataform uses SQLX for BigQuery ELT, not Spark. It’s unsuitable for pre-load
transformations of raw logs and doesn’t leverage Spark skills.
Option D: Dataproc runs Spark natively, allowing direct use of your team’s scripts. It scales for large
datasets (ephemeral clusters minimize cost) and integrates with Cloud Storage and BigQuery
seamlessly.
Why D is Best: Dataproc is Google’s managed Spark platform, ideal for large-scale, script-based
processing. For example, a script cleaning logs (e.g., parsing, deduplicating) runs as-is on a cluster,
writing results to BigQuery via the Spark BigQuery Connector. Cost is minimized with preemptible
VMs or auto-scaling clusters. It’s the most practical fit for your team’s expertise and requirements.
Extract from Google Documentation: From "Dataproc Overview"
(https://cloud.google.com/dataproc/docs): "Dataproc is a managed Spark and Hadoop service that
lets you run existing Spark scripts to process large-scale data from Cloud Storage, with cost-effective
scaling and integration to BigQuery for analysis."
Reference: Google Cloud Documentation - "Dataproc" (https://cloud.google.com/dataproc).

15.Your organization consists of two hundred employees on five different teams. The leadership team
is concerned that any employee can move or delete all Looker dashboards saved in the Shared
folder. You need to create an easy-to-manage solution that allows the five different teams in your
organization to view content in the Shared folder, but only be able to move or delete their team-
specific dashboard.
What should you do?
A. 1. Create Looker groups representing each of the five different teams, and add users to their
corresponding group.

16.Another team in your organization is requesting access to a BigQuery dataset. You need to share
the dataset with the team while minimizing the risk of unauthorized copying of data. You also want to
create a reusable framework in case you need to share this data with other teams in the future.
What should you do?
A. Create authorized views in the team’s Google Cloud project that is only accessible by the team.
B. Create a private exchange using Analytics Hub with data egress restriction, and grant access to
the team members.
C. Enable domain restricted sharing on the project. Grant the team members the BigQuery Data
Viewer IAM role on the dataset.
D. Export the dataset to a Cloud Storage bucket in the team’s Google Cloud project that is only
accessible by the team.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Using Analytics Hub to create a private exchange with data egress restrictions ensures controlled
sharing of the dataset while minimizing the risk of unauthorized copying. This approach allows you to
provide secure, managed access to the dataset without giving direct access to the raw data. The
egress restriction ensures that data cannot be exported or copied outside the designated boundaries.
Additionally, this solution provides a reusable framework that simplifies future data sharing with other
teams or projects while maintaining strict data governance.
Extract from Google Documentation: From "Analytics Hub Overview"
(https://cloud.google.com/analytics-hub/docs): "Analytics Hub enables secure, controlled data sharing
with private exchanges. Combine with organization policies like restrictDataEgress to prevent data
copying, providing a reusable framework for sharing BigQuery datasets across teams."
Reference: Google Cloud Documentation - "Analytics Hub" (https://cloud.google.com/analytics-hub).

17.You work for a financial organization that stores transaction data in BigQuery. Your organization
has a regulatory requirement to retain data for a minimum of seven years for auditing purposes. You
need to ensure that the data is retained for seven years using an efficient and cost-optimized
approach.
What should you do?
A. Create a partition by transaction date, and set the partition expiration policy to seven years.
B. Set the table-level retention policy in BigQuery to seven years.
C. Set the dataset-level retention policy in BigQuery to seven years.
D. Export the BigQuery tables to Cloud Storage daily, and enforce a lifecycle management policy that
has a seven-year retention rule.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Setting a table-level retention policy in BigQuery to seven years is the most efficient and cost-
optimized solution to meet the regulatory requirement. A table-level retention policy ensures that the
data cannot be deleted or overwritten before the specified retention period expires, providing
compliance with auditing requirements while keeping the data within BigQuery for easy access and
analysis. This approach avoids the complexity and additional costs of exporting data to Cloud
Storage.

18.You want to build a model to predict the likelihood of a customer clicking on an online
advertisement. You have historical data in BigQuery that includes features such as user
demographics, ad placement, and previous click behavior. After training the model, you want to
generate predictions on new data.
Which model type should you use in BigQuery ML?
A. Linear regression
B. Matrix factorization
C. Logistic regression
D. K-means clustering
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
Predicting the likelihood of a click (binary outcome: click or no-click) requires a classification model.
BigQuery ML supports this use case with logistic regression.
Option A: Linear regression predicts continuous values, not probabilities for binary outcomes.
Option B: Matrix factorization is for recommendation systems, not binary prediction.
Option C: Logistic regression predicts probabilities for binary classification (e.g., click likelihood), ideal
for this scenario and supported in BigQuery ML.
Option D: K-means clustering is for unsupervised grouping, not predictive modeling.
Extract from Google Documentation: From "BigQuery ML: Logistic Regression"
(https://cloud.google.com/bigquery-ml/docs/reference/standard-sql/bigqueryml-syntax-
create#logistic_reg): "Logistic regression models are used to predict the probability of a binary
outcome, such as whether an event will occur, making them suitable for classification tasks like click
prediction."
Reference: Google Cloud Documentation - "BigQuery ML Model Types"
(https://cloud.google.com/bigquery-ml/docs/introduction).

19.Your team needs to analyze large datasets stored in BigQuery to identify trends in user behavior.
The analysis will involve complex statistical calculations, Python packages, and visualizations. You
need to recommend a managed collaborative environment to develop and share the analysis.
What should you recommend?
A. Create a Colab Enterprise notebook and connect the notebook to BigQuery. Share the notebook
with your team. Analyze the data and generate visualizations in Colab Enterprise.
B. Create a statistical model by using BigQuery ML. Share the query with your team. Analyze the data
and generate visualizations in Looker Studio.
C. Create a Looker Studio dashboard and connect the dashboard to BigQuery. Share the dashboard
with your team. Analyze the data and generate visualizations in Looker Studio.
D. Connect Google Sheets to BigQuery by using Connected Sheets. Share the Google Sheet with
your
team. Analyze the data and generate visualizations in Gooqle Sheets.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Using a Colab Enterprise notebook connected to BigQuery provides a managed, collaborative
environment ideal for complex statistical calculations, Python packages, and visualizations. Colab
Enterprise supports Python libraries for advanced analytics and offers seamless integration with
BigQuery for querying large datasets. It allows teams to collaboratively develop and share analyses
while taking advantage of its visualization capabilities. This approach is particularly suitable for tasks
involving sophisticated computations and custom visualizations.

20. BigQuery

21.You are designing an application that will interact with several BigQuery datasets. You need to
grant the application’s service account permissions that allow it to query and update tables within the
datasets, and list all datasets in a project within your application. You want to follow the principle of
least privilege.
Which pre-defined IAM role(s) should you apply to the service account?
A. roles/bigquery.jobUser and roles/bigquery.dataOwner
B. roles/bigquery.connectionUser and roles/bigquery.dataViewer
C. roles/bigquery.admin
D. roles/bigquery.user and roles/bigquery.filteredDataViewer
Answer: A
Explanation:
roles/bigquery.jobUser:
This role allows a user or service account to run BigQuery jobs, including queries. This is necessary
for the application to interact with and query the tables.
From Google Cloud documentation: "BigQuery Job User can run BigQuery jobs, including queries,
load jobs, export jobs, and copy jobs."
roles/bigquery.dataOwner:
This role grants full control over BigQuery datasets and tables. It allows the service account to update
tables, which is a requirement of the application.
From Google Cloud documentation: "BigQuery Data Owner can create, delete, and modify BigQuery
datasets and tables. BigQuery Data Owner can also view data and run queries."
Why other options are incorrect:
B. roles/bigquery.connectionUser and roles/bigquery.dataViewer:
roles/bigquery.connectionUser is used for external connections, which is not required for this task.
roles/bigquery.dataViewer only allows viewing data, not updating it.
C. roles/bigquery.admin:
roles/bigquery.admin grants excessive permissions. Following the principle of least privilege, this role
is too broad.
D. roles/bigquery.user and roles/bigquery.filteredDataViewer:
roles/bigquery.user grants the ability to run queries, but not the ability to modify data.
roles/bigquery.filteredDataViewer only provides permission to view filtered data, which is not sufficient
for updating tables.
Principle of Least Privilege:
 The principle of least privilege is a security concept that states that a user or service account should
be granted only the permissions necessary to perform its intended tasks.
By assigning roles/bigquery.jobUser and roles/bigquery.dataOwner, we provide the application with
the exact permissions it needs without granting unnecessary access.
Google Cloud Documentation
Reference: BigQuery IAM roles: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/access-control-basic-roles
IAM best practices: https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/best-practices-for-using-iam

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