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Data Communication

The document outlines the fundamentals of data communication, including analog and digital communication systems, their components, and advantages. It discusses digital modulation, packet switching, error control, and detection methods, as well as types of data transmission nodes. Key concepts include the transition from analog to digital formats, the importance of error management, and the roles of various network devices.

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Fiza Ali
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11 views4 pages

Data Communication

The document outlines the fundamentals of data communication, including analog and digital communication systems, their components, and advantages. It discusses digital modulation, packet switching, error control, and detection methods, as well as types of data transmission nodes. Key concepts include the transition from analog to digital formats, the importance of error management, and the roles of various network devices.

Uploaded by

Fiza Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communication:

1. Analog Communication System


Analog communication is the process of transmitting continuous signals, where the information is
represented by variations in signal amplitude, frequency, or phase. It is commonly used in radio, television,
and telephone systems.

Components of an Analog Communication System

 Source: Generates the original analog signal (e.g., voice, video).


 Transmitter: Modulates the signal onto a carrier wave.
 Channel: The medium through which the signal travels (e.g., air, coaxial cable).
 Receiver: Demodulates and retrieves the original signal.
 Destination: The final output device (e.g., speaker, TV screen).

Network Diagram of an Analog Communication System

[Source] → [Transmitter] → [Channel] → [Receiver] → [Destination]

2. Digital Transmission
Digital transmission involves converting analog signals into digital format (binary 1s and 0s) and
transmitting them over communication channels. It offers better noise immunity and efficient bandwidth
utilization compared to analog transmission.

Advantages of Digital Transmission

 Higher noise immunity


 Better security and encryption
 Efficient use of bandwidth
 Easier error detection and correction

[Analog Signal] → [ADC] → [Transmitter] → [Channel] → [Receiver] → [DAC]


→ [Output]

(ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter, DAC: Digital-to-Analog Converter)

3. Digital Modulation System


Digital modulation is the process of encoding digital information onto an analog carrier wave. It allows
digital data to be transmitted over analog channels.

Types of Digital Modulation

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): Changes in amplitude represent digital data.


 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Frequency variations encode binary information.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK): Data is represented by shifts in phase.
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A combination of amplitude and phase variations.

Network Diagram of a Digital Modulation System [Digital Data] → [Modulator] →


[Channel] → [Demodulator] → [Output Data]

4. Packet Switching
Packet switching is a method used in digital networks where data is broken into packets, transmitted
independently, and reassembled at the destination. It is widely used in the internet and computer networks.

Types of Packet Switching

 Datagram Packet Switching: Each packet is treated independently and may take different paths.
 Virtual Circuit Packet Switching: A pre-determined path is established before transmission.

Advantages of Packet Switching

 Efficient bandwidth usage


 Faster transmission speeds
 Reduced network congestion
 Supports multiple users

Network Diagram of Packet Switching

[Source] → [Packetization] → [Switching Network] → [Reassembly] →


[Destination]

Data Communication

Data communication involves the exchange of digital data between devices through a transmission
medium. However, errors can occur due to noise, interference, or signal distortion. To ensure
accurate data transfer, error detection and correction techniques are used.

1.Error Control
Error control is a method of detecting and correcting errors in data communication. It ensures that the
received data is accurate and reliable. There are two primary types of error control:

i) Error Detection

Error detection identifies errors in the transmitted data but does not correct them. The receiver requests
retransmission if an error is found.

ii) Error Correction

Error correction detects and fixes errors without retransmission. This is used in situations where
retransmission is not feasible, such as satellite communication.
Error Control Techniques

 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ): Requests retransmission when an error is detected.


o Stop-and-Wait ARQ: Sends one frame and waits for acknowledgment before sending the
next.
o Go-Back-N ARQ: Sends multiple frames but retransmits from the erroneous frame if an
error occurs.
o Selective Repeat ARQ: Only retransmits erroneous frames.
 Forward Error Correction (FEC): The sender adds extra bits to help the receiver detect and
correct errors without retransmission.

2. Error Detection
Error detection is the process of identifying whether data has been altered during transmission.

Types of Error Detection Methods

i) Parity Check (Single-Bit Parity)

A single bit (parity bit) is added to the data to make the total number of 1s either even or odd.

 Even Parity: The number of 1s in the data + parity bit is even.


 Odd Parity: The number of 1s in the data + parity bit is odd.

Formula:
For an 8-bit data word, the parity bit is:

Parity bit=XOR of all data bits\text{Parity bit} = \text{XOR of all data bits}Parity bit=XOR of all data bits

Example:
Data: 1011001 (7 bits)
Even parity bit: 1 (so total 1s = 4, which is even)
Transmitted data: 10110011

ii) Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

CRC is a more robust error detection method that uses polynomial division. A sequence of
redundant bits (CRC checksum) is appended to the data.

Formula:

Transmitted Code=Data bits+CRC


CRC remainder=Binary division of (data × generator polynomial) Example:
If the generator polynomial is 1101 and data is 1011, the CRC remainder is computed using
modulo-2 division.

iii) Checksum
The checksum method adds all data segments and sends the sum as an extra value. The receiver
performs the same sum and compares it with the transmitted checksum.

Formula:

Checksum=Complement of sum of all data words

Data words: 1010, 1100


Sum: 1010 + 1100 = 10110
Complement: 01001 (transmitted as checksum)

3. Data Transmission Nodes


A data transmission node is any device that helps transmit, route, or process data in a network.

Types of Data Transmission Nodes

1. End Nodes (Hosts)


o Devices that generate and consume data (e.g., computers, phones, servers).
2. Intermediary Nodes
o Devices that facilitate data transfer between source and destination.
o Examples:
 Switches: Connect multiple devices within a network.
 Routers: Direct data packets between different networks.
 Gateways: Convert data formats between incompatible networks.
 Repeaters: Amplify weak signals in long-distance communication.
3. Network Backbone Nodes
o High-capacity devices that handle massive data traffic.
o Found in ISPs and large-scale communication networks.

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