Microprocessor &

Microcontroller
EEE 371
SPRING 23
LECTURE 1
 Microprocessor

► Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is
called a microprocessor.
► It is a programmable, multipurpose, clock -driven, register-based electronic device
that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as
input and processes data according to those instructions and provides results as output.
► The microprocessor contains millions of tiny components like transistors, registers, and
diodes that work together.
 Microprocessor Block Diagram

A microprocessor consists of an ALU, control unit and register array. Where ALU performs
arithmetic and logical operations on the data received from an input device or memory. Control
unit controls the instructions and flow of data within the computer. And, register array
consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L, and accumulator.
 How Does a Microprocessor Works?

► A microprocessor accepts binary data as input, processes that data, and then provides
output based on the instructions stored in the memory. The data is processed using the
microprocessor's ALU (arithmetical and logical unit), control unit, and a register array.
The register array processes the data via a number of registers that act as temporary fast
access memory locations. The flow of instructions and data through the system is
managed by the control unit.
Types of Microprocessors
 RISC Processor

► RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer.

► It is designed to reduce the execution time by simplifying the instruction set of the
computer.
► Using RISC processors, each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute results
in uniform execution time. This reduces the efficiency as there are more lines of code,
hence more RAM is needed to store the instructions.
► The compiler also has to work more to convert high-level language instructions into
machine code.
► Example: Power PC: 601, 604, 615, 620, DEC Alpha: 210642, 211066, 21068, 21164,
MIPS: TS (R10000) RISC Processor, PA-RISC: HP 7100LC
Architecture if RISC
Characteristics of RISC

► It consists of simple instructions.

► It supports various data-type formats.
► It utilizes simple addressing modes and fixed length instructions for pipelining.
► It supports register to use in any context.
► One cycle execution time.
► “LOAD” and “STORE” instructions are used to access the memory location.
► It consists of larger number of registers.
► It consists of less number of transistors.
 CISC Processor

► CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.

► It is designed to minimize the number of instructions per program, ignoring the number of
cycles per instruction. The emphasis is on building complex instructions directly into the
hardware.
► The compiler has to do very little work to translate a high-level language into assembly
level language/machine code because the length of the code is relatively short, so very
little RAM is required to store the instructions.
► Example-IBM 370/168, VAX 11/780, Intel 80486, Intel 8085 and 8086
Architecture of CISC
 Characteristics of CISC

► Variety of addressing modes.

► Larger number of instructions.
► Variable length of instruction formats.
► Several cycles may be required to execute one instruction.
► Instruction-decoding logic is complex.
► One instruction is required to support multiple addressing modes.
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 4004:
► The Intel 4004 was released by Intel Corporation in 1971 and was the first
commercially available microprocessor.
► The 4004 was a 4-bit CPU, designed for use in the Busicom 141-PF printing
calculator
► The chip, which is clocked at 740 KHz, employs a 10µm process silicon-gate,
capable of executing 92,000 instructions per second.
► The chip was capable of accessing 4KB of program memory and 640 bytes of RAM.
► It employed a 10 µm process silicon-gate enhancement load pMOS technology
► The 4004-instruction set consists of only 46 instructions: 41 were 8 bits wide and 5
were 16 bits wide.
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 8008:
► Introduced in April 1972, The Intel 8008 was the world’s first 8-bit programmable
microprocessor.
► It featured 50 percent more transistors, eight times the clock speed and was capable of
data/character manipulation where the 4004 could only handle arithmetic.
► 8008, which was part of the MCS-8, operated at 500 kHZ, had 8-bit data words, and
could address 16KB of memory.
► 8008 has seven levels of call stack, seven registers, and 48 instructions.
► 8008 has seven levels of call stack, seven registers, and 48 instructions.
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 8080:
► It was released in April of 1974. It is a 8 bit processor
► Maximum memory size on the Intel 8080 was increased from 16 KB to 64 KB.
► The number of I/O ports was increased to 256.
► It is made up using Intel’s N-channel silicon gate MOS process.
► the 8080 is largely credited with starting the microcomputer industry.
► 2 microseconds clock cycle time
► Drawback was that it needed three power supplies.
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 8085:
► Year of introduction 1975
► 8-bit microprocessor-upgraded
► 64 KB main memory
► 1.3 microseconds clock cycle time
► 246 instructions
► uses only one +5v power supply.
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 8086/8088:
► Year of introduction 1978 for 8086 and 1979 for 8088
► 16-bit microprocessors
► Data bus width of 8086 is 16 bit and 8 bit for 8088
► 1 MB main memory
► 400 nanoseconds clock cycle time
► 6 byte instruction cache for 8086 and 4 byte for 8088
► In 1981 IBM decided to use 8088 in its personal computer
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 80186:
► Year of introduction 1982
► 16-bit microprocessor-upgraded
► 1 MB main memory
► Never used in the PC
► But was ideal for systems that required a minimum of hardware
► Contained special hardware like programmable counters, interrupt controller etc.
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 80286:
► Year of introduction 1983
► 16-bit high performance microprocessor with memory management &
protection
► 16 MB main memory
► Few additional instructions to handle extra 15 MB
► Instruction execution time is as little as 250 ns
► Concentrates on the features needed to implement Multitasking
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 80386:
► Year of introduction 1986
► Intel’s first practical 32-bit microprocessor
► 4 GB main memory
► Improvements include page handling in virtual environment
► Includes hardware circuitry for memory management and memory assignment
► Memory paging and enhanced I/O permissions
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Intel 80486:
► Year of introduction 1989
► 32-bit high performance microprocessor
► 4 GB main memory
► Incorporates 80387-like floating point coprocessor and 8 K byte cache on one
package
► About half of the instructions executed in 1 clock instead of 2 on the 80386
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Pentium:
► Year of introduction 1993
► 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus
► 4 GB main memory
► Double clocked 120 and 133MHz versions
► Fastest version is the 233MHz, Dual integer processor
► 16 KB L1 cache (split instruction and data: 8 KB each)
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Pentium Pro:
► Year of introduction 1995
► 32-bit microprocessor, formerly code-named P6
► 64 GB main memory, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
► 16 KB L1 cache (split instruction/data: 8 KB each)
► Intel launched this processor for the server market
► 256 KB L2 cache
► Uses three execution engines
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Pentium II:
► Year of introduction 1997
► 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
► 64 GB main memory
► 32 KB split instruction/data L1 caches (16 KB each)
► Module integrated 512KB L2 cache (133MHz)
► A version of P2 called Xeon; specifically designed for high-end applications
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Pentium III:
► Year of introduction 1999
► 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
► 64 GB main memory
► Dual Independent Bus (simultaneous L2 and system memory access)
► On-chip 256 KB L2 cache
► P3 was available in clock frequencies of up to 1 GHz.
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Pentium IV:
► Year of introduction 2002
► 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
► 64 GB main memory
► 1.4 to 1.9 GHz and the latest at 3.20 GHz and 3.46GHz (Hyper-Threading)
► 1MB/512KB/256KB L2 cache
► Specialized for streaming video, game and DVD applications
New Generation Intel Microprocessors
 Core and Generations

Core:
► core is a small CPU or processor built into a big CPU or CPU socket
► It can independently perform or process all computational tasks.
Generations:
► The generation of the processor is the first number after i9, i7, i5, or i3.
Here are some examples: Intel® Core™ Processor i7-13700K Processor is
13th generation
► Instead of changing the processor altogether Intel prefers to make small
changes in their processors to cope up with other up-to-date processors in the
market, so they name it as gen 2, gen 3
Comparison Between i3, i5 & i7 processors