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Lecture 4 (Introduction To Assembly)

The document provides an overview of assembly language programming for the 8086 CPU, detailing the differences between machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It covers syntax, including the structure of statements, operation fields, operand fields, and comment fields, as well as the definition of data types and variables. Additionally, it explains various instructions and assembler directives used in assembly programming, emphasizing the machine-specific nature of assembly language and the role of the assembler in translating code into machine language.

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22 views24 pages

Lecture 4 (Introduction To Assembly)

The document provides an overview of assembly language programming for the 8086 CPU, detailing the differences between machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It covers syntax, including the structure of statements, operation fields, operand fields, and comment fields, as well as the definition of data types and variables. Additionally, it explains various instructions and assembler directives used in assembly programming, emphasizing the machine-specific nature of assembly language and the role of the assembler in translating code into machine language.

Uploaded by

manzoormurshedctg
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ASSEMBLY for 8086

Reference: Yu/Marut
Chapter: 1,
Types of Programming Language
• Machine Language:
It contains bit strings. A CPU can only execute machine
language instructions.
• Assembly Language:
It uses symbolic names to represent operations,
registers, and memory locations.
A program written in assembly language must be
converted to machine language before the CPU can
execute it. Assembler translates assembly language
statements into machine language instructions.
• High-Level Language:
It is more like natural language text than assembly
language. Compiler translates high-level language
into machine language instructions.
Assembly vs. HLL
Advantages of HLL Advantages of Assembly
• Easier to write • Closer to Machine code
• Easier to • Access to specific
understand memory location
• Requires fewer • Helps understand how
statements computer actually
• Better control works
• Doesn’t depend on
particular machine
Remember
• ASSEMBLY language program is machine
specific
• ASSEMBLER converts it into machine
code
• Not case-sensitive
Syntax
• Each line of an ASSEMBLY program
contains a statement
• A statement can either be an instruction
or an assembler directive
• Instruction: MOV, SHL, JMP etc
• Assembler Directive: ORG, ASSUME,
END, PROC etc (Pseudo Op-Code)
Syntax
General syntax for a statement is
Name: Instruction Operand(s) ; Comment

Example:
MYLABEL : MOV AX,BX ; move the
contents of BX into AX
Name Field
• Used for instruction labels, procedure
names and variable names
• Assembler translates names into memory
addresses.
• 1 to 31 characters long
• Can contain letters, digits and following
special characters
. ? _ @ $ %
• Period(.) is used at the beginning only
• Blanks are not allowed
• Names may not begin with a digit
Name Field
Examples of legal names: Examples of illegal names:

COUNTER1 TWO WORDS


@character
2abc
SUM_OF_DIGITS
A45.28
$1000
YOU&ME
DONE?
Can you tell why each of
.TEST these is illegal?
Operation Field
• For an instruction, the operation field contains a
symbolic operation code (opcode). The
assembler translates opcode into machine
language code. Opcode symbols describe the
operation’s function; for example: MOV, ADD,
SUB.
• In an assembler directive, the operation field
contains a pseudo-opcode. Pseudo-ops are not
translated into machine code, they simply tell
the assembler to do something. For example:
PROC pseudo-op is used to create a procedure.
Operand Field
• The operand field specifies the data that are to be
acted on by the operation.
• Operand: There can be 1,2 or no operand at all. For
two operands, generally, the format is:
Destination, Source
One of the operands can be a data.
• Example:
NOP no operands; does nothing
INC AX one operand; adds 1 to the contents of AX

ADD WORD1, 2 two operands; adds 2 to the contents of memory


word WORD1
Comment Field
• The comment field is used to say something about
what a statement does.
• Comment : Anything after (;)
• The assembler ignores anything typed after the
semicolon.
• An entire line can be made as a comment to create
space in program.
• Example:
;
; initialize registers
;
MOV AX, 0
MOV BX, 0
Program Data
• The processor operates only on binary data. The
assembler translates all data representation into
binary numbers.
• In an assembly program we may express data as
binary, decimal, hex numbers, or as characters.

Numbers:
• Binary: Bit string followed by “B” or “b”. For
example: 1010B, 1000b.
• Decimal: String of decimal digits. May or may not end
with “D” or “d”. For example: 1500, 3500D, 5000d.
• Hex: Must begin with a decimal digit and end with
“H” or “h”. For example: 0ABCH, 58B0h.
Legal & Illegal Numbers
Number Type
11011 Decimal
11011B binary
64223 decimal
-21843D decimal
1,234 Illegal; contains a non-digit character
1B4DH hex
1B4D Illegal hex number, doesn’t end in H
FFFFH Illegal hex number, doesn’t begin with a decimal digit
0FFFFH hex
Characters
• Characters & character strings must be enclosed in
single or double quotes; for example: “A” or ‘hello’.
• Characters are translated into their ASCII codes by
assembler. For example, the ASCII code for “A” is 41 h.
Data-defining Pseudo-ops:
Pseudo-op Stands for
DB Define byte
DW Define word
DD Define doubleword (two consecutive
words)
DQ Define quadword (four consecutive words)

DT Define tenbytes (ten consecutive bytes)


Syntax
• Hex number cant start with an alphabet
• +/- sign is allowed
• String or character is allowed as data

CORRECT
MOV AX, ‘ABCD’
MOV AX,0ABCDH

INCORRECT
MOV AX, ABCD
MOV AX, ABCDH
Variables
Byte 8 bits DB
Word 16 bits DW
Double Word 32 bits DD
Quad Word 64 bits DQ
Ten Bytes 80 bits DT

MYBYTE DB 15

MYWORD DW ?

MYARRAY DB 4,5,6,?,?,?

MYSTRING DB ‘abrakadabra’
Named Constant
• To make assembly code easier to understand, a
symbolic name may be given for a constant quantity.
For this, EQU pseudo-op is used.
Name EQU constant
MYCONSTANT EQU 5

• Constant can be a string as well. Example:


MSG DB ‘TYPE YOUR NAME’
Can be replaced with:
PROMPT EQU ‘TYPE YOUR NAME’
MSG DB PROMPT

• No memory is allocated for EQU names.


MOV
MOV destination, source
Source Destination Operand
Operand General Segment Memory Constant
Register Register Location
General X
Register
Segment X X
Register
Memory X X
Location
Constant X X
-no change in flag
Example:
MOV AX, WORD1; MOV AX,BX; MOV AH, ‘A’
XCHG
XCHG destination, source

Source Destination
Operand Operand
General Memory
Register Location
General
Register
Memory X
Location

-no change in flag


Example: XCHG AH, BL ; XCHG AX, WORD1
ADD/SUB
ADD destination, source
Source Destination
Operand Operand
General Memory
Register Location
General
Register
Memory X
Location
Constant
-all flags are updated
Example: ADD AH, BL ; SUB AX, WORD1 ; ADD BL, 5
INC/DEC
• Single operand instruction
• INC destination, DEC destination
• Destination is either a register or a
memory location.
• Updates all flags but CF

INC AX ; ax++
DEC MYBYTE; mybyte - -
NEG
• Single operand instruction
• NEG destination
• Destination is either a register or a memory
location.
• Replaces the contents by 2’s complement.
• Updates all flags
CF=1 unless result is 0
OF=1 if word destination is 8000h or byte
destination is 80h
• NEG AX
Type Agreement of Operands
• The operands of preceding two-operand
instructions must be of the same type;
both bytes or both words.

MOV AX, MYBYTE ; illegal

MOV AH, ‘A’ ; ah=41H


MOV AX, ‘A’ ; ax =0041H
ORG
• ORG stands for origin
• Assembler directive
• Displacement from the start of a segment

ORG 1000H
ORG $+1000H

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