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Introduction to SQL

The document provides an introduction to SQL, detailing its historical development from E. F. Codd's relational database concept in the 1970s to the establishment of ANSI SQL standards. It explains the components of SQL, including Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and Data Control Language (DCL), along with examples of SQL queries and database structures. Additionally, it covers concepts such as keys, foreign keys, and joins in SQL.

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3 views

Introduction to SQL

The document provides an introduction to SQL, detailing its historical development from E. F. Codd's relational database concept in the 1970s to the establishment of ANSI SQL standards. It explains the components of SQL, including Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and Data Control Language (DCL), along with examples of SQL queries and database structures. Additionally, it covers concepts such as keys, foreign keys, and joins in SQL.

Uploaded by

riyaldeenrifathahamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to SQL

K L J Lasantha
M.Sc. (Comp. Sc.), MCSSL
History of SQL

• 1970–E. F. Codd develops relational database concept


• 1974-1979–System R with Sequel (later SQL) created at IBM
Research Lab
• 1979–Oracle markets first relational DB with SQL
• 1981 – SQL/DS first available RDBMS system on DOS/VSE
• Others followed: INGRES (1981), IDM (1982), DG/SGL (1984),
Sybase (1986)
• 1986–ANSI SQL standard released
• 1989, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008–Major ANSI standard
updates
• Current–SQL is supported by most major database vendor
SQL Environment
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Commands that define a database, including
creating, altering, and dropping tables and
establishing constraints
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Commands that maintain and query a
database
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Commands that control a database, including
administering privileges and committing data
DDL, DML,
DCL, and the
database
development
process
Attribute names
Tables in SQL Table name

Product
PName Price Category Manufacturer

Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks


Tuples or rows
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon

MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi


Tables Explained

• The schema of a table is the table name and its


attributes:
Product(PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)

• A key is an attribute whose values are unique;


we underline a key

Product(PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)


Simple SQL Query

Product
PName Price Category Manufacturer
Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon

SELECT *
MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi
FROM Product
WHERE Category=‘Gadgets’

PName Price Category Manufacturer


Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
“selection”
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Simple SQL Query

Product PName Price Category Manufacturer


Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon
SELECT PName, Price, Manufacturer MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi
FROM Product
WHERE Price > 100

PName Price Manufacturer


“selection” and
SingleTouch $149.99 Canon
“projection”
MultiTouch $203.99 Hitachi
SELECT *
The LIKE FROM Products
operator WHERE PName LIKE ‘%gizmo%’

• s LIKE p: pattern matching on strings


• p may contain two special symbols:
• % = any sequence of characters
(* is used in some DBMS)
• _ = any single character
(? is used in some DBMS)
Eliminating Duplicates
Category

SELECT DISTINCT Category Gadgets


Photography

FROM Product Household

Compare to:

Category

SELECT Category Gadgets


Gadgets

FROM Product Photography


Household
SELECT PName, Price, Manufacturer
Ordering the
Results FROM Product
WHERE Category=‘gizmo’ AND Price > 50
ORDER BY Price, PName

PName Price Category Manufacturer


Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon
MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi

Ordering is ascending, unless you specify the DESC keyword.


Keys and Foreign Keys
Company CName StockPrice Country
Primary Key GizmoWorks 25 USA

Canon 65 Japan
Foreign
Hitachi 15 Japan key

PName Price Category Manufacturer


Product Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon
MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi
Joins
Product (PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)
Company (CName, StockPrice, Country)

Find all products under $200 manufactured in Japan;


return their names and prices.
Join
between Product
and Company

SELECT PName, Price


FROM Product, Company
WHERE Manufacturer=CName AND Country=‘Japan’
AND Price <= 200
Q&A
Thank you

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