Singnal and System

Network Analysis

Network Analysis
K-Notes
Type 1 – Network Elements ................................................................................................... 2
Type 2 – Kirchhoff’s Laws ....................................................................................................... 7
Type 3 – Nodal and Mesh Analysis.................................................................................... 10
Type 4 – Power, Energy Calculation and Duality ........................................................ 14
Type 5 – Thevenin’s and Norton Theorem ..................................................................... 19
Type 6 – Maximum Power Transfer ................................................................................. 23
Type 7 – Other Theorems..................................................................................................... 26
Type 8 – First Order Circuits ............................................................................................... 28
Type 9 – Second Order Circuits ......................................................................................... 32
Type 10 – Laplace Transform Method.............................................................................. 35
Type 11 – AC Circuit analysis ................................................................................................ 38
Type 12 – Phasor ...................................................................................................................... 41
Type 13 – Resonance .............................................................................................................. 44
Type 14 – Two Port Network ............................................................................................... 47
Type 15 – Graph Theory (EE) ................................................................................................ 52
Type 16 – Three Phase Circuit (EE) .................................................................................... 55

Solution ........................................................................................................................................ 59

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 Network Analysis

Kuestions

Type 1 – Network Elements

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Network Elements

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

While calculating any current or voltage please check the required direction or polarity respectively as the magnitude
of your answer may be correct but sign may be opposite.

Sample Problem
The circuit shown in the figure represents a
(A) Voltage controlled voltage source
(B) Voltage controlled current source
(C) Current controlled current source
(D) Current controlled voltage source
Solution: (C) is correct option

Since the dependent source has a factor of input current I, in it hence it is a current controlled and output of the circuit is
voltage so it is a current controlled voltage source

Sample Problem

The voltage and current waveforms for an element are shown in figure. The circuit element is …. And its value is …..

Solution: Inductor, 2H
The current and voltage waveforms are shown below,

For 0  t  2s
l ( t ) = t and V ( t ) = 2Volts

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 Network Analysis

dl ( t )
()
So, V t = 2
dt
dl ( t )
Comparing with V t = L () dt
So the element is an Inductor and its value is 2H.

Problems

01. For the given circuit C = 2F , R = 2

The voltage function is shown below

The current i(t) for 0  t  1 is __________________ (A)

() ( )( ) (
02. If V t = 2cos 10t 1 + 2cos5t V , then the rms value of V t + 3 is() )
(A) 3 3V (B) 3 2V
(C) 3V (D) 4V

03. Which of the following graphs, represents an ACTIVE element.

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

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 Network Analysis

04. Determine the resistance (ohm) across the terminals ‘ab’ of the interconnected resistors of figure.

(A) 2.2 (B) 1.1

(C) 4.4 (D) 0.1

05. A 40F capacitor is connected in parallel with a 60F capacitor and across a time- varying voltage source. At a certain
instant, the total current supplied by the source is 10 A. Determine the instantaneous currents through 40F and 60F
capacitors respectively.

(A) 4A, 4A (B) 4A, 6A

(C) 6A, 6A (D) 6A, 4A

06. A dependent voltage source is shown in figure. For the data given determine the power supplied by the 12 V-source and
that by the 3I-dependent voltage source.

(A) 12W, -3W (B) 12W, 3W

(C) -12W, -3W (D) -3W, 12W

07. A three-wire dc line supplying a resistive bank of loads is shown in figure. If the voltage between the terminals a and c
is 240 V, determine the voltage between a and b ____V

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 Network Analysis

08. In the circuit shown below, if the current through the resistor R is zero, what is the value of I?

(A) 1 A

(B) 2 A

(C) 3 A

(D) 4 A

09. A current i(t) as shown in the fig. is passed through a capacitor. The charge (in micro – coulomb) acquired by the capacitor
till 6 s is

(A) 7.5

(B) 13.5

(C) 14.5

(D) 19.5

10. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit shown at the terminals A-B.

(A) 15 KΩ

(B) 5 KΩ

(C) 10 KΩ

(D) 8 KΩ

11. The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the given circuit is

(A) 50 Ω

(B) 100 Ω

(C) 5 kΩ

(D) 10.1 kΩ

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 Network Analysis

12. The value of the input resistance, Ri in the circuit shown in Fig. is

(A) 2

(B) 12 

(C) 22 

(D) None

13. For the circuit shown below, the effective resistance faced by the voltage source is____________  .

(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4

14. Find charge in the C1

(A) 2025 µC

(B) 1012.5 µC

(C) 506.25 µC

(D) None

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 Network Analysis

Type 2 – Kirchhoff’s Laws

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Network Elements

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

While calculating any current or voltage please check the required direction or polarity respectively as the magnitude
of your answer may be correct but sign may be opposite.

Sample Problem

In the circuit shown in the figure, the value of the current i will be given by

(A) 0.31 A

(B) 1.25 A

(C) 1.75 A

(D) 2.5 A

Solution: (B) is correct option

The relevant circuit is
Vab = 2.5 − i
Apply KVL in second loop
4Vab = 4i  Vab = i
 2i = 2.5
i = 1.25 A

Problems

01. If a resistance ‘R’ of 1 is connected across the terminals AB as shown in the given fig., then the current flowing through
R will be

(A) 1 A

(B) 0.5 A

(C) 0.25 A

(D) 0.125 A

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 Network Analysis

02. In the circuit shown below, voltage V is ___________ V.

x
(A) 456.5 V

(B) 397.4 V

(C) 326.9 V

(D) 236.5 V

03. Consider the network diagram

The value of V1 is ___________________ (V)

04. Consider the following circuit:

What is the value of current I in the 5 resistor?

(A) 0 A

(B) 2 A

(C) 3 A

(D) 4 AS

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 Network Analysis

05. Find the value of R(ohm) in the given circuit diagram, such that the power supplied by the 100-V source to the network
is the same as the power supplied by the 5-A source.

06. Find the current I1 (A) shown in the network

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 Network Analysis

Type 3 – Nodal and Mesh Analysis

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Network Elements

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

• Reference node is one which is connected to the maximum number of voltage sources or which has the largest
number of elements connected to it.
• A mesh is defined as a loop which does not contain any other loops.

Sample Problem

In the figure shown, the current i (in ampere) is ____.

Solution: -1
Applying Nodal analysis at Node V1
V1 V1 − 8 V1 V1 − 8
+ + + =0
1 1 1 1
4V1 = 16
V1 = 4
Now applying KCL at Node N1

V1 − 8
+ I1 = 1
1
4 − 8 + I1 = 1
I1 = 5A
Now applying KCL at Node N2

V1
= I1 + I
1
4 =5+I
I = −1A

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 Network Analysis

Sample Problem

Solve the circuit shown in figure using the mesh method of analysis and determine the mesh currents I1 ,I2 and I3 . Evaluate
the power developed in the 10V voltage source.

Solution: 30
The given circuit with mesh currents is shown below,

Applying mesh analysis,

There is an independent current source between two loops (meshes). So, we have to apply KVL in the “super mesh”.
Applying KVL in loop 1 & 3 (super mesh)

( ) (
−12 + 4 I − I + 6 I − I + 10 = 0
1 2 3 2 )
4I − 10I + 6I = 2 -----------------(1)
1 2 3
In 2A current source,
−I + I = 2 -----------------(2)
1 3
KVL in loop 2

( ) (
2I − 2 + 6 I − I + 4 I − I = 0
2 2 3 2 1 )
−4I + 12I − 6I = 2 -----------------(3)
1 2 3
Solving equation 1, 2 and 3
I = 1A, I = 2A, I = 3A
1 2 3
Power developed in 10V voltage source = I  10 = 3  10 = 30W
3
Since current I is flowing in the direction of voltage drop, so voltage source is absorbing 30W power.
3

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 Network Analysis

Problems

01. Consider below circuit, voltage at node A is ___________ V.

02. Determine the value of Vx , I x in the circuit given.

(A) Vx = 4V, I x = 0

(B) Vx = 2V, I x = −4A

(C) Vx = −4V, I x = 4A

(D) Vx = −3.5V, I x = −1.5A

03. Consider the following network

The value of I x is
(A) – 2A

(B) 2 A

(C) 4 A

(D) – 4 A

04. For the circuit shown below, if the voltage (V) across the current source of 5A is 25V, then the value of ‘R’ is

(A) 1Ω

(B) 2Ω

(C) 3Ω

(D) 4Ω

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 Network Analysis

05. Determine I for the given circuit diagram __A.

06. Determine the current I(A) supplied by the battery to the resistive network shown in figure

07. Find the current (A) in the 5 −  resistor and equivalent resistance across 5 −  of the circuit shown in figure.

(A) 15A, 10ohm

(B) 1.5A, 10ohm

(C) 10A, 15ohm

(D) 2.5A, 15ohm

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 Network Analysis

Type 4 – Power, Energy Calculation and Duality

For Concept, refer to Network Theory K-Notes, Network Elements

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

• If current is entering in the source then source absorbs the power and if current is leaving the source then source
delivers the power.
• If the direction of the voltage source and clock wise mesh current in the network is same in the original network,
then orientation of the current source in the dual network is towards the node which is enclosed by the said mesh
current in original network and vice versa.

Sample Problem

In the circuit shown, the power supplied by the voltage source is

(A) 0W

(B) 5W
(C) 10W

(D) 100W

Solution: (A) is correct option

Applying Nodal analysis a Node N3
1 + 2 = I1
I1 = 3A
Applying Nodal analysis Node N1
I + 3 = I2
Applying KVL in outer loop we get,
10 = I2  2 + I3  2
10 = ( I + 3 )  2 + ( I + 2 )  2
10 = 2I + 6 + 2I + 4
I=0
Hence power supplied by the voltage source is 0 W

Sample Problem

Figure shows the waveform of the current passing through an inductor of resistance 1 and inductance 2 H. The energy
absorbed by the inductor in the first four seconds is?
(A) 144 J
(B) 98 J

(C) 132 J

(D) 168 J

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 Network Analysis

Solution: (C) is correct option

By analyzing current time graph
3t; For 0  t  2sec
i(t) = 
6; For 2sec  t  4 sec
4
 di 

Energy stored in inductance =  L
0
 i  dt
dt 
2 4 2 2
 t2 
E =  ( 2  3  3t ) dt +  ( 2  0  6 ) dt = 18  tdt + 0 = 18   = 36J
0 2 0  2 0
1 2 1 1
This could have directly been found by, E =
2 2 2
(
LI ( t = 4 ) − LI2 ( t = 0 ) =  2  62 − 02 = 36J )
4 2 4 2
 t3 
 ()  (3t )  1dt   ( 6 )  1dt = 9   + 36  4 − 2
2 2
Energy dissipated in resistance = i t Rdt =
2

0 0 2  3 0
E = 24 + 72 = 96J
Total energy absorbed by inductor = 36J + 96J = 132J

Problems

01. In the circuit shown in the given figure, power dissipated in the 5  resistor is

(A) Zero

(B) 80W

(C) 125 W

(D) 405 W

02. The total electrical power consumed by the circuit is

(A) 15W

(B) 75W

(C) 105W

(D) 90W

03. In the circuit shown in Fig., the total energy stored in both capacitor and inductor is

(A) 10 J

(B) 11.5 J

(C) 12 J

(D) 10.5J

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 Network Analysis

04. Consider the network shown in figure. The current source shown in figure.

(A) Absorbs 6W

(B) Delivers 6W

(C) Absorbs 12W

(D) Delivers 12W

05. If current flowing through the capacitor is u(t + 2) – u(t – 2) then charge in capacitor at t = 0+ and energy in capacitor at
t = 4 sec respectively.

(A) 2C, 4J

(B) 4C, 8J

(C) 2C, 8J
(D) 8C, 16J

06. For the networks shown in figure (a) and (b) to be duals, it is necessary that R’, L’ and C’ are respectively equal to

1 1 1 1
(A) ,C&L (B) , &
R R L C
1
(C) R, & C (D) R,L and C
L

07. Find the total power (W) supplied by the sources of the circuit shown in figure

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 Network Analysis

08. For the circuit of figure, find the value of R (>1) such that it absorbs 5W of power.

09. Find the power absorbed by the network shown.

(A) 45 mA

(B) 63 mA

(C) 59 mA

(D) 67 mA

10. Fig., shows the waveform of the current passing through an inductor of resistance 1  and inductance 2 H. The energy
absorbed and stored by the inductor in the first three seconds is respectively.

(A) 72 J & 72 J

(B) 96 J & 36 J

(C) 96 J & 72 J

(D) 36 J & 72 J

11. Figure shows a waveform of a voltage across a 10 resistor. The energy delivered to the resistor for 0 to 5 sec is

(A) 0.11J

(B) 0.22J

(C) 0.19J

(D) 0.36J

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 Network Analysis

12. Find the average power dissipated by the 2-Ω resistor in the circuit shown below

(A) 630.4 W

(B) 210.1 W

(C) 70 W

(D) 35 W

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 Network Analysis

Type 5 – Thevenin’s and Norton Theorem

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Circuit Theorems

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

When circuit contains only dependent source then to find out equivalent resistance, connect a test voltage source
1
with voltage 1V and current I, across the terminal where we have to find equivalent resistance and R th = .
I

Sample Problem

For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s resistance and Thevenin’s voltage across the terminals A and B is

(A) 0.5kΩ and 0.25V (B) 0.2kΩ and 0.5V

(C) 1.0kΩ and 1.25V (D) 0.11kΩ and 1V
Solution: (B) is correct option

To obtain equivalent Thevenin’s circuit, put a test source between terminals AB

By applying KCL at super node

Vp − 5 VpVs
+ = Is
+
2 2 1
Vp − 5 + Vp + 2Vs = 2Is

Vp + Vs = Is + 2.5

And Vp − Vs = 3Vs  Vp = 4Vs

So, 4Vs + Vs = Is + 2.5

Vs = 0.2I s + 0.5

For Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

Vs = IsRth + Vth

By comparing

R th = 0.2k
Vth = 0.5V

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 Network Analysis

Sample Problem

In the circuit shown, the Norton equivalent resistance (in Ω) across terminals a-b is _______.

Solution: 1.33
To find Norton’s equivalent resistance
As there is no independent source is present, we have to apply I V D.C source across terminal a & b

1
I=
4
1 1 1
IN = + +1− 4
4 2 4
3
IN = A
4
1 4
Norton equivalent resistance = = 
IN 3

Problems

01. In the circuit shown, the Thevenin’s equivalent across A, B is

(A) 2V, 1 (B) 5V, 1

(C) 2V, 0.5 (D) Not possible

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 Network Analysis

02. The Norton’s equivalent at the terminals 1 – 11 of the network shown in fig is

(A) 2A,2

(B) 4A,4

(C) 2A,1

(D) 2A,4

03. In the following circuit equivalent Thevenin resistance between nodes a and b is RTh = 3 Ω. The value of α is_____

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 5

04. Consider the network shown below with the following data.

RL Pabsorbed

3 12W

8 8W

The Norton’s equivalent of the above network is

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

05. For the circuit shown, the Thevenin’s equivalent across R would be

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 Network Analysis

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

06. The Thevenin’s resistance between the terminals A and B is

(A) 40.57  (B) 58.82 

(C) 51  (D) 46.13 

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 Network Analysis

Type 6 – Maximum Power Transfer

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Circuit Theorems

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

While applying maximum power transfer theorem please do take care the boundary case that maximum power can
be in case of RL = 0 or infinity.

Sample Problem

Two ac sources feed a common variable resistive load as shown in figure. Under the maximum power transfer condition, the
power absorbed by the load resistance RL is?

(A) 2200 W

(B) 1250 W

(C) 1000 W

(D) 625 W

Solution: (D) is correct option

First obtain equivalent Thevenin circuit across load RL
Thevenin voltage
Vth − 11000 Vth − 9000
+ =0
6 + j8 6 + j8
2Vth − 20000 = 0
Vth = 10000 V

Thevenin impedance
Z th = ( 6 + j8 )  || ( 6 + j8 ) 
= (3 + j4 ) 

For maximum power transfer

RL = Z th = (3 2
)
+ 4 2 = 5

Power in load
2
100
P = i2effRL =  5 = 625 W
3 + j4 + 5

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 Network Analysis

Problems

01. In the circuit shown below the maximum power that can be transferred to the load Z L is

(A) 250W

(B) 500W

(C) 1000W

(D) 2000W

02. What impedance should be connected between X and Y so that it absorbs maximum power?

(A) 27.6 

(B) 2−7.6 

(C) 0.57.6 

(D) 0.5-7.6 

03. The V-I characteristic of a network of fig. (a) is shown in fig. (b). The maximum power dissipated in the variable resistor
connected across A, B is

(A) 20 W

(B) 40 W

(C) 60 W

(D) 80 W

04. A dc circuit shown in fig. has a voltage source V, a current source I and several resistors. A particular resistor R dissipates
a power of 4 Watts when V alone is active. The same resistor R dissipates a power of 9 Watts when I alone is active. The
power dissipated by R when both sources are active will be

(A) 1 W

(B) 5 W

(C) 13 W

(D) 25 W

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 Network Analysis

05. Determine the value of the maximum average power absorbed by the load ZL in the network shown below

(A) 10.6 W

(B) 5.8 W

(C) 2.8 W

(D) 2.3 W

06. In the circuit given below. Suppose R = 50 and Va is adjustable.

For maximum power to be transferred from N1 to N2 the voltage Va will be

(A) 4 V (B) 10 V
(C) 7.5 V (D) 15 V

07. For the circuit shown below

The value of Z L for maximum power transfer to Z L is

1 1
(A)  (B) 
4 2
(C) 1 (D) 2

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 Network Analysis

Type 7 – Other Theorems

For Concept, refer to Network Theory K-Notes, Circuit Theorems

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

For AC circuits having more than one source with different frequencies we need to use Super position Theorem to
find the desired parameters.

Sample Problem

The voltage across the capacitor, as shown in the figure, is expressed as

v(t) = A1sin ( 1t − 1 ) +A 2sin ( 2t − 2 )
The values of A1 and A2 respectively, are

(A) 2.0 and 1.98

(B) 2.0 and 4.20

(C) 2.5 and 3.50

(D) 5.0 and 6.40

Solution: (A) is correct option

Solving using super position theorem

1. Neglect current source
1
XC = = 0.1 ; XL = L = 10  1 = 10
10  1
 (− j X ) 
C
V'C = 20   
 R + ( − j X C )  
  

V'C = 20 
( −0.1 j) = 2 − 89.42
(1 − 0.1 j)
A1 = 2 ; 1 = 89.42
2. Neglect voltage source
1
XC = = 0.20, XL = 5  1 = 5
51
10  R 10  1
IC = = = 9.805  11.3
(
R + − j XC ) ( − 0.2 j)
1

V''C = IC ( − jX C ) = 1.98  − 78.69

A2 = 1.98 , 2 = 78.69°

VC = V'C + V''C = 2 − 89.42 + 1.98  − 78.69

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 Network Analysis

Problems

01.

The VI graph for both equivalents is same. The value of i1 in the circuit shown is ____________ (mA)

02. The linear network as shown below has only resistors, I 1 = 8 Amps and I 2 = 12 Amps, V is found to be 80 V. V1 = 0 when
I1 = - 8 A and I2 = 4 A. Then the value of V when I1 = I2 = 10 A is.

(A) 25 V

(B) 50 V

(C) 75 V

(D) 100 V

03. For the linear circuit shown below. If I1 = 3 A then Vout = 16 V,I1 = 1 A, Vout = 8 V. If I1 = 0.5 the value of Vout will
be (Assuming all other sources to be fixed).

(A) 2 V
(B) 4 V

(C) 6 V

(D) 12 V

04. Consider the figure given below: Using the data given in fig. (1), the current through 1  resistance in fig. (2) is

Fig. (1) Fig. (2)

(A) 2 A (B) 3 A
(C) 4 A (D) 6 A

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 Network Analysis

Type 8 – First Order Circuits

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Transient Analysis

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

These type of problems can also be solved using Laplace Transform and you need to decide which method to use
based on the problem.

Sample Problem

In the figure shown, the capacitor is initially uncharged. Which one of the following expressions describes the current I(t) (in
mA) for t  0 ?
5 2
(A) I(t) =
3
( )
1 − e− t/  ,  = msec
3
5 2
(B) I(t) =
2
( )
1 − e− t/  ,  = msec
3
5
(C) I(t) =
3
( )
1 − e− t/  ,  = 3msec

5
(D) I(t) =
2
( )
1 − e− t/  ,  = 3msec

Solution:

(A) is correct option

Since capacitor is initially uncharged VC 0 ( ) = V (0 ) = 0

+
C
−

5  2 10
V () = = V
3 3
2
R eq. = 1k || 2k = k
3
2
 = msec
3
For first order circuit
 − 
t
v C ( t ) = VC (  ) −  VC (  ) − VC ( 0 ) e  
 
 
10  10  −t
vC (t) = − − 0e 
3  3 
10  − 
t
VC ( t ) =  1 − e  
3 
5 − 
t
I (t) = 1 − e  
3  


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 Network Analysis

Sample Problem

The time constant for the given circuit will be

(A) 1/9 s (B) 1/4 s

(C) 4 s (D) 9 s

Solution: (C) is correct option

Time constant of the circuit can be calculated by simplifying the circuit as follows

Ceq=2/3 F
Equivalent Resistance

R eq = 3 + 3 = 6
2
Time cons tant =R eqCeq = 6  = 4 sec
3

Problems

01. For the circuit shown in fig, if the initial Inductor current is 2 A, then iL(t) at t = 40 ms is

(A) 0.5 A (B) 1 A

(C) 2 A (D) 3 A

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 Network Analysis

02. A coil of inductance 1H and resistance 4 is connected as shown in fig. The switch ‘S’ is in position 1 for a long time
and it is moved to position 2 at t = 0. If, at t = 0+, the voltage across the coil is 12 V, the value of resistance R is

(A) 0

(B) 2 

(C) 4 

(D) 6 

03. Consider the circuit shown in fig., Let the frequency of the source is 50 Hz and the switch is closed at t = t0. If v(t) = 10
cos (t + 100 ) , the value of t0 which results in a transient free response is
(A) 0 ms

(B) 4.635 ms

(C) 5.41 ms

(D) 8.23 ms

04. Find i(t) for t>0 in the circuit shown below

6t
(A) −10e−10 mA
8t
(B) −10e−10 mA
7t
(C) −5e−10 mA
8t
(D) −5e−10 mA

05. The time constant of the circuit shown in fig., Assume the initial voltage across the capacitor is 6 V.

(A) 6 sec

(B) 16.67 sec

(C) 12 sec

(D) 18sec

06. The equivalent capacitance of the input loop of the circuit shown is

(A) 2 µF

(B) 100 µF

(C) 200 µF

(D) 4 µF

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 Network Analysis

07. For the network shown below, switch was open for very long time and is closed at t = 0 . The value VL at t = 1 sec is
___________________ V.

08. In the RC circuit shown in the following figure, the input voltage Vi (t) is constant at 2V for -  t  1 sec and then it
changes to 1V. The output voltage, V0 (t), 2 sec after the change will be

(A) -e-2 V (B) -1+e-2 V

(C) e-2 V (D) 1– e-2 V

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 Network Analysis

Type 9 – Second Order Circuits

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Transient Analysis

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

If we cannot combine the energy storage elements like inductors and capacitors into a single equivalent one then
there will exist more than one time-constants in a single circuit.

Sample Problem

In the circuit shown in figure. Switch SW1 is initially closed and SW2 is open. The inductor L carries a current of 10 A and the
capacitor charged to 10 V with polarities as indicated. SW2 is closed at t = 0 and SW1 is opened at t = 0. The current through
C and the voltage across L at (t = 0+) is

(A) 55 A, 4.5 V (B) 5.5 A, 45 V

(C) 45 A, 5.5 A (D) 4.5 A, 55 V

Solution: (D) is correct option

At t = 0+, when switch positions are changed inductor current and capacitor voltage does not change simultaneously

So at t = 0+

Vc (0+ ) = Vc (0- )= 10V

iL (0+ ) = iL (0 − ) = 10A

The equivalent circuit is

by applying KCL

VL (0+ ) VL (0+ ) − Vc (0 + )
+ =iL (0+ ) = 10A
10 10
2VL (0+ ) − 10 = 100

Voltage across inductor at t = 0+

100 + 10
VL (0 + ) = =55V
2
So, current in capacitor at t = 0+

VL (0 + ) − Vc (0 + ) 55-10
ic (0 + ) = = = 4.5A
10 10

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 Network Analysis

Problems

01. The circuit shown below is in steady state with switch open. The switch is closed at t = 0. V C ( ) is

(A) 5 V

(B) 10 V

(C) 20 V

(D) 12 V

d2i(t)
02. The switch is in position (1) for a long time and it is moved to position (2) at t=0, find at t=0+
dt2
(A) 2500 A/s2

(B) - 2500 A/s

(C) 5000 A/s2

(D) 5000 A/s2

03. In the circuit shown below the steady state is reached with the switch K open. The Switch is closed at time t = 0.
di2 (t)
at t=0+ is
dt
(A) - 5 A/S

(B) - 10/3 A/S

(C) 10/3 A/S

(D) 5 A/S

dIL (t)
04. For the circuit shown in fig., the switch is opened for a long time and it is closed at t = 0. The value of i and at t=0+
dt
is

(A) 5 A and –500 A/s

(B) –5 A and –500 A/s
(C) –5 A and 500 A/s
(D) 5 A and 500 A/s

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 Network Analysis

05. In the circuit shown below, the switch has been closed for a long time. It is open at t=0.

The value of
( ) = _________
dV 0 +
V s
dt

06. Consider below figure, determine the value of

( )
di 0 +
Amp/s
dt

(A) 0.1 (B) 0.01

(C) 10 (D) 0

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 Network Analysis

Type 10 – Laplace Transform Method

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Sinusoidal Transient Analysis

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

• Remember the conversion from time domain to frequency domain for both inductor and capacitor while using the
Laplace transform method.
• Circuits with any type of source (so long as the function describing the source has a Laplace transform), resistors,
inductors, capacitors, transformers, and/or op amps; the Laplace methods produce the complete response.

Sample Problem

For the compensated attenuator of figure, the impulse response under the condition R1C1 = R2C2 is:
1
R2  
(A) 1 − eR1C1  u ( t )
R1 + R 2  

R2
(B)  (t)
R1 + R 2
R2
(C) u(t )
R1 + R 2
1
R2
1 − e 1 1 .u ( t )
RC
(D)
R1 + R 2

Solution: (B) is correct option

Convert all the parameters in S direction
Apply Voltage divider
 1 
 || R 2 
sC
 2 
V2 ( s ) =  V1 ( s )
 1  1 
 || R 2  R1 || 
 sC2  sC1 
R2
1 + sR 2C2
V2 ( s ) =  V1 ( s )
R2 R1
+
1 + sR 2C2 1 + sR1C1
R1C1 = R2C2
R2
1 + sR 2C2
V2 ( s ) =  V1 ( s )
R1 + R 2
1 + sR1R 2
R2 R2
V2 ( s ) = V1 ( s ) Or V2 ( t ) = V (t)
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 1
For impulse response
 R2 
V2 ( t ) =    ( t )
 R1 + R 2 

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 Network Analysis

Problems

di
01. A 10V step voltage is applied across a RC series circuit at t = 0 . The value of will be ______________(A/sec)
dt t =0+

[Assume R = 100, C = 100F ]

02. The equivalent circuit in the Laplace domain is shown in figure. The Initial voltage across the capacitor is

(A) 8V

(B) – 4V

(C) 16V
(D) – 16V

03. In figure below, the battery voltage is applied for a steady state period. The expression of current after closing the switch
K is
[Assume R1 = 1, R2 = 2, L = 1H, E = 10V ]

()
(A) i t = 10 − 6.67e  A
−t

()
(B) i t = 2 − 1.2e  A
−t

()
(C) i t = 1.2e− t A

()
(D) i t = 6.67e− t A

04. In the circuit given below, V ( t ) = 5 + cos ( 4t ) . What will be the current through 3 resistor?
i
(A) 5 + 0.149 cos 4t − Tan
−
(
1 (2) )
(B)
1
3 ( (
5 + 0.447 cos 4t − Tan−1 ( 2 ) ))
(C) 5 + 0.149 cos −4t − Tan(−1 ( 2 )
)
(D)
1
3 ( (
5 + 0.447 cos −4t − Tan−1 ( 2 ) ))
05. Find V0(t)

3
(A) e−4t sin 2t
2
3 −4t
(B) e sin2t
2
3 −4t
(C) e sin 2t
4
3 −4t
(D) e sin2t
2

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 Network Analysis

06. In an LC series circuit shown below, the initial current through the inductor is 5A. The initial voltage across the capacitor
1
is 10 V. Assume L = 1 and C = F . The voltage across the capacitor at t  0 is
2
At t = 0+

(
(A) cos 2t + sin 2t V )
(
(B) cos 2t V)
 1 
(C) 10  cos 2t + sin 2t  V
 2 
(
(D) sint + cos t V )
d2q dq
07. The charge q in an electric circuit is given by; +8 + 25q = 150 = E . If all initial conditions are zero, determine
dt 2
dt
the current through the circuit.
(A) 50e4t sin 3t (B) 50e−4t sin 6t
(C) 50e−4t sin 3t (D) 25e−4t sin 3t

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 Network Analysis

Type 11 – AC Circuit analysis

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

The values given with the sinusoidal terms are always peak values and values given in phasor terms are rms values

Sample Problem

The r.m.s value of the current i (t) in the circuit shown below is

1 1
(A) A (B) A
2 2

(C) 1 A (D) 2 A

Solution: (B) is correct option

The frequency domains equivalent circuit at ω = 1 rad/ sec.
Since the capacitor and inductive reactance’s are equal in magnitude,
the net impedance of that branch will become zero.
Equivalent circuit
sint
current i(t) = = (1sint)A
1
1
rms value of current irms = A
2

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 Network Analysis

Sample Problem

A segment of a circuit is shown in figure VR = 5V, VC = 4 sin2t .The voltage VL is given by

(A) 3 − 8 cos2t

(B) 32 sin2t

(C) 16 sin2t

(D) 16 cos2t

Solution: (B) is correct option

Applying KCL at center node
iL = ic + 1 + 2
iL = ic + 3
dv c
ic = −C
dt
d  4 sin2t 
ic = −1  = −8cos2t
dt
So, iL = −8cos2t + 3
Voltage across inductor is
diL d 3 − 8cos2t 
vL = L = 2  = 32cos2t
dt dt

Problems

01. In the circuit shown, e1(t) = 3 cos(ωt + 300) and e2(t) = 3 sin(ωt + 600). The voltage across the grounded 1 resistor
is

(A) cos(ωt)v (B) sin(ωt)v

(C) 1v (D) j 1v

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 Network Analysis

02. In the circuit shown in figure, the steady state current through the inductor iL(t) is

(A) 2 cos2t

(B) − 2 cos2t

(C) 2 sin2t

(D) − 2 sin2t

03. The steady state voltage across the terminals AB of the network shown in fig. is

(A) 25V

(B) 50V

(C) 75V

(D) 100V

04. In the circuit shown in figure, the current iC(t) is

(A) 5cos (t – 30)A

(B) 5cos (t + 30)A

(C) 52cos (t – 60)A

(D) 52cos (t + 60)A

05. For the circuit shown below the steady state current is _____________A.

(A) 0 A

(B) 1 A

(C) 2 A

(D) 3 A

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 Network Analysis

Type 12 – Phasor

Sample Problem

The circuit shown in the figure is energized by a sinusoidal voltage source V1 at a frequency which causes resonance with a
current of I .

The phasor diagram which is applicable to this circuit is

Solution: (A) is correct option

At resonance reactance of the circuit would be zero and voltage across inductor and capacitor would be equal
V L = VC
At resonance impedance of the circuit
Z R = R 1+ R 2

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 Network Analysis

V100
Current IR =
R1 + R 2
Voltage V2 = I2R 2 + j(VL − VC )
V 00
V2 = 1 R
R1 + R 2 2

Voltage across capacitor

1 1 V 0 1 V 00
V  − 90 0 0
VC = I =  1 =  1 = 1
jC R jC R1 + R 2 jC R1 + R 2 C(R1 + R 2 )
So phasor diagram is

Problems

01. In the circuit given, if | I1 | = | I2 | = 10 A

(A) I1 will lead by tan-1(8/6), I2 will lag by tan-1(8/6)

(B) I1 will lead by tan-1(6/8), I2 will lag by tan-1(6/8)
(C) I1 will lag by tan-1(8/6), I2 will lead by tan-1(8/6)
(D) I1 will lag by tan-1(6/8), I2 will lead by tan-1(6/8)

02. For the series RLC circuit shown below, the partial phasor diagram at certain frequency is shown. The operating frequency
of the circuit is

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 Network Analysis

(A) Equal to the resonant frequency (B) Less than the resonant frequency
(C) Greater than the resonant frequency (D) Zero

03. i1(t) leads by i2(t) shown below is _____________ degree.

(
i1 ( t ) = −10cos 10t + 30o )
(
i2 ( t ) = 20sin 10t − 60 o
)

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 Network Analysis

Type 13 – Resonance
For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Resonance

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

Always equate the imaginary part of impedance or admittance to zero for finding the resonance frequency.

Sample Problem

The resonant frequency for the given circuit will be

(A) 1 rad/s

(B) 2 rad/s

(C) 3 rad/s

(D) 4 rad/s

Solution: (C) is correct option

Impedance of the circuit is
1
R j L(1 + 2C2R 2 ) − CR 2 
jC R 1 − jCR R
Z = jL + = jL +  = +
1 1 + jCR 1 − jCR 1 + 2C2R 2 1 + 2C2R 2
+R
jC
At resonance Im(Z)=0
L(1 + 2C2R 2 ) − CR 2 
  = 0  L(1 + 2C2R 2 ) = CR 2
1+ C R2 2 2

So,   0.1 1 + 2 (1)2 (1)2  = (1)(1)2

1 + 2 = 10   = 9 = 3 rad/sec

Problems

01. For the circuit shown in Fig., the resonant frequency is

(A) 95.3 k rad/sec

(B) 100 k rad/sec

(C) 50 k rad/sec

(D) None

02. A series RLC circuit, excited by a 100V, variable frequency source, has a resistance of 10  and an inductive reactance of
50 at 100Hz. If the resonant frequency is 500Hz, then the voltage across the capacitor at resonance is
(A) 100 V (B) 500 V
(C) 2500 V (D) 5000 V

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 Network Analysis

03. Given the band-pass shown in fig, find the components L and R necessary to provide a resonant frequency of 1000 r/s
and a BW of 100 r/s.

(A) L=500mH, R=10Ω

(B) L=100mH, R=20Ω

(C) L=200mH, R=30Ω

(D) L=100mH, R=10Ω

04. Given the network in fig, find Vo(max).

(A) 204.6 V

(B) 303.6 V

(C) 289.1 V

(D) 304.5 V

05. A variable frequency voltage source drives the network in fig, determine the average power dissipated by the network
at resonance.

(A) 18 W

(B) 20 W

(C) 22 W

(D) 24 W

06. The resonance frequency of the given circuit is

1
(A) Hz
2 3
1
(B) Hz
4 3
1
(C) Hz
4 2
1
(D) Hz
2 2

07. For the circuit shown, what is the resonance frequency f0

(A) 346 KHz

(B) 55 KHz

(C) 196 KHz

(D) 286 KHz

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 Network Analysis

08. R and C are connected in parallel across a sinusoidal voltage source of 240V. If current through source and capacitor are
5A and 4A respectively, then the value of R is ________  .

(A) 50 (B) 60
(C) 70 (D) 80

09. Consider the parallel R.L.C. circuit shown below. The quality factor, if the current through inductor at resonance is -25j is
________________.

(A) 3

(B) 4

(C) 5

(D) 6

10. In the circuit shown below, the average power consumed by the circuit at resonance is

(A) 20W

(B) 30W

(C) 40W

(D) 50W

11. In the parallel RLC circuit shown below, Let R = 8kΩ, L = 0.2mH, and C = 8μF.

The value of quality factor (Q) and bandwidth will be respectively

(A) 1.25 and 4.974 Hz (B) 1600 and 2.486 Hz

(C) 25 and 40 Hz (D) 800 and 40 Hz

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 Network Analysis

Type 14 – Two Port Network

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Two Port Network

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

Remember the equations for each type of parameters of two port parameters.

Sample Problem

The h-parameters for a two-port network are defined by

E1  h11 h12 
 = 
I2  h21 h22 
For the two-port network shown in figure, the value of h12 is given by

(A) 0.125 (B) 0.167

(C) 0.625 D) 0.25

Solution: (D) is correct option

Given that E1 = h11I1+ h12E2
I2 = h21I1+ h22E2
E1
Parameter h12 is given as h12 =
E2 I1 =0 (open circuit)

At node A
EA − E1 EA − E2 EA
+ + = 0  5EA = 2E1 + 2E2
2 2 4
Similarly
E1 − EA E1
+ = 0  2E1 = EA
2 2
By solving above 2 equations
5  (2E1 ) = 2E1 + 2E1
8E1 = 2E2
E1 1
h12 = =
E2 4

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 Network Analysis

Problems

01. ABCD parameters of the following network is

 2s2 + 2s + 1 
2s + 1 2s2 + 2s + 1 2s + 1 − 
(A)   (B)  s 
 1 s +1 
 s+1 
 s   1 −
s 
 2s2 + 2s + 1 
 −2s + 1 − 
(C)  s  (D) None
 s+1 
 −1 −
s 

02. For the 2-port network shown in Fig., the short circuit admittance parameter, y11 is

(A) 2 ℧

(B) 0.5 ℧

(C) 2/3 ℧

(D) None

03. For the 2-port network shown in Fig. the open circuit impedance parameter, Z 12 is

s 4s + 10
(A) (B)
4s + 10 s
10
(C) (D) 0
s

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 Network Analysis

04. Consider the network shown in fig. Let the transmission parameters of the two 2-port Networks are.
2 3  2 3 
Ta =   and Tb =   . The impedance parameters of the overall 2-port network is?
1 2 1 2

4 6 
(A)  
2 4
4 2
(B)  
2 4
2 4
(C)  
4 2
 4 1
(D)  
 1 3

05. The open circuit impedance matrix of the 2 port network shown in fig. is

 −2 1 
(A)  
 −8 3 
 −2 −8 
(B)  
1 3
0 1 
(C)  
1 0 
2 −1
(D)  
 −1 3 

06. Consider the network shown. The two port network is a hybrid model of a basic transistor. Determine the voltage gain
of entire network, V2/Vs, if a source Vs with internal resistance R1 is applied at the input to the two port and a load RL is
connected.

h21RL
(A)
h12h21RL − (1 + h22RL )(R1 + h11 )
h22RL
(B)
h12h21RL − (1 + h21RL )(RL + h11 )
h21RL
(C)
h22h21R1 − (1 + h21RL )(R1 + h11 )
h22R1
(D)
h22h21R1 − (1 + h21RL )(R1 + h21 )

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 Network Analysis

07. Find the Z parameters for the two port network shown

 50K 15   400 15 
(A)   (B)  
 −2000K 400  50K −2000K 
 400 −2000K   400 15 
(C)   (D)  
 15 50K   −2000K 50K 

08. Three networks are cascaded as shown below. If a load of 10W is connected to output terminals of the cascaded network,
then its current gain will be _______________.

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 1

(D) 4

09. For the two port network shown in following figure, The D (transmission) parameter is

0.5s2 + 5s + 2 2 (s + 6)
(A) (B)
0.3s2 + 2s + 2 s2 + 4s + 8

s2 + 8s + 8 s (1.5s − 2 )
(C) (D)
s2 + 6s + 8 0.5s2 + 3s − 4

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 Network Analysis

10. The circuit given below contains a voltage – controlled source and a current – controlled source. For the elements values
specified, determine Y – parameters.

 2 5  2 5
 9 18   −
(A)   (B)  9 18 
− 1 − 2  1 2
− 
 3 3   3 3

 2 5  2 5
− −
18  − 18 
(C)  9 (D)  9
 1 2  − 1 2
 3 3   3 3 

11. The transmission matrix of the two port network N is

 4 20 
 T  =  
0.1 2 

The output port is connected with a variable resistor R L so that power transferred to the R L is maximum. The value of R L is
_________ Ω.

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 Network Analysis

Type 15 – Graph Theory (EE)

For Concept, refer to Network Theory K-Notes, Graph Theory

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

This topic is not much relevant for GATE so you just need to remember basic concepts like number of trees,
number of branches etc.

Sample Problem

The number of chords in the graph of the given circuit will be

(A) 3

(B) 4

(C) 5

(D) 6

Solution: (A) is correct option

No. of chords is given as
l=b−n+1
b = no. of branches
n = no. of nodes
l = no. of chords
b = 6, n = 4
l = 6 − 4 + 1= 3

Problems

01. Which one of the following represents the total number of trees in the graph given in the fig.

(A) 4

(B) 6

(C) 5

(D) 8

02. For the graph shown in the given fig. the incidence matrix A is given by

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 Network Analysis

 −1 −1 0  1 0 −1
   
(A)  0 1 1 (B) 1 1 0
 −1 0 −1 0 −1 1 
   

1 −1 0  1 0 1
   
(C)  0 1 1 (D)  −1 1 0
 −1 0 −1 0 1 1 
  

03. For the graph shown below which of the following is not a tree

04. Which of the following is not a cut set of a graph shown below?

(A) C(1,2,3)

(B) C(3,4,5)

(C) C(1,2,4)

(D) None of these

05. Consider the following graphs: Non – planner graphs are

1. 2.

3. 4.

(A) 3 only (B) 4 only

(C) 3 and 4 (D) 1,2,3 and 4

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 Network Analysis

06. The number of chords in the graph of the given circuit will be

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 1

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 Network Analysis

Type 16 – Three Phase Circuit (EE)

For Concept, refer to Network theory K-Notes, Three Phase Circuits.

 Common Mistake / Point to remember

This topic is not asked directly but rather a pre-requisite for many topics such as wattmeter and hence the concepts
of lag and lead between line and phase parameters must be understood well.

Sample Problem

A 230 V (Phase), 50 Hz, three-phase, 4-wire, system has a phase sequence ABC. A unity power-factor load of 4 kW is
connected between phase A and neutral N. It is desired to achieve zero neutral current through the use of a pure inductor
and a pure capacitor in the other two phases. The value of inductor and capacitor is
(A) 72.95 mH in phase C and 139.02 μF in Phase B
(B) 72.95 mH in Phase B and 139.02 μF in Phase C
(C) 42.12 mH in Phase C and 240.79 μF in Phase B
(D) 42.12 mH in Phase B and 240.79 μF in Phase C

Solution: (B) is correct option

Given that,
230 V, 50 Hz, 3-φ, 4-wire system
P = Load = 4 kw at unity Power factor
IN = 0 through the use of pure inductor and capacitor
Than L = ?, C = ?
IN = 0 = IA + IB + IC
Network and its Phasor is being as

From the phasor diagram since the current in Phase C leads the voltage the capacitor is connected in phase C and since
current in phase B lags the voltage the inductor is connected in phase B.
We know P = VI (unity pf load)
P 4  103
So, Ia = = = 17.39 A
V 230
IA =-( IB + IC )
 3 3
 IA =- (IB  cos30 + IC  cos30 ) = -  IB  + IC  
 2 2 

IB sin30 = IC sin30
IC = IB

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 Network Analysis

 IA = 3IB = 3IC
17.39
IB  IC = = 10 A
3
V 230 1 1 1
Now X c = = = 23 and X c = C= = = 139.02F
IC 10 2fC 2fX c 2  50  23
V 230 X 23
XL = = = 23 and XL = 2fL, L  L = = 72.95 mH
IL 10 2f 2  50
So L = 72.95 mH in phase B
C = 139.02 μF in phase C

Problems

01. A positive-sequence balanced three-phase wye-connected source supplies power to a balanced wye connected load.
The magnitude of the line voltages is 150 V. If the load impedance per phase is 36 + j12Ω, determine the line currents if
Van = 00
(A) Ian = 2.28 − 18.430 Arms, Ibn = 2.28 − 138.430 Arms, Icn = 2.28 − 258.430 Arms
(B) Ian = 3.25 − 28.430 Arms, Ibn = 3.25 − 148.430 Arms, Icn = 3.25 − 268.430 Arms
(C) Ian = 1.39 − 38.490 Arms, Ibn = 1.39 − 158.490 Arms, Icn = 1.39 − 278.490 Arms
(D) None

02. An abc-phase sequence balanced three-phase source feeds a balanced load. The system is connected wye-wye and

Van = 00 . The line impedance is 0.5 + j0.2  , the load impedance is 16+j10 Ω, and the total power absorbed by the

load is 1836.54 W. Determine the magnitude of the source voltage V an.

(A) 140 Vrms (B) 120 Vrms

(C) 60 Vrms (D) 180 Vrms

03. In a balanced three-phase wye-wye system, the total power loss in the lines is 272.57 W. Van = 105.2831.650 Vrms
and the power factor of the load is 0.77 lagging. If the line impedance is 2 + j1Ω, determine the load impedance.

(A) 15+j12 Ω (B) 12+j15 Ω

(C) 10+j8 Ω (D) 12+j8 Ω

04. In a balanced three-phase wye-wye system, the load impedance is 20 + j12 Ω. The source has an abc phase sequence

and Van = 12000 V rms. If the load voltage is VAN = 111.490.20 , determine the magnitude of the line current if the

load is suddenly short circuited.

(A) 48.26 A rms (B) 52.24 A rms

(C) 67.32 A rms (D) 49.38 A rms

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 Network Analysis

05. The set of 3 – equal resistors, each of value R , are connected in Y – across R – Y – B of figure, consume the same power
as the unbalanced  connected load, shown in the figure the value of R is

(A) 80

(B) 100

(C) 120

(D) 140

06. Three identical resistance are connected in a star fashion against a balanced three phase supply. If one of the resistance
is removed, the overall power dissipation will be reduced by ______________ %.
(A) 40 (B) 50
(C) 60 (D) 70

07. A balanced 3 −  system with a line voltage of 300 V is supplying a balanced Y – connected load with 1200 W at a
leading pf of 0.8. the per phase load impedance would be
(A) 34.72 − 36.870  (B) 104.16 − 36.870 
(C) 34.7236.870  (D) 60.1 − 36.870 

08. A balanced 3 −  , three wire Y – Y connected is shown in figure. The total power dissipated in the load is__________.

(A) 200W (B) 400W

(C) 600W (D) 500W

09. The circuit of given figure has Z1 = 540 , Z2 = 930 , and Z3 = 1080 , and is supplied by a three-phase
450-V source. Find I a .

(A) 110.29 − 36.52 A

(B) 110.2936.52 A

(C) 220.29 − 36.52 A

(D) 220.2936.52 A

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 Network Analysis

10. In the circuit of phase b gets open-circuited while the circuit is connected to a 450 –V three-phase source. Determine IN
.
(A) 276.8498.45A
(B) 276.84 − 98.45A
(C) 176.84 − 98.45A
(D) 176.8498.45A

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 Network Analysis

Solution

Type 1 – Network Elements

01. Ans: 1.6
Solution:
Voltage function can be written as
V ( t ) = 0.8t + 0.2 for 0  t  1
dV ( t ) dV ( t )
i(t) = C = 2 = 2  0.8 = 1.6A
dt dt

02. Ans: (C)

Solution:
() ()
Let f t = V t + 3

V ( t ) = 2cos10t + 4 cos10t.cos5t = 2cos10t + 2cos15t + 2cos5t

f ( t ) = 3 + 2cos10t + 2cos15t + 2cos5t

2 2 2

  ( )  2   2   2  4 4 4
2
RMS f ( t ) = 3 +  +  +  = 3 + + + = 3 + 6 = 9 = 3V
 2  2  2 2 2 2

03. Ans: (C)

Solution:
The elements which generates or produces electrical energy are called active elements. For Generation of power, product of
V and I should be positive. From given options only option (C) satisfy this condition.

04. Ans: (C)

Solution:
First, we convert the upper delta to a wye to obtain the interconnection shown in figure.

66
R= = 2
6+6+6
Which reduces to that given in figure

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 Network Analysis

R ab = 2 +
( 6  4 ) = 4.4
( 6+4 )
05. Ans: (B)
Solution:
Since the capacitors are in parallel, the voltage v across them is related to the currents i1 and I 2 by
dv dv
i1 = C1 & i2 = C2
dt dt
i1 C1 40
Or = =
i2 C2 60
But i1 + i2 = 10A
Hence, i40 F = 4A & i60 F = 6A

06. Ans: (A)

Solution:
From Ohm’s law, 12 − 3I = 9I or I = 1.0A
Power delivered by the 12V source is 12  1 = 12W
Power delivered by the 3I − dependent voltage source is −1.0  3  1.0 = −3W
Negative sign is used since the current is going into the source. Thus the dependent source is absorbing (rather than
delivering) power.

07. Ans: 84.7

Solution:
Combine the resistors across ‘ac’ as an equivalent resistance, we have:

R ac = 1.8 +
(10 + 20 ) 60 + 2.2 = 24
10 + 20 + 60
240
Thus Ia = = 10A
24
60
By current division: I1 = 10  = 6.67A
30 + 60
Voltage drop across 1.8 resistor is 1.8  10 = 18V . Voltage drop across 10 resistor is 10  6.67 = 66.7V and voltage
drop across 1.0 is 0.
Voltage across ab is 18 + 66.7 = 84.7V

08. Ans: (D)

Solution:
Current through ‘R=0’ indicates bridge is balanced
 Let current source resistance is R’
 (2) (R’) = (2) (2)
 R’=2Ω
16
I= = 4A
4

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 Network Analysis

09. Ans: (D)

Solution:
Change acquired by capacitor ‘q’ Nothing but area occupied till ‘6’µsec
q = 1 ( 3)(5) + (1)( 3) + 1 (1)( 2 ) + ( 2 )(3) + 1 ( 2 )( 2 ) = 19.5C
2 2 2
10. Ans: (D)
Solution:

R eq = 8k

11. Ans: (A)

Solution:
To find out Req., Let us connect 1V voltage source between 1 & 2
1V
R12 =
I12
Ib = − 1 = −0.1mA
10K
And 9.9ib = −9.9mA

KCL at node 1
I12 = 0.1 + 10 + 9.9 = 20mA
 R12 = 1  50
20mA

12. Ans: (B)

Solution:

It is a balance bridge, neglect 10Ω

( )
Equivalent resistance= 1 + 20 || 20 + 1 = 12

13. Ans: (B)

Solution:
V
Effective resistance seen by the source = R eff =
I
I V
V = 2   ( 3)  V = 2I  = 2
3 I

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 Network Analysis

14. Ans: (B)

Solution:

Q=CV = ( 90  45) c = 4050c

Charge through ‘ C 1 ’ is 1012.5µc

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 Network Analysis

Type 2 – Kirchhoff’s Laws

01. Ans: (C)
Solution:
Convert the current source into voltage source.

Write KVL equations

−1 + ( I1 ) + ( I1 − I3 ) + 1 = 0

2I1 = I3 ................. (1 )

(
And −1 + I2 − I3 + I2 = 0 ) ( )

2I2 − I3 = 1............. ( 2 )

( ) (
And I3 + I3 − I2 + I3 − I1 = 0 )
3I3 = I2 + I ............ ( 3 )
1

From (1),(2)& (3)

1 + I3 I3
3I3 = +  6I3 = 2I3 + 1
2 2
4I3 = 1  I3 = 0.25A

02. Ans: (B)

Solution:
KCL at node – 1:

4=
V V −V (
1 + 1 2 + 1 x
V −V ) ( )
100 20 50
4 = 0.08V − 0.05V − 0.02V ..........(1)
1 2 x

Node – x:

10 − 4 − ( −2 ) =
( Vx − V1 ) + ( Vx − V2 )
50 40
8 = −0.02V − 0.025V + 0.045V ……. (2)
1 2 x
Node – 2:
V V −V V −V
−2 = 2 + 2 x+ 2 1
25 40 20
−2 = −0.05V + 0.115V − 0.025V …… (3)
1 2 x
From eq. (1), (2) & (3)
V = 397.4V
x

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 Network Analysis

03. Ans: 24.5

Solution:
KCL at node X,
100 − V1 V
= i1 + 1 ……(i)
20 20
And V2 − V1 = 1 ………..(ii)

KCL at node V2 ,
V2
= i1 + 9i1
1
V2 = 10i1 …………………(iii)
From eq. (i), (ii) & (iii)
V1 = 24.5V

04. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Apply KCL at node V1,
V1 − V2 V1 − 5
−1 + + =0
2 5
−10 + 5V1 − 5V2 + 2V1 − 10 = 0
7V1 − 5V2 = 20 …………..(i)

Apply KCL at node V2,

V2 − V1 V2 V2 − 5
+ + =0
2 2 4
2V2 − 2V1 + 2V2 + V2 − 5 = 0
−2V1 + 5V2 = 5 ………….(ii)
From eq. (i) & (ii)
5V1 = 25
V1 = 5 Volts
5 −5
I= =0 A
5

05. Ans: 20
Solution:
The given circuit can be redrawn as

KCL at node 1:
V V − 100
5= +
R 10
V V
+ = 15 ……………(i)
R 10
KCL at node 2:

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 Network Analysis

V − 100 100
+ I4 =
10 20
V
I4 + = 15 ……..(ii)
10
Given power supplied by both the source are equal
100I 4 = 5V ……….(iii)

From eq. (i) and (ii) we obtain

V
I4 =
R
Finally, from eq. (3)
100V
= 5V
R
R = 20

06. Ans: 0
Solution: First, we change the current source to a voltage source and transform the 6- delta-connected resistors to an
equivalent wye

66
R= = 2
6+6+6

After reduction network becomes

For this network,

KVL in loop (i)
12 − 6I1 − 14I1 + 14I2 − 24 = 0
−12 = 20I1 − 14I2 ………(1)
KVL in loop (ii0
24 − 14I2 − 14I2 + 14I1 = 0
24 = −14I1 + 28I2 ……… (2)

From eq. (1) and (2),

I1 = 0A

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 Network Analysis

Type 3 – Nodal and Mesh Analysis

01. Ans: 0
Solution:
Consider circuit below and apply mesh analysis.

Writing KVL in big loop

10 − 2i1 − 5i1 − 4i2 − 6 − 2i2 − 3i1 = 0
10i1 + 6i2 − 4 = 0
5i1 + 3i2 = 2 ............... (1)
And i1 − i2 = 2 ............... (2)

Putting eq. (2) in eq. (1) we get

5i1 + 3i1 − 6 = 2
8i1 = 8
i1 = 1A
Voltage at node A is VA = 10 – 10i1 = 0 V

02. Ans: (D)

Solution:
By nodal analysis
V1 − 4 V1 − 8
+ −5 = 0
2 2
V1 = 11V
 4 − 11 
And Vx =   1 = −3.5V
 2 

 8 − 11 
And ix =   = −1.5A
 2 

03. Ans: (D)

Solution:
Choose the reference node such that maximum source elements are connected to that node.

Apply Nodal Analysis

V − 20 V V − 100
+ + =0
5 5 5
V = 40 V
20 − 40
Ix = = − 4A
5

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 Network Analysis

04. Ans: (B)

Solution:
Applying Nodal analysis
V1 − 3ix
+ ix = 5 …. (i)
R
Also V1 = 2ix = 25 − 5 = 20V

ix = 10A

From eq. (i)

2ix − 3ix
+ ix = 5
R
20 − 30
+ 10 = 5
R
R = 2

05. Ans: -1.68

Solution:
The given circuit can be redrawn as

( )
In terms of the three mesh currents I1 ,I2 , and I3 = I indicated in above figure, we have
KVL in loop (1)
7I1 − I2 = 10
KVL in loop (2)
−I1 + 6I2 − 3I3 = 0
KVL in loop (3)
−3I2 + 13I3 = −20
Solving for I 3 yields
I3 = I = −1.68A

06. Ans: 0.3

Solution:
The given circuit can be redrawn as
We apply KVL to the following loops:
Loop 1231:
−10I1 − 30I3 + 50I2 = 0
−I1 + 5I2 − 3I3 = 0

Loop 2342:
−30I3 − 10 ( I2 + I3 ) + 50 ( I1 − I3 ) = 0

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 Network Analysis

5I1 − I2 − 9I3 = 0

Loop 1241:
−10I1 − 50 ( I1 − I3 ) + 10 − 10 ( I1 + I 2 ) = 0
−7I1 − I2 + 5I3 = −1
Solving for the currents we obtain
1 1 1
I1 = A ; I2 = A and I3 = A
5 10 10
1 1 3
Hence, I = I1 + I2 = + = = 0.3A
5 10 10

07. Ans: (B)

Solution:

Writing the mesh equations, we have

90 − 8I1 − 8 ( I1 − I 2 ) = 0
8I1 − 4I2 = 45
( ) ( )
And 4I2 + 8 I2 − I1 + 8 I2 − I3 = 0 ;
−2I1 + 5I2 − 2I3 = 0
(
And 6I3 + 5I3 + 8 I3 − I2 = 0 )
−8I2 + 19I3 = 0
Solving for I3 = 1.5A
Req. across ab
Open circuit the terminal ab and short circuit the voltage source

Hence Req = 4 + 6 = 10

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 Network Analysis

Type 4 – Power, Energy Calculation and Duality

01. Ans: (B)
Solution:
Apply KCL at node V1
V1 V1 − V2
−4 + + = 0 = 21V1 − V2 = 400............. ( i)
5 100
Apply KC at node V2
V2 V2 − V1
−5 + + = 0 = -V1 + 26V2 = 500............ ( ii)
4 100
By solving (i) & (ii),
V1 = V2 = 20

(V ) ( 20 )
2 2
1
P5 = = = 80V
5 5

02. Ans: (C)

Solution:
V − 30 V V − 15
+ + = 0  V = 12V
6 3 3
Total consumed= total power generated
30 − 12
‘I’ through 30V= = 3A ; power through ‘30V’= (30)(3)= 90W
6
15 − 12
‘I’ through 15V= = 1A ; power through ‘15V’=(15)(1)= 15W
3
 Total power consumed=90+15=105W

03. Ans: (D)

Solution:
At steady state ‘L’ is S.C and ‘C’ is O.C, circuit will become
 20 
()
Capacitor: Vc F =  30   = 20V
30 


1 2 1 1
Energy stored = CV =   202 = 10J
2 2 20
 30  20 
Inductor: IL F =  ()   = 0.5A
 30  40 

1 2 1
Li =  4  ( 0.5 ) = 0.5J
2
Energy stored=
2 2
Total energy stored=10.5J

04. Ans: (B)

Solution:
just take outer circuit
Apply KVL

Let voltage across current source is ‘V’

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 Network Analysis

-V+2+2+2=0 => V=6V

 V=+ve it means current source deliver power
 Power= (6) (1) = 6W

05. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Current flowing through the capacitor is ic(t) = u(t + 2) – u(t – 2)
Charge in the capacitor at t = 0+ is
t 0
Q=  ic ( t ) dt =  1dt = 2C
− −2

Voltage across the capacitor at t = 4 sec

t 2
1 1
Vc =  ic ( t ) dt =  1 dt = 4V
C − 1 −2
1 2 1
Energy stored in the capacitor is CV =  1  16 = 8 Joule
2 2

06. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Ldi 1
dt C 
V = iR + + idt
For dual circuit voltage is changed into current
dV 1
dt L' 
i' = V'G'+ C' + V'dt

1
R' =
R
C' = L
L' = C

07. Ans: 433.33

Solution:
By source transformation we obtain the circuit

Apply KVL in loop (i)

50 = 30I1 − 30I2
5 = 3I1 − 3I2 ........(i)

Apply KVL in loop (ii)

−100 = −30I1 + 80I2
−10 = −3I1 + 8I2 ……(ii)

From eq.(i) & (ii)

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 Network Analysis

2
I2 = −1A & I1 = A
3
( )
Voltage across 20ohm = 5 − 1 20 = 80V

2
Hence total power supplied = 50  + 5  80 = 433.33W
3

08. Ans: 13.25

Solution:

Form figure
V1
I1 =
2+R
2
 V 
PR = I R =  1  R = 5 ………(1)
2
1
2+R 

The nodal equation may be written as at node V1

Vx − V1 20 − V1 V
+ = I1 = 1
4 4 2 +R
2V1
And Vx = 2I1 =
2+R
Combining these two equations yields
V1 V1 V V
− +5− 1 = 1
2 (2 + R ) 4 4 2 +R
1 1 
V1  +  =5
 2 2 (2 + R ) 
 
10 ( 2 + R )
V1 = …………..(2)
3+R
From eq. (1) and (2) we obtain
 
 10 R  = 5
2

( )
 3+R 2 

Solving for R yields R = 13.325 or 0.675

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 Network Analysis

09. Ans: (B)

Solution:

Convert Delta into star

21
I= = 3mA
7
Total power observed=total power delivered = (21) (3) =63mW

10. Ans: (B)

Solution:
Resistance-1Ω and Inductor-2H
a) Energy absorbed in 3 sec=Resistor absorbs always during the 3sec+inductor absorbs energy only during 2sec
b) Energy stored in 3sec=inductor only stores energy (that too in only first 2 sec)

i=3t
 di 
( )
(a) Edt = I2R .dt + L   (i ) .dt
 dt 

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 Network Analysis

2 2

 (3t )  (1) dt + ( 6 )  (1)  (1) +  (L ) . (3) . (3t ).dt

2 2
E=
0 0
2

(9) . (t )
3 2
E= t2
+ 36 + 2  9 
3 2 0
0

( )( )
E= 3 8 + 36 + 36 = 96J
2
(b) Inductor stores energy in first 2 sec=
 (L ) . (3) . (3t ).dt = 36J
0

11. Ans: (D)

Solution:
The voltage–time equations for the applied voltage as per the given figure at different time intervals are as follows:

V(t) = t for 0  t  1
V(t) = -1 for 1  t  3
V(t) = -2(t - 4) for 3  t  4
V(t) = 0 for 4  t  5

t 1
Energy = Where, Power P ( t ) =  V ( t ) 2 
 P ( t ) dt R
t
0
 for 0 – 5 sec, the energy delivered is the sum of energy delivered for 0 – 1, 1 – 3, 3 – 4 and 4 – 5 sec. i.e. Energy (0 - 5) =
Energy (0 - 1) + Energy (1 - 3) + Energy (3 - 4) + Energy (4 - 5)
1 3 4 5
E= 1 2dt + 1 ( −1 )2 dt + 1  −2 ( t − 4 ) 2 dt + 1 0.dt
10  10  10   10 
t 
0 1 3 4

 3
1 4 4
1 2 1 1 3 1 2 + 64t 
E = 1  t  + 1 t 3 + 1  4t2 − 32t + 64  dt + 0 = + + .4t − .32t
10  1 10  
  
30 10 10  3 2 
10  3   3
 0 3

E=
1 2 1  256 512  1  108 288 
+ +  − + 256  −  − + 192
30 10 10  3 2  10  3 2 
1 2 1  148 224  7 148 144 11
E= + + − + 64  = + − = Joules
30 10 10  3 2  30 30 30 30
 Energy (0 – 5 sec) = 11 Joules = 0.36 J
30
12. Ans: (A)
Solution:
Transform 12 0 current source into voltage source

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 Network Analysis

36 − 900 = I x ( j2 − j3 ) + 3I x  2
36 − 900
Ix = = 5.918 − 80.530 A
6 − j1
Current through 2 resistor= 3I x = 17.754 − 80.530

( )
2
Power dissipated= 17.754  2 = 630.41W

Type 5 – Thevenin’s and Norton Theorem

01. Ans: (D)
Solution:
The Thevenin’s equivalent across AB is not possible because we don’t know the value of voltage across the current source.

02. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Short-circuiting the independent sources
Apply KCL at node 3
Va − 2Va Va Va − V2
+ + =0
2 2 2
Va − V2 = 0..............(1)

Apply KCL at node 2

V2 V2 − Va
+ =I
1 2
V2 = I....................(2)
V2
Norton Resistance RN = =1 
I
Finding Short-circuit current

Apply KCL at node 3

Va − 2 − 2Va Va Va − 0
+ + =0
2 2 2
Va = 2 V

Current in the short-circuited branch

2 − 1 Va − 0
+ = 2A
1 2

03. Ans: (B)

Solution:
For Thevenin’s resistance connect 1A current source, voltage across current source is V ab
Apply KCL at node V
V− V
+ −1 = 0
1 1
1+
2V = 1 +  => V = ……..(1)
2

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 Network Analysis

Vab − V
= 1 ……………….(2)
1
R th = 3
Vth Vab
= = 3 = Vab = 3
Ith 1
From eq. (1) & (2)

3−
(1 +  ) = 1
2
6 −1 −  = 2
=3

04. Ans: (A)

Solution:
The Norton’s equivalent of the given network is
For the first case: RL = 3

Pabsorbed = 12 = I12  RL
12 = 3  I12
I1 = 2A
IN .RN
I1 =
RN + RL
2RN + 6 = INRN (i)
For the second case: RL = 8
Pabsorbed = 8W
8 = I12  8
I1 = 1A
INRN
I1 =
RN + RL
INRN = ( 8 + RN ) (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
8 + RN = 2RN + 6
RN = 2
From eq.(ii)
2IN = 10
IN = 5A

05. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Apply KCL at node VDC
VDC − 2i V
+ i + DC = 2
1 2
Also V = i

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 Network Analysis

VDC
So VDC − 2VDC + VDC + =2
2
VDC = 4 volts
Finding R TH

To find out equivalent resistance short circuit the current source and connect a test source across the load terminal

Apply KCL at node Vdc

Vdc Vdc − 2i
Idc = Vdc + +
2 1
And i = Vdc

Vdc
 Idc =
2
Vdc
R TH = = 2
idc

06. Ans: (B)

Solution:
As there are no independent source the Thevenin’s and Norton equivalent will have 0V and 0A sources. To find R TH , a 1A
Vx
source is connected as R TH =
1
Writing a nodal equation at A,
Vx V V − 1000ix
1− = x + x
100 3000 100
V
Vx Vx Vx − 1000 x  Vx 
1− 3000
= +  ix = 
100 3000 100  3000 
Vx V 2 Vx
1− = x +
100 3000 3 100
0.01Vx + 0.0003Vx + 0.0067Vx = 1
Vx = 58.82V
Vx
R TH = = 58.82
1

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 Network Analysis

Type 6 – Maximum Power Transfer

01. Ans: (B)
Solution:
Max power transferred when ( )
ZL = Z th
*

Z th = 10 + j (10 )
 ZL = 10 − j (10 )
Im = 10 2
Im 10 2
I through Z L is= =
2 2
2
 10 2 
Max power through ZL = ( I )  RL = 
2
  10  500W
 2 
 

02. Ans: (B)

Solution:
 We have to find the Thevenin’s resistances across XY
 S.C the voltage source (independent)
Connect one voltage source of value 100
100
Z th =
I3
I3 = I1 + I2
100
I1 = = 0.500 = 0.5
2
1 − 0.8
I2 = = 0.0667 − 900 ;  −0.0667 j
3j
I3 = 0.5 − 0.0667 j
100
 Z th =  2 − 7.60
0.57.59

03. Ans: (B)

Solution:

( I − 0 ) =  −404  ( V + 40 )
 
 
V + 40 = −10I
( −V ) = (10 ) I + 40
 ()
Compare with eq.  V = I R th + Vth 

 Vth = 40;
R th = 10;

P=
Vth2
=
( 40 )( 40 ) = 40W
4R th ( 4 )(10 )

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 Network Analysis

04. Ans: (A) & (D)

Solution:
Apply super position theorem (But do not add powers)

Case: (i)
PR = 4W

 ( I1 )  R = 4
2

I1 = 4
R
Case (ii):
PR = 9W

(I )
2
2
R = 9

I2 = 9
R
2
 
 PR = ( I1 + I2 )  R =  2   R  (5 ) ( or ) (1 )
2
 3
2 2

 R R
PR = 25W ( or ) 1W

05. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Apply KVL in ABCD
−12300 − (1 − j ) 40 + Vth = 0
Vth = 12300 + ( 4 − 4 j ) = 14.4 + 2j = 14.537.90
Z th = '5 '

(14.53)
2

 Max power= = 10.56W

( 4 )(5)

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 Network Analysis

06. Ans: (C)

Solution:
The power transferred from N1 to N2

V −V
PL = V  i = V   OC 
 R TH 

To find the value of that maximize PL is

dPL VOC − 2V
= =0
dV R TH
Thus, V = 0.5 VOC ;

V = 0.5  20 = 10 V
0.5VOC 10
And i = = = 0.1A
R TH 100
Applying KCL at network N2

10 10 − Va 10 + 40 − 4Va
0.1 = + =
200 50 200
−20 + 50 30
Va = = = 7.5 V
4 4

Alternate Method
For maximum power transfer R th = 100 [Rth resistance across the terminals]

20
Hence voltage across circuit N2 V = = 10V
2
20 − 10
i= = 0.1A
100
Apply KCL in N2
10 10 − Va
0.1 = +
200 50
−20 + 50 30
Va = = = 7.5 V
4 4

07. Ans: (C)

Solution:
rad
Since,  = 2
sec
Network can be drawn as
Finding Z TH

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 Network Analysis

Z TH =
(1 + j)(1 − j) = 2 = 1
1 + j+1− j 2
Hence,
For maximum power through Z L it should be ZL = Z *TH = 1

Type 7 – Other Theorems

01. Ans: 4
Solution:
From VI graph
6
VTh is 6V and R TH = = 1K
6mA

Use superposition theorem. Due to 6V

i'1 = 2mA
And due to other 6V i''1 = 2mA .

( )
Adding i1 = 2 + 2 mA = 4mA

02. Ans: (C)

Solution:
As the network is linear
Let us assume V = aI1 + bI2
I1 = 8,I2 = 12  V = 80V => 80 = 8a + 12b.......... (1 )

I1 = −8,I2 = 4  V = 0 ( )
=> 0 = −8a + 4b = b = 2a............. 2
From eq. (1) & (2)
80 = 8a + 24a = a = 2.5
And b = 5
When I1 = I2 = 10
V = 75V

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 Network Analysis

03. Ans: (C)

Solution:
For a linear circuit
Vout = AI1 + BV1 + CI2 + DI3 = AI1 + (BV1 + CI2 + DI3 ) ( I2 ,I3 & V3 are cons tant )

Or, Vout = AI1 + K

16 = 3A + K (i)
And 8 = A + K (i)
From (i) & (ii)
A=4
K=4
 Vout = 4I1 + 4
I1 = 0.5A
 Vout = 4  0.5 + 4 = 6V

04. Ans: (C)

Solution:
By applying reciprocity and homogeneity theorem to the figure,
We get ISC = 6A

From figure (i) ,Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

10
Also, R = = 2
Th 5
Hence,

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 Network Analysis

The above figure can be represented as

62
I= = 4A
3

Type 8 – First Order Circuits

01. Ans: (C)
Solution:
( )
IL 0 + = 2A (Given)

IL (  ) = 20 = 2A
10
−t
 IL ( t ) = I ( 0 ) − I (  )  e + I (  ) = (2 − 2) e
−t
 
+ 2  2A
 IL at any time is 2A

02. Ans: (C)

Solution:

At POS (1)

( )
IL 0 − = 12 = 2A
6

( )
 IL 0 + = 2A

At POS (2)
Given voltage across coil= 12V
-12+ (2+ R) 2= 0

2+ R= 6 = R = 4

03. Ans: (C)

Solution:
R ( t − t0 )
Vm Vm
i (t) = − cos ( t0 +  −  ) e L + ( t +  −  )
−

Z Transient response Z
T.R S.S.R ( Steady state Response )

  L 
T.R=0  t0 +  −  = where =tan-1   = 17.44
0

2  R 
t0 + 100 − 17.44 0 = 900

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 Network Analysis

t0 = 97.44 0
 1
t0 = 97.440  
180 2    50
0

t0 = 5.41msec

04. Ans: (A)

Solution:
POS 1, For long time

POS 2
( )
IL 0 + = 10mA

IL (  ) = 0A
1m
= L = = 10−6
R 1k
( )
t
IL ( t ) = IL 0 + − IL (  )  e + IL (  )
−

 
− t
IL ( t ) = 10e 10−6
mA

 i ( t ) = −IL ( t ) = −10e−10 tmA

6

05. Ans: (C)

Solution:
 = R eqCeq
To find Req. , Let us connect a voltage source of 1V across the capacitor
(V = V )x apply KCL

V − 4Vx V V −1
+ + =0
10 20 10
−6V + 1V + 2V − 2 = 0
2
V=−
3
1−V 5 1
I= = = A
10 30 6

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 Network Analysis

1
 R eq = =6
I
  = R eqCeq = ( 6 )( 2 ) = 12 sec

06. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Current in capacitor
dV1 dV
50i1 = 100  = i1 = 2 1 … (1)
dt dt
For input capacitance
dV1
i1 = Ceq … (2)
dt
From eq. (1) & (2)
Ceq = 2F

07. Ans: 1.47

Solution:

At t=0-

10 + 8
( )
i 0− =
20 + 10
= 0.6A

( ) ( )
i 0 − = i 0 + = 0.6A

At t=∞

i (  ) = 1A

Req. = 10
tR

(
i ( t ) = i (  ) + i (0) − i (  ) e )
−
L

i ( t ) = 1 + ( 0.6 − 1 ) e− t  = 1 − 0.4e− t

di ( t )
VL = L = 10  ( −0.4 )( −1 ) .e− t
dt
VL |t=1 = 10  0.4  e−1 = 1.47V

08. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Voltage across capacitor is
−t
Vc = ( Vini − Vfin ) e RC
+ Vfin

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 Network Analysis

−t
Vc ( t ) = ( 2 − 1 ) e ( )( ) + 1
1 1

Vc ( t ) = 1 + e− t

Vc ( 2 ) = 1 + e−2

Apply KVL at t=2sec

−Vi + Vc + V0 = 0

(
V0 = Vi − Vc = 1 − 1 + e−2 = −e−2 V )
Type 9 – Second Order Circuits
01. Ans: (D)
Solution:
‘After switch closes’ after the setting time the circuit looks like this
By KCL at node V

V − 20 V V − 20
+ + =0
2 2 4
5V
= 15  V = 12V
4

 Vc (  ) = V = 12V

02. Ans: (A)

Solution:
At POS (1)
10
I=  0.01A
1K
( ) ( )
IL 0 − = IL 0 + = 0.01A

POS (1) POS (2)

At POS (2)
But at time t = 0+
( ) ( )
Vc 0 − = VL 0 + = Vc ( 0 ) = 0V
By KVL
di
VL = iR or L = iR ………(1)
dt
di
L = ( 0.01 )(1000 )
dt
di
L = 10
dt t =0+
di 10
= = 5 A / sec
dt t =0+ 2

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 Network Analysis

Differentiating eq. (1)

d2i di
L = R
dt2 dt
d2i R di 1000
=  =  5  2500 A / s2
dt2 L dt 2

03. Ans: (B)

Solution:
POS (1)

Final setting in POS (1) or t = 0− looks like

(Capacitor charges up to source voltage)

 This circuit doesn’t pass any current
( ) ( )
Vc 0 − = Vc 0 + = 10V

At t = 0+ when switch is closed

By KVL

In loop  -5+ I(1)+ 2(I)+ 10=0

5
I=− A
3
By KVL

Outer loop

( )
−5 + I (1 ) + VL 0 + + 10 = 0

di 5 10
L = −5 + = − A / s
dt t =0+ 3 3

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 Network Analysis

04. Ans: (C)

Solution:
In POS 1
When switch is turned ON

VL = 50V

di
L = 50V
dt
di
= 500A / s
dt
50
i=− = −5A
10

05. Ans: 20
Solution:
At t = 0−
Hence the switch has been closed for a long time

( ) 412+ 2 = 2A
i 0− =

V ( 0 ) = 2i ( 0 ) = 4V
− −

As the inductor current and the capacitor voltage cannot change abruptly
( ) ( )
i 0 + = i 0 − = 2A

V ( 0 ) = V ( 0 ) = 4V
+ −

At t = 0+
The switch is open,

The same current flows through both the inductor and capacitor
( ) ( )
ic 0 + = i 0 + = 2A

dv ( t )
ic ( t ) = C
dt
ic 0( ) = dV (0 ) =
+ +
2
= 20 V s
C dt 0.1

06. Ans: (D)

Solution:
Circuit at t = 0−

( )
iL ( 0 ) = iL 0 + = 1A

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 Network Analysis

( )
VC ( 0 ) = VC 0 + = 100  1 = 100 V
Circuit at t = 0+

Writing KVL
di ( t ) 1
t
100i ( t ) + 0.5 i ( t )dt = 0
40F 0
− 100 +
dt
At t = 0+
t

( )
i 0 + = 1A &  i ( t )dt = 0
0

100 = 100  1 + 0.5

( )
di 0+
dt
( ) = 0 A/sec
di 0 +
dt

Type 10 – Laplace Transform Method

01. Ans: -10
Solution:
10
() ()
The supply voltage is given by V s = L  v t  = L 10u t  =
s
()
1 1 10 4
()
Also, Z s = R +
cs
= 100 +
100  10 s−6
= 100 +
s
10
V (s) 1 1
I (s) = = s = =
Z (s) 104  1000  1000 + 10s
100 + s  10 + 
s  s 
1
I (s) =
( s + 100 )10
i ( t ) , the inverse of Laplace transform is i ( t ) = 0.1e−100t A
di ( t )
= 0.1e−100t ( −100 ) = −10A / sec
dt t =0 + t =0

02. Ans: (D)

Solution:
dv
I=C
dt
In L-domain
I ( s ) = C sV ( s ) − V 0 + 
  ( )

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 Network Analysis

V (s)
I (s) = ( )
− C.V 0+ − − − − (1 )
( Cs)
1

Given
Vc ( s )
Ic ( s ) = + 8 − − − − − (2)
( 2s )
Compare (2) with (1)
1 =2 => C=0.5F
Cs s

( )
CV 0+ = −8 => V 0+ = −16V ( )
03. Ans: (A)
Solution:
di ( t )
Eu ( t ) = R1i ( t ) + L
dt
Taking Laplace transformation yields
E
s
= R1I ( s ) + sLI ( s ) − Li o + ( )
E
s
( )
+ Li o+ = I ( s ) R1 + sL 

E
E + sLi 0 + ( ) L
+ si 0 + ( )
I (s) = =
s (R1 + sL )  R 
ss + 1 
 L 
However, partial fraction gives
A B
I (s) = +
s R
s+ 1
L
E
+ si o+ ( ) E
A=L = = 10A
R R1
s+ 1
L s =0

E
+ si o+ ( ) −E
B= L
s −R
s= 1
=
R1
( )
+ i o+
L

E 10
( ) ( )
i o− = i o+ =
R1 + R 2
=
3
= 3.33A

−E
B=
R1
( )
+ i o + = −10 + 3.33 = −6.67A

10 6.67 10 6.67
I (s) = − = −
s R1 s s +1
s+
L
Taking inverse Laplace transform
i ( t ) = 10 − 6.67e− t  A

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 Network Analysis

04. Ans: (B)

Solution:
Transform the network into ‘S’ Domain
V (s)
I1 ( s ) =
s+2
 V (s)  6 I (s) 2
I (s) =    = , V ( t ) = 5 + cos ( 4t )
s+2 9
  V ( s ) 3 ( s + 2 )
Input has two frequencies ‘0 rad/sec, ‘4’ rad/sec

Apply super position theorem

I ( j ) 2
=
v
i ( j ) 3 ( j + 2 )
2 1
At  = 0 = =
3 (0 + 2) 3
At  = 4 = 2 1 1
= =
3 ( j4 + 2 ) 3 (1 + 2 j ) 3 5  tan−1 2 


( ) 
1 1 1 
I (t) = 5 + cos  4t − tan−1 ( 2 )  = 5 + 0.447 cos  4t − Tan−1 ( 2 )  
3 3 5   3    

05. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Convert it into ‘s’ domain

Apply KVL in loop 1

1 3 3
− + I1 ( s ) + I1 ( s )  − I2 ( s )  = 0
s s s
 3 3 1
I1 1 +  − I2   = .................. (1 )
 s  s s

Apply KVL in loop 2

3
( I − I ) + 5I2 + I2s = 0
s 2 1
 3 + 5s + s2  3
I2   = I1   .................... ( 2 )
 s  s
From (2) & (1)
 3 + s2 + 5s   s + 3  3 1
I2    − I2   =
 3  s  s s
(
I2 ( s + 3 ) s2 + 5s + 3 − 9  = 3
  )
3
I2 ( s ) =
s + 8s2 + 18s
3

3s 3
V0 ( s ) = I2 ( s ) . ( s ) = = 2
s + 8s + 18s s + 8s + 18
3 2

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 Network Analysis

3
V0 ( s ) =
( 2)
2
(s + 4 )
2
+

 3  −4t
V0 ( t ) =   e sin 2t
 2

06. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Transforming the given circuit using initial condition into condition into Laplace domain

At node A:
10 10
Vc ( s ) − Vc ( s ) −
5 Vc ( s ) s Vc ( s ) s = Vc ( s ) + sVc ( s ) − 5
= + = +
s Ls 1 s 2 s 2
Cs s
5 1 s 
= Vc ( s )  +  − 5
s s 2
5 1 s 
+ 5 = Vc ( s )  + 
s s 2
5
+5
5s + 5 5s 5
 Vc ( s ) = s = = 2 + 2
1 s s2 s s
+ +1 +1 +1
s 2 2 2 2
 
10s 10  s 1   s 1 
Vc ( s ) = 2 + 2 = 10  2 + 2  = 10  + 2

( ) ( )
2
s +2 s +2  s + 2 s + 2  s + 2
2
s2 + 2 
 
 
 s 1 2 
Vc ( s ) = 10  +  2

( ) ( )
2
 s2 + 2 2 s2 + 2 
 
 1 
v ( t ) = 10 cos 2t + sin 2t  V
 2 

07. Ans: (C)

Solution:
In the s domain we have

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 Network Analysis

dQ + 150
s2Q ( s ) − sQ 0 + − ( ) dt
( ) ( )
0 + 8sQ ( s ) − 8Q 0 + + 25Q ( s ) =
s
150 6 6 (s + 4 ) 83
Q (s) = = − −
(
s s2 + 8s + 25 ) s ( s + 4 )2 + 9 ( s + 4 )2 + 9

Taking inverse Laplace transform

q = 6 − 6e−4t cos3t − 8e−4t sin 3t
dq
i(t) = = −6e−4t  −4 cos3t − 3sin3t  − 8e−4t  −4 sin3t + 3cos3t  = 50e−4t sin 3t
dt

Type 11 – AC Circuit Analysis

01. Ans: (A)
Solution:
Apply KCL at node V
V − 3 cos t + 300( )+ V +V− (
3 sin t + 600 ) =0
1 1 1
(
3V = 3 sin t + 60 + cos t + 300 

0
)  ( )
 1  1  3  3 1 
V=   sin t +   cos t + cos t − sin t 
 3   2 
 2  2 2 
V = cos t
Voltage across 1Ω=V= cos t

02. Ans: (C)

Solution:
At POS 2
XL = L = ( 2 )(1 ) = 2
 2 
iL ( t ) = i ( t )  
 2 + 2j 
2  
iL ( t ) = .2sin  2t +  = 2 sin2t A
  4
2 2  
4

03. Ans: (A)

Solution:
At steady state all capacitors are charged fully accordingly to their ratings and open circuits (We can neglect voltage across
resistances because i=0)
Just take outer loop

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 Network Analysis

VAB = Voltage across ‘6F’ capacitor

 2 
VAB =   (100 ) = 25V
6 +2

04. Ans: (D)

Solution:
Z eq = (1 + j) || (1 − j ) = 100  [ω=1 rad/s]
V
i= = 10150 A
Z eq

 1+ j  2450
ic ( t ) = (i) .   1015 = 5 260 ;
0 0
=
 1 + j+1− j 2

(
5 2 cos t + 600 ) (or ) (
5 2 sin t + 600 )
05. Ans: (A)
Solution:
1 1
Z = = = −j
c jC
j  1000  10−3

Z = jL = j  1000  10 −3 = j
L
−j j
Z =1+
eq −j + j
Z →
eq
The current in the given circuit will be zero.

Type 12 – Phasor
01. Ans: (C)
Solution:
I1 = I2 = 10

I2 = IR + 8900

I2 = IR2 + ( 8 )
2

IR = 6

I2 = 6 + 8 j

I2    = tan−1 8 ( 6)
I 2 Lead by tan−1 (86 )

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 Network Analysis

02. Ans: (B)

Solution:
From the phasor diagram, it is seen that V leads V . Now V is in same phase as I . As I Leads V by 900 , V also
R C R C R
leads V by 900
C
Now V leads V . So I leads V , hence the circuit is capacitive.
R
A series resonant circuit is capacitive below resonant frequency.

03. Ans: 0
Solution:
From the phasor diagram, phase difference is 0o. So i1(t) leads by i2(t) by zero degree.

Type 13 – Resonance
01. Ans: (A)
Solution:
Yeq = Y1 + Y2 + Y3
1 1 0.1 − j  10−3 
Y1 = = =
Z1 0.1 + j    10−3
( 0.1) + 10−3  ( )
2 2

Y1 = j ( 0.11 )  10 −6
1
Y3 = = 1
10M
1 − j  10−3 
Yeq = + ( 0.11)  10−6 j + 10−6
( 0.1) + 10 
2 −6 2

At resonance imaginary part is zero

 
 −10−3  −6 
+ 0.11  10 =0

( ( )
0.1 ) + 10−6 2

2

 
10−3 
0.11  10−6 =
(0.1) + (10 ) 
2 −6 2

10−6  ( 0.11 )( 0.1 ) + 10 −6.10 −6.2  ( 0.11 ) = 10 −3

2

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 Network Analysis

109
2 =   = 95.4Krad / sec
0.11

02. Ans: (C)Solution:

L XL VL ( or ) Vc
For Series ‘RLC’ circuit at resonance Q =
R
(or ) R
=
V
XL = 50 at 100Hz
XL = 250 at 500Hz
XL Vc
 =
R V
250 V
= c
10 100
Vc = 2500V

03. Ans: (D)

Solution:
Series RLC
XL ( or ) X C L 1
Q=
R
=
R
(or ) RC
0 1000
Q= = = 10
2 − 1 100
1 1 1
10 = R = =  10
0 . (R ) .C 100C 10  1000  10  10 −6
0L 10R 10  10
10 = L = =  100mH
R 0 1000

04. Ans: (B)

Solution:
For series RLC circuit,
Frequency at which maximum voltage appear across capacitor
1 R 2C
fc = . 1−
2 LC 2L
1 25  10−6 103
. 1 − ( 0.5 ) 
2
fc = = 1 − 0.78  10−3
2 4  10−3  25  10 −6 2  4  10−3 2 0.1
999
fc = = 503.151Hz
2  0.316
1 1
XC = = = 12.65
C 2  503.151  25  10−6

Vc max =
V
 XC 
(12) . (12.65) = 303.6V
(R ) 0.5

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 Network Analysis

05. Ans: (A)

Solution:
At resonance

2
 Vm 
  144
Average power= 
2
 = 18W
R ( 2)( 4 )
06. Ans: (B)
Solution:
1
f0 =
2 LC
L eq = L1 + L 2 + 2M = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
1 1
f0 = = Hz
2 ( 6 )( 2) 4 3

07. Ans: (B)

Solution:
To find Zin connect 100 voltage source
10 0
Then Z in =
I
V1 = 10I …………….(1)
100 − V
And = I …….…….(2)
10 + jL
Apply KCL at node V
V1
I+ = V  ( JC ) ……………(3)
2
From (1) & (3)
6I = V  ( JC ) ………………..(4)
From (2) & (4)
6I
100 −
jC  6 
= I = I  10 + jL +  = 10
0

10 + jL  jC 
100
I=
 6 
 10 + jL + 
 j C
 6 
Z in =  10 + jL + 
 jC 
At resonance imaginary part is zero

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 Network Analysis

6 6
jL + = 0 =  = = 346410.161 rad / s
jC LC
f=55.132KHz

08. Ans: (D)

Solution:

I is phasor sum of i and i

1 2
240
 i = i2 − i2 = 3A R = = 80
1 2 3

09. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Current through inductor at resonance
I = QI −900 = −25 j = 25 −900
L
But I = 5 00
25 −900
Q= =5
5 00

10. Ans: (C)

Solution:
1 1 2 + j1 + 2 − j1
Y =Y +Y = + =
1 2 2 − j1 2 + j1 5
4
Y=
5
5
Z= 
4
10 / 2
I= = 5.65A
5/4
5
P = I2 Z = (5.65 )2   = 40W
rms 4

11. Ans: (B)

Solution:
For parallel RLC circuit
C 8  10−6
Q =R = 8000
L 0.2  10 −3
Q = 1600
1 1
Resonant frequency 0 = = = 25000 rad sec
LC 8  0.2  10−9

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 Network Analysis

0
Q=
2  bandwidth
0 25000
 BW = = = 2.486 Hz
2Q 2  1600

Type 14 – Two Port Network

01. Ans: (B)
Solution:
ABCD parameter equations
V1 = AV2 − BI2
I1 = CV2 − DI2
V1 I
A= ;C = 1 when I2 = 0
V2 V2
 1 
V2 = V1  
 1 + 2s 
V1
A= = (1 + 2s )
V2
And V2 = I1  1
I1
C= =1
V2
Now
V1 I
B=− : D = − 1 when V2 = 0
I2 I2
 
 1   s 
I2 = I1   = I1  
1
1 +  s +1
 
 s
I s +1
D = − 1 = − 
I2  s 
 1 
I2    s 
And = V1  s + 1  = I2 = V1  2 
s  2s + 1   2s + 2s + 1 
 
 s+1 
V 2s2 + 2s + 1
B=− 1 =−
I2 s
 2s2 + 2s + 1 
 2s + 1 − 
 s 
 s+1 
 1 −  
  s  

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 Network Analysis

02. Ans: (A)

Solution:
I1 = V1 Y11 + V2 Y22
I1
Y11 =
V1 V2 = 0

Circuit looks like

V1
= 0.5
I1
I1 1
Y11 = = =2
V1 0.5

03. Ans: (B)

Solution:
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V1
Z12 =
I2 I1 = 0

V2 V2
I2 = =
3+ 1 3 + 10
0.1s s
By KVL

( s )I
−V1 + 4I2 + 10 2
=0

V = I ( 4 + 10 )
1 2
s
V1 4s + 10
Z12 = =
I2 s

04. Ans: (B)

Solution:
Convert Ta ( ) to (Z) matrix & then Z overall
=  Z1  +  Z 2  = 2  Z 
2 3
Ta = Tb =  
1 2
V1 = 2V2 − 3I2
I1 = 1V2 − 2I2
V1 V2
Z11 = and Z =
I1 I2 = 0
21
I1 I2 = 0

When I2 = 0 : V1 = 2V2 and I1 = 1V2

V1 V
Z11 = = 2 and Z 21 = 2 = 1
I1 I1

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 Network Analysis

V2 V1
Z 22 = and Z =
I2 I1 = 0
12
I2 I1 = 0

When I1 = 0 : V2 = 2I2 and V1 = I2

V2 V
Z 22 = = 2 and Z12 = 1 = 1
I2 I2
2 1
  Z  =  
1 2
4 2
2  Z  =  
2 4

05. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Z parameter equations
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2
V1 −2I1
Z11 = = = −2
I1 I2 = 0
I1

V2 −2I1 − 6I1
Z 21 = = = −8
I1 I2 = 0
I1

V1 I2
Z12 = = =1
I2 I1 = 0
I2

V2 3I2
Z 22 = = =3
I2 I1 =0
I2
 −2 1
  Z  =  
 −8 3

06. Ans: (A)

Solution:
From given network
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22 V2
V2 = −I2RL
Vs = I1R1 + V1
Vs = I1R1 + (h11 I1 + h12 V2 )
Vs = I1 (R1 + h11 ) + h12 ( −I2RL ) ………….….(1)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 ( −I2RL )
I2 (1 + h22R1 ) = h12 I1

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 Network Analysis

 1 + h22R 2 
I1 = I2   ………………………………(2)
 h21 
From eq. (1) & (2)
 1 + h22R 2 
Vs = I2   (R1 + h11 ) − h12RL I2
 h21 
 (1 + h22R 2 )(R1 + h11 ) − h12h21R1 
Vs = I2  
 h21 
V2
I2 = −
RL

V2  (1 + h22R 2 )(R1 + h11 ) − h12h21RL 

Vs = −  
RL  h21 

V2 h21RL
 =
Vs h12h21RL − (1 + h22R 2 )(R1 + h11 )

07. Ans: (D)

Solution:
Z parameter equations
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2
Apply KVL in port ‘1’
V1 = 1K  I1 + 0.3mV2 ………………(1)
Apply KVL in port ‘2’
V2 = 50K  I2 − 2000K  I1 ……….(2)
From eq. (1) & (2)
V1 = 1K  I1 + 15I2 − 600I1
V1 = 400I1 + 15I2
 400 15 
 Z  =  
 −2000K 50K 

08. Ans: (C)

Solution:

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 Network Analysis

Network −1 : T = 1 1
 
1 0 1 

1 0 
Network − 2 : T = ;
2 1 1 

 −1 1   −1 −3
Network −3 : Z =   ; T3 =  
 1 2 1 2

1 1
Network −4 : T =  
4 0 1 

 −1 −5
T = T T T T = 
1 2 3 4  0 −1

V = − V + 5I ;
1 2 2
I
I =0+I  2 =1
1 2 I
1

09. Ans: (C)

Solution:
The given circuit can be redrawn by converting  connection to y as

This can be again redrawn as

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 Network Analysis

V = AV − BI
1 2 2
I = CV − DI
1 2 2
Using KVL:
2
 2   s + 6s + 8 
V =I   +
2 2  4 + 3s   2
I +I
 2 1 ( )
 3s + 4s 

I =V
( 4s + 3s2 )
−
 s2 + 8s + 8 
I
1 2
( 2
)
s2 + 6s + 8  s + 6s + 8 
2

2
D (transmission parameter) = s + 8s + 8
s2 + 6s + 8

10. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Applying KVL,
V = 10I + 3I + 2 I + I
1 1 2 1 2 ( )
V = 12I + 5I .................(i)
1 1 2

2 2 (
And V = 2 I − 2V
3 ) + 2 ( I1 + I2 )
V = 2I + 4I − 4V .................(ii)
2 1 2 3
And (
V =2 I +I
3 1 2 ) ..............(iii)

From equations (ii) and (iii), we have

1 2 1 (
V = 2I + 4I − 4 2I + 2I
2 2 )
V = −6I − 4I …………..(iv)
2 1 2

From equations (i) and (iv), the required Z – parameters of the given network are
12 5 
Z= 
 −6 −4 
 2 5 
Hence − 1  9 18 
Y = Z =  
− 1 − 2 
 3 3 

11. Ans: 8
Solution:
For maximum power transfer
RL = R Th
Redrawing the power to calculate R Th
 V1   A B   V2 
 =  
 I1   C D   −I2 
V1 = 4V2 − 20I2

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 Network Analysis

I1 = 0.1V2 − 2I2
And V1 = −10I1

From these equation,

−20 −5
V2 = I1 , I2 = I
3 6 1
−20
V2 I1
R Th = = 3 = 8
I2 −5
I1
6

Type 15 – Graph Theory

01. Ans: (D)
Solution:
Tree should cover all the nodes, but there should not be any closed path.

Hence total number of trees=8

02. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Incident matrix
Towards node=-1

Away from node=+1

1 2 3
A  1 −1 0 
 
B0 1 1 
C  −1 0 −1

03. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Tree should cover all the nodes, but there should not be any closed path.

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 Network Analysis

04. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Cut set: minimum number of branches to be removed to break graph into two parts
Verifying options

C(1,2,3) It is a valid cut set

C(3,4,5) valid cut set

(1,2,4) Not a cut set; it is not separated the graph into two
separate parts

05. Ans: (B)

Solution:
Other three circuits can be drawn on plane without crossing as shown below:

Hence (B) is correct option.

06. Ans: (A)

Solution:
No. of branches = b = 3
No. of nodes = n = 2

No. of chords = b – (n - 1)= 3 – (2 - 1) = 2

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 Network Analysis

Type 16 – Three phase Circuit

01. Ans: (A)
Solution:

Balanced source - Balanced load

Y - Y

VL = 150V
150
VP = = 86.60V
3
ZL = 36 + j12

Since, load & source are balanced we can take a per phase equivalent as

86.60
Ian = = 2.28 − 18.430 A
36 + j12

 Ibn = Ian − 1200 = 2.28 − 138.430

 Icn = Ibn − 1200 = 2.28 − 258.430 A

02. Ans: (B)

Solution:
Balanced source-Balanced supply
Per phase equivalent

Ptotal
Ptotal = 1836.54W, PPer phase = = 612.18W
3
Van
Ia =
16.5 + j10.2
Van
2
PPer phase = Ia2 (16 ) = 612.18W =  16 = 612.18
16.52 + 10.22
Van = 119.99V  120V

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 Network Analysis

03. Ans: (C)

Solution:
The system is balanced, per phase equivalent circuit

Power loss in single line=272.57/3=90.86W

Power loss= IanR Line
2

90.86 = I2an ( 2 )
Ian = 6.74A
Van
Ian =
ZL + ZLoad
ZLoad = Z 39.64 0
ZL = ( 2 + j1 ) 
105.28
ZL + ZLoad = = 15.62
6.74

Let Z = x + jy

( x + 3) + j ( y + 1 ) = 15.62
( x + 2) + ( y + 1) = 15.62.............. (1 )
2 2

Now, angle of Z = 39.65

y
tan−1   = 39.65
x
y = x tan39.65 = 0.82x.............. ( 2 )

From (1) & (2)

(x )
+ 4 + 4x + y 2 + 1 + 2y = (15.62 )
2 2

1.67x 2 + 5.64x + 5 = (15.62 )

2

x = 10.34
y = 8.47
ZL = 10.34 + j8.47

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 Network Analysis

04. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Balanced Y-Y, ZL = 20 + 12j
Van = 12000 Vrms

Van l = 111.490.20

111.490.20
Ian = = 4.78 − 30.76Amp
20 + j12
Van − Van l 120 − 111.490.20
ZL = =
Ian 4.78 − 30.76
ZL = 1.57 + 0.841j

Now, when ZLoad = 0

Van 120
Ian = = = 67.32 − 28.140
ZL 1.57 + 0.841 j
Ian = 67.32A

05. Ans: (B)

Solution:
400
I ==4
ph100
P = 42  100 = 1600W

P = 3I2 R
Y ph
400 / 3
I =
Yph R
P =P
 Y
2
 400 / 3 
1600 =   3R
 R 
R = 100

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 Network Analysis

06. Ans: (B)

Solution:
When all the resistance are present,

3V2  VL 
2 2
ph 1 VL
P= = 3   =
R  3 R R
 
When one of the phase resistances is removed,
2 2
V  1 VL
P = 2 L   =
 2  R 2R
 
[ (L )
When one phase resistances is removed, voltage across each resistance is V / 2 ]

V2 V2
L − L
Reduction in power = R 2R  100 = 50%
V2
L
R

07. Ans: (D)

Solution:
300V 1200
The phase voltage is = 173.2V and Per phase power is = 400W
3 3
Thus the line current can be given from the power relationship

p
( )
400 = 173.2  I 0.8 = I = 2.88A
p
The impedance is given by

For star connection I = I

p L
V
p 173.2
z = = = 60.1
p I 2.88
p
Since pf is 0.8 leading cos ( ) = 0.8
 = 36.860

08. Ans: (C)

Solution:
Powers absorbed by phase A is P
AN
( 0 0
)
= VI cos (  ) = 200 ( 2 ) cos −60 − 0 = 200W Thus, the total average power drawn
by the 3 −  load is 600 W.

09. Ans: (A)

Solution:
Apply KCL at Node 1
Vab Vac 4500 −450120
Ia = + = + = 110.29 − 36.52
Z1 Z 2 510 930

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 Network Analysis

10. Ans: (C)

Solution:
450 450
Vac = −Vca = −450120, VaN =  − 30 = 259.8 − 30 & VcN =  − 30 = 259.8 − 30
3 3
Apply KCL at node ‘a’
Vac VaN −450120 259.8 − 30
Ia = + = + = 74.69 + j73.13 A
−8 j −5 j 8 − 90 5 − 90

Apply KCL at node ‘c’

Vca VcN 450120 259.890
Ic = + = + = −48.71 + j101.79A
−8 j −5 j 8 − 90 20
IN = − ( Ia + Ic ) = −74.69 − j73.13 + 48.71 − j101.79 = −25.98 − j174.92 = 176.84 − 98.45

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Singnal and System