Fick’s law:

The flux is directly proportional to the concentration gradient.

J  dc/dx , J = - D dc/ dx … {M dif = - D dc/ dx }
[ -ve sign indicate a decrease in concentration. But flux is positive quantity.]
(OR) Rate of diffusion ∝ surface area × concentration difference thickness of
membrane. M dif = dn/dt (1/A) = - D dc/ dx …unit { mol m-2 s-1}
dc = change in concentration { kgm-3}, D = diffusion coefficient of penetrant ms-2
dx = change in the distance
Notes: Fick's laws widely applied in chemistry, biology, and medicine fields to
describe the relationship between mass transfer fluxes and concentration
gradients in the molecular diffusion process.
- describes the process whereby gas movement across the alveolar-capillary
membrane occurs through the process of diffusion.

Application of Fick's Law

Liquids - Fick 's law refers to two miscible liquids when they come into contact
and the diffusion takes place at a macroscopic point. Fabrication of semiconductor-
Diffusion equations Fick's law is used for the manufacture of integrated circuits.
Applications in food industries.
What is Fick's law in relation to respiration?
According to Fick's law, the rate of gas transfer across a tissue plane or membrane
(Vgas) is directly proportional to the difference in partial pressures of the gas on
the two sides of the membrane (P1 – P2) and the membrane's diffusing capacity
(DM).
Factors that affect Fick's law of diffusion are concentration gradient, distance of
diffusion, diffusion coefficient, and medium properties. For concentration gradient,
the higher the difference in concentration between two regions, the greater the rate
of diffusion there is.
Fick's law of diffusion active or passive?
Passive diffusion follows a concentration gradient, which relates to the transport of
molecules from a location of higher concentration to a site of lower concentration
without using chemical energy according to Fick's law of diffusion.
According to Fick’s law of diffusion,
“The molar flux due to diffusion is proportional to the concentration
gradient”.
Fick's first law : Movemenet of particles from high to low concentration
( diffusive flux) is directly proportional to the particles’s concentration
gradient.
J = - D dc/dx = - DC
Fick's second law : Prediction of change in concentration gradienet with the time
due to diffusion. C/ t = x 2C / 2x

Ohm's Law is a relationship between voltage, current and resistance in an

electrical R

circuit. R
I
V = IR
V

Ohm's Law (E = IR) is as fundamentally important as Einstein's Relativity equation

(E = mc²) is to physicists. E = I x R.
R
I
E = I (R + r)
V

Particle movement in Friction E, r

Fs = - f.v
Fs = 6   r v , --- Stokes law
f =6r
Fs = 6   r v
Fs = drag force, r = radius of sphers,  = fluid viscosity, v = velocity of the sphere
Stoke's Law
The force that retards a sphere moving through a viscous fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity and the radius of the sphere, and the viscosity of the
fluid.
f = 6 π r η v, (f = viscous drag force)

6 π = a constant arising from the derivation of the equation

η = viscosity of the liquid =a measure of the fluid’s resistance

r = the radius of the sphere, v = velocity of the fall.

D = k T/ f

D = diffusion coefficient, ( this quantifies how quiqckly as a substance diffuse out)

k = Boltzmann constant = 1.380649 x 10-23 J K-1

f = resistanc of a particle encounters as t moves through medium. T = absolute

temperature (K, kelvin),

f = frictional coefficient

EK = ½ ͞mv2 = 3/2 KT, D = kT/f

͞x2= 2kT/ f (t) = 2 Dt

Brownian motion and the mean square displacement (x2) of a particle undergoing
Brownian motion over time (t), where k is Boltzmann constant , T = absolute
temperature (K, kelvin), f = frictional coefficient and D is D = diffusion
coefficient.

x2 = the mean square displacement of a particlein a given time.

2kT/ f = the thermal energy (kT) and the frictional force (f) acting on the particle.

t = indicates that the displacement is a function of time

 2Dt = D is diffusion coefficient,describes the dieeusion process, showing
that the mean square displacement increases linearly with time

D is diffusion coefficient = a measure of how quickly a sunstance difusses in

a medium, related to the mobility and friction of the particle.

(Brownian motion is a fundamental phenomenon in physics and chemistry ,

named after the Botanist Robert Brown who first observed it. ) The motion arises
from the constant bombardment of the suspended particles by the rapidly moving
molecules of the surroundind fluid.

Mdif =!Ddc dx"!Dc2!c1 x2!x1 =!P(c2!c1) Mdif =P(c1!c2) P=D ! Hücre Zarı © Prof. Dr. Ferit P

-Bio Cell membranes?

Bioelectrical phenomena: refer to the various pheneomena and processes

associated with the pressenceand movement of electric charges: the generation of
electric fields, electriccal breakdown, and the occurrence of spafrks & lighting.

Basis of bioelectricity:

1) Diffusion

2) semi-permeablemembrane ( which creates a separation of charge)

The difference between bioelectricity & electricity

In electricity : -vely charged particles ( electron ,e- ) flowing in a current.

In bioelectricity: insttead of electrons, the currents are created by the

movements of mostly positively charged ions ; K+ (potassium), Na+
(sodium), Ca+ (calcium) ..

 electrical signals generated by cells with excitability such as nerve,

heart, and muscle cells, due to ionic process involving ions like
(potassium), Na+ (sodium) and chlorie.
  Sources of bioelectric potentials: Bioelectric potentials are genereated
at a cellular level and the source of these potentials is ionic in nature.

A cell consists of an ionic conductor separated from the outside

environment by a semipermeable which acts as a selective ionic filter to
the ions.

 Stoke’s law: The force acting downward is equal to 4/3πr3 (d1 − d2)g, in
which d1 is the density of the sphere, d2 is the density of the liquid, and g is
the acceleration due to gravity. At a constant velocity of fall called the
terminal velocity, the upward and downward forces are in balance.

What is the principle of Stokes method?

 Stoke's method or Stoke's law is a mathematical equation that expresses the
velocities of the small spherical objects in a fluid medium and says that any
object when rises or falls through a fluid it will experience a frictional or
drag force because of the fluid.
What is the aim of Stokes law?
 Stokes' Law examines how the viscosity, or resistance of the fluid to flow, is
related to the terminal velocity of the object falling in that fluid. An object
with a larger viscosity will have a lower terminal velocity.

What are the applications of Stokes equation?

 They may be used to model the weather, ocean currents, water flow in a pipe
and air flow around a wing. The Navier–Stokes equations, in their full and
simplified forms, help with the design of aircraft and cars, the study of blood
flow, the design of power stations, the analysis of pollution, and many other
problems.

What is the Stokes equation used for?

 Stokes Equations refer to a set of fundamental equations in fluid dynamics
that describe the motion of viscous fluids. These equations involve the
relationship between velocity, pressure, and viscosity in a fluid flow system.
 Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is the movement ofspecific molecules or ions across the
plasma membrane, assited by carrier protein.
The direction of movement down the concentration gradient of molecules
No energy required.
Difference between Carrier protein and channel proteins
Carrier protein: bind to larger molecules and change their shape so moleculces
can diffuse through
Osmosis: the movement of water molecules (solvent) through a selectively
permeable mambrane / semipermeable membrane like the cell membrane
-water diffuses across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
- semipermeable membrane is permeable to water but no to the solute i.e. sugar
Osmosis is important for the cells for many reasons. It helps in the movement of
important materials inside and out of the cell. The nutrients, water and
other solutes move in and out of the cell by the process of osmosis.

Osmosis and Active transport

Process movement of condition Additional requirement
Diffusion Molecules / ions High concentration Down a concentration
to low concentration gradient
Osmosis Water High water potential Across a partially
molecules to low water permeable membrane
potential
Active Particles of low concentration to Againstconcentration
transport substances high concentration gradient
Energy requird
Active transport: molecules are against the concntration gradiente( low to high) ,
-energy must be provided
 -Exhibit saturation kinetics

12- Difusion in Membrane

Mdif = - D dc / dx = - D (c2-c1 / x2-x1) = -P (c2-c1), P = D/  permeablility
C1
Mdif = -P (c2-c1),
Mdif
Mdif = diffusion flux or amount of substance
diffusing per unit area per unit time C2

D = diffusion coefficient
dc / dx = concentration coefficient
(c2-c1 / x2-x1) = approximation of the concentration coefficient
P = permeablility, a measure of how easily flow a substance can pass a membrane
or
a barrier
-P (c2-c1): the flux is ------
Osmosis in membrane
P = h  g
Osmotic pressure  = v c RT = RT vi ri ci
vi .ci = osomolar ironconcentration , osmolarity
Osmotic pressure is defined as the minimum pressure applied to a solution to
stop the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane . The
osmotic pressure of a solution is proportional to molar concentration of the solute
particles in the solution.
Osmolarity: the number of particles of solute per liter of solution, whereas the tem
osmolality refers to the number of particles of solute per kilpgram of solvent.
Osmolarity is an estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is
proportional to the number of particles per litre of solution; it is expressed asa
mmol/ L.This is what is used when a calculated values is derived. It is derived
from the measured Na+ ,K+, urea and glucose concentration.
;
Osomotic pressure for the body fluids
Calculation 775 kPa
Experiment 736 kPa
Men activity coefficient r= 0.93
Free energy difference
The standard free energy change (ΔG°) can be calculated from the equilibrium constant (K)
using the following equation: ΔG° = -RT ln(K) where: - R is the universal gas constant (8.314
J/(mol·K) or 0.008314 kJ/(mol·K)) - T is the temperature in Kelvin - ln is the natural logarithm - K
is the equilibrium constant ...

Is Gibbs free energy per mole?

The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (Gf°) of a compound is the change of
Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its
standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable
form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature,
What is standard free energy difference?
Standard free energy is the change in free energy that follows the formation of a mole of
a substance from its constituent elements in their standard state (273 K and 760mmHg).
Free energy is simply the energy available to do work in a thermodynamic system.၂၀၁၈
မတ် ၅
What is the free energy per mole of any substance?
The free energy per mole of any substance in a chemical system is known as. Osmotic
potential.
What is free energy difference?
The difference between the change in internal energy, which is. , and the energy lost in
the form of heat is what is called the "useful energy" of the body, or the work of the body
performed on an object. In thermodynamics, this is what is known as "free energy".
What is the unit of Gibbs free energy?
The SI unit of Gibbs free energy is joule (J). If the value of Gibbs free energy is in the
order of 10 3 J , or even higher, then the unit kilojoule (kJ) is used.
What is the difference between enthalpy and entropy?
What is the difference between enthalpy and entropy? Enthalpy is a term used to
describe the total heat content of a particular system, while entropy describes the
disorderliness of a system.
Entropy

Common symbols S

SI unit joules per kelvin (J⋅K−1)

In SI base units kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1

What is negative enthalpy?
The enthalpy of a reaction is equal to the energy required to break the bonds between
reactants minus the energy released by the formation of new bonds in the products.
So, if a reaction releases more energy than it absorbs, the reaction is exothermic and
enthalpy will be negative.
How to define enthalpy?

Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of

enthalpy equals to the total content of heat of a system, equivalent to the system's
internal energy plus the product of volume and pressure.
What is positive entropy?
Entropy, S, is a state function and is a measure of disorder or randomness. A positive
(+) entropy change means an increase in disorder. The universe tends toward
increased entropy. All spontaneous change occurs with an increase in entropy of the
universe.

What is the formula for electrochemical potential?

(5.1) μ = μ 0 + RT log a + zF ψ , where μ is the electrochemical potential, μ 0 is the
reference electrochemical potential, a is the activity, ψ is the electrical potential, R is the
ideal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature and F is Faraday's constant.

The electrochemical potential is a measure of the difference between the average

energy of outer most electrons of molecules or element in its two valence states.

Gi = Gi in – Gi out

What is the electrochemical potential difference?

The electrochemical potential difference (Δμ̅) is the driving force for the transfer of a
charged species from one phase to another in a redox reaction.၂၀၂၁ ဇူ ၁၂