‫الجمهوريــة الجزائريــة الديمقراطيــة الشعبيــة‬

Algerian Democratic and Popular Republic

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Ahmed Zabana Relizane

Faculty of Science & Technology
Computer Science Department

Course
Pattern Recognition

Chapter 01

Presented by : Dr. Oussama DERNI

[email protected]

27/01/2025
PLAN
01 About the course
• Introduction
• Conceptual map
• Contact sheet
• Target skills
• Prerequisites

02 Introduction to Pattern Recognition

• Introduction
• Definition : Pattern
• Definition: Pattern recognition
• Types of Patterns
• Application fields
• Pattern recognition process
About the course
 Introduction

• The increasing application of intelligence in scientific and technical fields necessitates

the development of more sophisticated techniques.
• The processing of information transmitted through signals now spans a wide variety of
sectors, from healthcare to industrial manufacturing.
• Computer science has expanded its focus to encompass broader information
processing tasks, with particular emphasis on emulating specific cognitive functions of
humans.
• Central to these endeavors is pattern recognition, which pertains to automated
perception—specifically, the identification of patterns captured by various sensors or
detectors.
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 Introduction

Chapter • INTRODUCTION TO PATTERN RECOGNITION

01

Chapter • VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS

02

Chapter • SMART SENSORS

03

Chapter • PATTERN RECOGNITION

04

Chapter • VECTOR QUANTIZATION

05

Chapter • DYNAMIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING

06

Chapter • HIDDEN MARKOV CHAINS

07

Chapter • APPLICATIONS
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Conceptual map

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 Contact sheet

• Institution : Ahmed Zabana Relizane University

• Faculty : Science and Technology
• Department : Computer Science
• Target audience : 1st year Master, Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support Systems
• Course title : Pattern Recognition
• Teaching unit : Fundamental

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 Contact sheet

• Credits : 04
• Coefficients : 02
• Duration : 14 weeks
• Evaluation method : Exam (60%), Continuous (40%)
• Total hourly volume : (21h Course, 21h Supervised Work)
• Course schedule : Monday, 10:00 to 11:30 a.m.
• Lecturer in charge : Dr. Oussama DERNI
• Contact : [email protected]
• Availability : Sunday and Monday (departmental lounge)
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 Ta r g e t s k i l l s

On completion of this course, students will be able to:

• Describe fundamental concepts and methods in pattern recognition.
• Apply pattern recognition algorithms to real-world problems.
• Analyze datasets to enhance model performance.
• Design solutions for complex classification and clustering problems.

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 Prerequisites

It is necessary for learners to have :

• Basic understanding of vectors, matrices, and optimization.
• Basic knowledge of probability and statistical inference.
• Expertise in Python and machine learning libraries is necessary for implementing
pattern recognition tasks.

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Introduction to Pattern
Recognition
 Introduction

• Pattern recognition is the ability of machines to identify patterns in data and use them

to make decisions or predictions through computational algorithms.

• It is a key element of modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems, enabling tasks like:

 speech recognition

 image processing

 natural language understanding.

• Pattern recognition plays a crucial role in enhancing the capabilities of AI systems.

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 Definition : Pattern

• A pattern can be formally defined as a regularity or structure that can be recognized

within a set of data, typically representing a relationship or repetition that can be
modeled and predicted.
• It can manifest in various forms, such as sequences, shapes, or features, and is often
identified through computational or statistical methods.
• In the context of pattern recognition, a pattern is typically an object or event that is
represented as a set of features or characteristics, which can be analyzed to
determine its classification or association with other patterns.

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 Definition : Pattern Recognition

• Pattern Recognition is a field within machine learning and artificial intelligence that
focuses on the identification and classification of patterns or regularities in data.
• It involves the use of algorithms and statistical methods to detect and analyze
underlying structures within input data, which can then be used for decision-making
or predictive modeling.
• Pattern recognition systems are typically trained on large datasets, learning to
categorize new, unseen data based on prior examples.
• These systems are widely applied across diverse domains such as image recognition,
speech processing, natural language understanding, and medical diagnostics.

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 Definition : Pattern Recognition

• At the heart of a pattern recognition system are computer algorithms that are
designed to analyze and interpret data.

• The data inputs can be words or texts, images, or audio files.

• Pattern recognition is broader compared to computer vision which focuses on image

recognition.

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 Types of Patterns

Spatial Patterns

• Spatial patterns refer to the arrangement or distribution of objects, features, or data

points in a given space or geographical area.
• These patterns are crucial in various fields to understand the relationships,
organization, and distribution of elements in physical or abstract spaces.
Characteristics:
 Arrangement: How objects or features are organized in space.
 Distribution: The spread of objects or features across an area, which can be
uniform, random, or clustered.
 Relationships: The proximity or interactions between spatial entities.
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 Types of Patterns

Spatial Patterns
Example 1:
• Geometric Shapes: A sequence of points that forms regular geometric shapes such as
circles, squares, or triangles in a 2D plane.

Example 2:
• Texture Patterns: The repetition of similar textures in an image, such as a tiled pattern
in a wall or the grain of wood.

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 Types of Patterns

Temporal Patterns

• Refer to the arrangement or structure of events, data points, or phenomena over time
• They are essential for understanding how things change, evolve, or repeat in time,
which can be crucial in various scientific, economic, and social contexts.
Characteristics:
 Sequence: The order in which events occur over time.
 Frequency: How often events occur within a given time period.
 Duration: The length of time an event lasts.
 Trends: Long-term directions in the data over time.
 Cycles: Regular or periodic repetitions of events.
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 Types of Patterns

Temporal Patterns
Example 1:
• Stock Market Trends: Patterns in stock prices over time, where investors may
recognize cyclical or seasonal trends.

Example 2:
• Weather Forecasting: Patterns of temperature or precipitation over time that are used
to predict future weather conditions.

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 Types of Patterns

Sequential Patterns

• Refer to ordered lists of events or elements that occur in a specific sequence over time
or space.
• These patterns capture the relationship and dependency between different
occurrences, emphasizing the importance of the order in which they appear.
Characteristics:
 Order: The arrangement of events in a specific sequence matters.
 Subsequences: Smaller sequences that can be part of a larger pattern.
 Gaps: Possible intervals between events in the sequence.
 Frequency: How often a particular sequence occurs.
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 Types of Patterns

Sequential Patterns
Example 1:
• DNA Sequences: The sequence of nucleotide bases (A, T, C, G) in a strand of DNA,
where certain patterns or motifs may indicate genetic traits.

Example 2:
• Textual Patterns: The recurring arrangement of words or phrases in a sentence or
paragraph, which is often used in natural language processing tasks like sentiment
analysis.

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 Types of Patterns

Statistical Patterns

• Refer to regularities or structures found in data that can be described using statistical
methods.
• These patterns are often used to make inferences or predictions about unseen data
based on the observed data.
Characteristics:
 Probability Distributions: Patterns are often described in terms of probability
distributions that represent the likelihood of different outcomes.
 Statistical Measures: Metrics like mean, variance, and correlation help in
identifying and describing patterns.
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 Types of Patterns

Statistical Patterns

 Data Variability: Statistical patterns account for variations and uncertainties in

data.
 Inferences: They enable predictions or generalizations from sample data to a
larger population.
Example 1:
• Normal Distribution: A bell-shaped curve where most
of the data points cluster around the mean value,
representing patterns in random variables.
Example 2:
• Outlier Detection: In a dataset, an outlier pattern occurs
when values deviate significantly from the normal range,
which can be used in anomaly detection systems. 23
 Types of Patterns

Visual Patterns

• Refer to recognizable regularities or structures in visual data that can be detected,

interpreted, and categorized.
• These patterns can occur in various forms such as shapes, textures, color
arrangements, or spatial relationships, and are key to tasks such as image analysis,
object recognition, and visual perception.
Characteristics:
 Shapes and Edges: Visual patterns often consist of geometric shapes, contours, or
edges that represent distinct boundaries or features in an image.

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 Types of Patterns

Visual Patterns

Characteristics:
 Textures: These patterns describe repeating structures within an image, which can be
analyzed to understand surface properties, such as smoothness, roughness, or
regularity.
 Color Patterns: Visual patterns can include consistent or varying color distributions
across an image, which can be analyzed to distinguish objects or identify trends.
 Spatial Relationships: The relative positioning of objects or features in an image can
form recognizable patterns that help with object detection or scene analysis.

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 Types of Patterns

Visual Patterns
Example 1:
• Face Recognition: The spatial arrangement of facial features such as eyes, nose, and
mouth, which forms a recognizable pattern for identifying individuals.

Example 2:
• Fingerprint Patterns: The unique pattern of ridges and valleys in a fingerprint, used in
biometric identification systems.

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 Types of Patterns

Behavioral Patterns

• refer to recognizable and predictable sequences of actions, reactions, or behaviors

exhibited by individuals or systems over time.
• These patterns can be observed in various contexts, from human behavior to animal
movements or system processes, and are crucial for understanding underlying
processes, predicting future behavior, and making informed decisions.
Characteristics:
 Sequential Actions: Behavioral patterns often involve sequences of actions or
decisions that unfold over time, such as a series of steps taken by a user
interacting with a system or a sequence of movements made by a person in a
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video.
 Types of Patterns

Behavioral Patterns

Characteristics:
 Contextual Influences: The behavior exhibited by individuals or systems may
depend on external factors, such as environmental conditions, stimuli, or past
experiences, which influence the way behaviors manifest.
 Repetitive or Regular Behaviors: In many cases, behavioral patterns are
repetitive, such as the routines followed by individuals in daily life, or systematic
behaviors exhibited by systems or animals.
 Anomalies and Deviations: Identifying deviations from expected behavior is an
important aspect of behavioral pattern recognition.
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 Types of Patterns

Behavioral Patterns
Example 1:
• Consumer Purchase Behavior: Patterns in purchasing habits, such as regular buying of
certain products at specific times of the year.

Example 2:
• Employee Work Patterns: Patterns in how employees spend their work hours, such as
their efficiency or productivity during certain times of day.

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 Types of Patterns

Structural Patterns

• Refer to the arrangement and organization of components within a system or object,

highlighting the relationships and interconnections between various elements.
• In pattern recognition, structural patterns are identified by examining the underlying
architecture of data or objects to detect and classify regularities or features.
Characteristics:
 Relationships Between Components: Structural patterns are characterized by the
way individual elements or parts are arranged or related within a larger system.
 Hierarchical or Networked Organization: In many cases, structural patterns
involve hierarchical relationships (trees or graphs) or network-like structures
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(web pages or neural networks).
 Types of Patterns

Structural Patterns

Characteristics:
 Spatial Arrangement: The spatial or geometric arrangement of components
within a structure can be significant for recognizing patterns, especially in areas
like computer vision or physical systems.
 Consistency Across Variations: Despite variations in scale, orientation, or
position, structural patterns often retain consistent structural features, making
them recognizable under different conditions.

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 Types of Patterns

Structural Patterns
Example 1:
• Building Architecture: The repeated arrangement of structural elements (columns,
windows, doors) that follow a particular architectural design.

Example 2:
• Network Topology: The pattern of connections and nodes in a network, such as star,
bus, or mesh topologies in computer networks.

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 Types of Patterns

Acoustic Patterns

• Refer to the structures within sound signals that can be recognized and interpreted.
• These patterns are commonly applied in areas like speech recognition, audio signal
analysis, and environmental sound classification.
• Acoustic patterns are used to identify specific sounds and their characteristics.
Characteristics:
 Frequency: The pitch of the sound, or how high or low the frequency is.
 Amplitude: The loudness or volume of the sound.
 Temporal Structure: The timing and duration of sound waves over time.
 Harmonics and Timbre: The quality or color of the sound, which can distinguish
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one sound from another even if they share the same pitch and amplitude.
 Types of Patterns

Acoustic Patterns
Example 1:
• Speech Patterns: Repetition of phonemes or syllables in spoken language that
contributes to speech recognition.

Example 2:
• Music Rhythms: Repeated beats or notes in music, such as the alternating patterns of
long and short notes in a melody.

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 Types of Patterns

Topological Patterns

• Involve the analysis of the geometric and relational structures within data, focusing on
how elements are spatially or contextually connected to each other.

• These patterns emphasize the arrangement and relationships between components,

often without regard to their exact size, shape, or orientation.

• They are crucial for understanding complex, unstructured data where spatial and
relational configurations play a significant role.

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 Types of Patterns

Topological Patterns

Characteristics:
 Connectivity: The relationships and connections between elements in a dataset,
such as which points or nodes are linked to each other.
 Shape and Structure: The arrangement of elements in a way that captures
intrinsic properties such as cycles, clusters, or networks.
 Homology: In topological terms, homology refers to features in data that persist
across different scales, often capturing underlying patterns of connectivity.
 Invariance: Topological features are often invariant to transformations like
scaling, rotation, or shifting, making them highly useful in many applications.
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 Types of Patterns

Topological Patterns
Example 1:
• Robotics and Navigation: In robotics, topological patterns are used to map
environments and identify paths, obstacles, or regions of interest based on the
connectivity and relative positioning of spatial elements.

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 Application fields

Computer Vision

• Pattern recognition in computer vision involves the automatic identification and

interpretation of visual data from the world, such as images and videos.
• It is fundamental in tasks like facial recognition, object detection, and scene
understanding.
• Algorithms analyze image features to classify objects, detect anomalies, or recognize
patterns in visual content.

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 Application fields

Speech Recognition

• Speech recognition systems convert spoken words into text by recognizing patterns in
sound waves.
• They are used in virtual assistants like Siri and Google Assistant, transcription services,
and automated customer service systems.
• The process involves feature extraction from audio signals, pattern matching with
phonemes, and language modeling.

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 Application fields

Medical Diagnosis

• In medical diagnosis, pattern recognition helps in analyzing medical images (like X-

rays, MRIs, and CT scans) to detect abnormalities such as tumors, fractures, or other
diseases.
• It is also used in genomics and pathology for identifying disease markers and
predicting disease progression.

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 Application fields

Biometrics

• Biometrics utilizes pattern recognition to identify individuals based on unique physical

or behavioral traits such as fingerprints, iris patterns, facial features, and voice.
• It plays a critical role in security systems, access control, and identity verification.

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 Application fields

Financial Fraud Detection

• In financial systems, pattern recognition algorithms analyze transaction data to detect

unusual or suspicious activities that may indicate fraud.
• It involves the use of anomaly detection, clustering, and classification techniques to
identify patterns that deviate from normal behavior.

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 Application fields

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

• Pattern recognition in NLP involves the analysis of text and language data to perform
tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, machine translation, and named
entity recognition.
• It helps in understanding and
processing human language for
various applications like chatbots,
search engines, and language
translation systems.

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 Pattern recognition process
• The Pattern Recognition Process typically involves several formal phases, each
contributing to the overall task of identifying and classifying patterns in data.
• These phases are well-defined in both theoretical and practical frameworks to ensure
the robustness and accuracy of the recognition system.

Data Collection Preprocessing Feature Extraction Feature Selection

Feedback and Classification or

Evaluation Post processing
Refinement Clustering

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 Pattern recognition process

Data Collection

• It is necessary to gather raw data that will be analyzed and classified by the pattern
recognition system.
• Data can be collected from various sources such as sensors, cameras, microphones,
databases, or user inputs.
• Ensuring the data is representative of the problem space and contains all necessary
information for accurate pattern recognition.

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 Pattern recognition process

Preprocessing

• Consist of preparing the raw data for further analysis by cleaning and transforming it.
• Noise Removal: Filtering out irrelevant or misleading information (e.g., background
noise in audio signals).
• Normalization: Adjusting the data to fit within a specific range or distribution.
• Scaling: Standardizing data to ensure uniformity across features.
• Feature Extraction: Reducing the data to a set of features that are essential for the
recognition task.
• Balancing between removing noise and retaining important information.

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 Pattern recognition process

Feature Extraction

• In this phase we derive meaningful attributes from the raw data that can help in
distinguishing between different patterns.
• Statistical Features: Mean, variance, skewness, etc.
• Frequency Domain Features: Using Fourier or wavelet transforms to analyze data in
the frequency domain.
• Geometric Features: Shapes, edges, or contours in images.
• Identifying features that are invariant to changes like rotation, scale, and noise.

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 Pattern recognition process

Feature Selection

• Select the most relevant features from the extracted set to enhance the performance
of the pattern recognition system.
• Filter Methods: Using statistical tests to select features with the highest correlation to
the output.
• Wrapper Methods: Using a subset of features and evaluating them with a specific
model.
• Embedded Methods: Feature selection integrated into the learning algorithm.
• Avoiding over fitting by selecting features that generalize well across different
datasets.
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 Pattern recognition process

Classification or Clustering

• Categorize the data into predefined classes (classification) or group it into clusters
based on similarities (clustering).
• Classification Algorithms: Decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), neural
networks, k-nearest neighbors (k-NN).
• Clustering Algorithms: k-means, hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN.
• Choosing the right algorithm and tuning its parameters to achieve high accuracy.

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 Pattern recognition process

Post processing

• Refine and interpret the raw output from the classification or clustering phase.
• Smoothing: Applying filters to reduce abrupt changes in the output.
• Thresholding: Converting probabilities into definitive class labels.
• Decision Rules: Applying rules to combine multiple classification results or to deal
with ambiguous cases.
• Ensuring that the post processed results are both accurate and interpretable.

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 Pattern recognition process

Evaluation

• Measure performance of the pattern recognition system using appropriate metrics:

 Accuracy: The proportion of correctly classified instances out of all instances.
 Precision: The proportion of true positive instances out of all positive instances
predicted.
 Recall (Sensitivity): The proportion of true positive instances out of all actual
positive instances.
 F1-Score: The harmonic mean of precision and recall.
 Confusion Matrix: Table used to describe the performance of classification model
• Selecting metrics that align with the specific goals of the application.
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 Pattern recognition process

Feedback and Refinement

• Iteratively improve the system based on evaluation results.

• Parameter Tuning: Adjusting the parameters of the algorithms to optimize
performance.
• Algorithm Selection: Trying different algorithms to find the most suitable one.
• Data Augmentation: Increasing the size and diversity of the training dataset to
improve model generalization.
• Balancing between model complexity and generalization to avoid overfitting or
underfitting.

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