1.

A signal is said to be

a) Even if x(t) = -x(-t)

b) Odd if x(t) = x(-t)

c) Even if x(t) = x(-t)

d) None of the above

Answer: c) Even if x(t) = x(-t)

2. The Fourier transform of a delta function δ(t) is

a) 0

b) 1

c) ∞

d) A constant

Answer: b) 1

3. The Nyquist rate for a signal with a maximum frequency of 5 kHz is

a) 2.5 kHz

b) 5 kHz

c) 10 kHz

d) 20 kHz

Answer: c) 10 kHz

4. The Laplace transform of a unit step function u(t) is

a) 1/s

b) s

c) 1

d) e^(-st)

Answer: a) 1/s

5. A signal that is nonzero for only a finite duration is called

a) Periodic

b) Energy signal

c) Power signal

d) Bandpass signal

Answer: b) Energy signal

6. Which of the following is a power signal?

a) Sinusoidal signal

b) Exponential decay

c) Unit step function

d) Impulse function

Answer: a) Sinusoidal signal

7. The autocorrelation function of a periodic signal is also

a) Periodic

b) A constant

c) Impulse function

d) Zero

Answer: a) Periodic

8. Convolution in the time domain corresponds to ______ in the frequency domain.

a) Addition

b) Subtraction

c) Multiplication

d) Division

Answer: c) Multiplication

9. The energy of a unit impulse signal δ(t) is

a) 0

b) 1

c) ∞

d) Undefined

Answer: b) 1

10. The Z-transform of δ[n] is

a) 1

b) z

c) 1/(1 - z⁻¹)

d) 1/(1 + z⁻¹)

Answer: a) 1

11. The Fourier transform of a cosine wave consists of

a) A single impulse at zero frequency

b) Two impulses at ± the frequency of the cosine wave

c) An exponential function

d) A rectangular function

Answer: b) Two impulses at ± the frequency of the cosine wave

12. A system is called linear if it satisfies

a) Homogeneity only

b) Superposition and homogeneity

c) Time invariance

d) Causality

Answer: b) Superposition and homogeneity

13. The frequency response of a system is obtained by taking the _____ of its impulse response.

a) Fourier transform

b) Laplace transform

c) Z-transform

d) Time derivative

Answer: a) Fourier transform

14. The unit step function is the integral of

a) Unit impulse function

b) Ramp function

c) Sinusoidal function

d) Exponential function

Answer: a) Unit impulse function

15. The bandwidth of an ideal low-pass filter is

a) 0

b) ∞

c) The cutoff frequency

d) Twice the cutoff frequency

Answer: c) The cutoff frequency

16. The sampling theorem states that a band-limited signal can be reconstructed if sampled at

a) Any rate

b) Less than twice the highest frequency

c) At least twice the highest frequency

d) Four times the highest frequency

Answer: c) At least twice the highest frequency

17. The Fourier series representation of a periodic function consists of

a) Only sine terms

b) Only cosine terms

c) Both sine and cosine terms

d) Only exponential terms

Answer: c) Both sine and cosine terms

18. If a signal is real and even, its Fourier transform is

a) Real and even

b) Real and odd

c) Imaginary and odd

d) Complex and conjugate symmetric

Answer: a) Real and even

19. The inverse Fourier transform of a rectangular function in the frequency domain is

a) A sinc function

b) An impulse function

c) A sinusoidal function

d) A Gaussian function

Answer: a) A sinc function

20. The power spectral density (PSD) describes how the power of a signal is distributed in

a) Time domain

b) Frequency domain

c) Spatial domain

d) None of the above

Answer: b) Frequency domain

21. Time shifting a signal x(t) by T results in:

a) x(t + T)

b) x(t - T)

c) x(-t)
d) x(t)

Answer: b) x(t - T)

22. Time scaling of a signal x(t) by a factor of α results in:

a) x(αt)

b) x(t/α)

c) x(-t)

d) x(t)

Answer: a) x(αt)

23. If x(t) is time-reversed, the resulting signal is:

a) x(t - T)

b) x(-t)

c) x(2t)

d) x(t/2)

Answer: b) x(-t)

24. Amplitude scaling of a signal x(t) by a constant A results in:

a) A + x(t)

b) A * x(t)

c) x(t) / A

d) x(t) - A

Answer: b) A * x(t)

25. The result of adding two signals x₁(t) and x₂(t) is:

a) x₁(t) * x₂(t)

b) x₁(t) + x₂(t)

c) x₁(t) / x₂(t)

d) x₁(t) - x₂(t)

Answer: b) x₁(t) + x₂(t)26. The Fourier series represents a

a) Continuous-time signal in terms of complex exponentials

b) Discrete-time signal in terms of impulses

c) Time-domain signal as a Laplace transform

d) Non-periodic signal in frequency domain

Answer: a) Continuous-time signal in terms of complex exponentials

27. The Fourier series coefficients of a real and even function are

a) Real and even

b) Real and odd

c) Complex and conjugate symmetric

d) Purely imaginary

Answer: a) Real and even

28. If a periodic signal x(t) is odd, its Fourier series contains

a) Only cosine terms

b) Only sine terms

c) Both sine and cosine terms

d) No terms

Answer: b) Only sine terms

29. The fundamental frequency of a periodic signal with period T is

a) 1/T

b) 2π/T

c) T/2π

d) π/T

Answer: a) 1/T

30. In Fourier series, the coefficients of higher harmonics

a) Increase with frequency

b) Remain constant

c) Decrease with frequency

d) Are always zero

Answer: c) Decrease with frequency

31. A square wave contains

a) Only odd harmonics

b) Only even harmonics

c) Both even and odd harmonics

d) No harmonics

Answer: a) Only odd harmonics

32. The Fourier series representation of an impulse train results in

a) Another impulse train

b) A rectangular function

c) A sinc function

d) A Gaussian function

Answer: a) Another impulse train

33. Fourier coefficients are periodic when

a) The signal is a sinusoid

b) The signal is periodic

c) The signal is an impulse

d) The signal is an exponential

Answer: b) The signal is periodic

34. If a function x(t) is discontinuous, its Fourier series representation will have

a) Gibbs phenomenon

b) Zero Fourier coefficients

c) No effect on Fourier transform

d) Infinite energy

Answer: a) Gibbs phenomenon

35. The Fourier series representation is valid for

a) Only continuous functions

b) Only periodic functions

c) Only bounded functions

d) All types of signals

Answer: b) Only periodic functions

36. The DC component in a Fourier series corresponds to

a) The fundamental frequency

b) The zero-frequency component

c) The first harmonic

d) The highest frequency term

Answer: b) The zero-frequency component

37. The Fourier series of a function converges in the mean square sense if

a) The function is continuous

b) The function has finite energy

c) The function has discontinuities

d) The function has infinite energy

Answer: b) The function has finite energy

38. The Fourier series representation of a sawtooth wave contains

a) Only cosine terms

b) Only sine terms

c) Both sine and cosine terms

d) Exponentials

Answer: b) Only sine terms

39. A function with discontinuities leads to a slow decay of Fourier coefficients due to

a) Gibbs phenomenon

b) Exponential growth

c) Bandwidth expansion

d) Phase shift

Answer: a) Gibbs phenomenon

40. If a periodic signal has finite power, then its Fourier series representation

a) Contains finite energy harmonics

b) Is always infinite

c) Has a finite number of harmonics

d) Does not exist

Answer: a) Contains finite energy harmonics

41. The Fourier transform of a Gaussian function is

a) Another Gaussian

b) A sinc function

c) An impulse function

d) A sinusoidal function

Answer: a) Another Gaussian

42. The Fourier transform of a delta function is

a) A constant

b) An impulse function
c) A sinc function

d) A cosine function

Answer: a) A constant

43. The Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse is

a) A sinc function

b) A Gaussian function

c) An impulse function

d) A cosine wave

Answer: a) A sinc function

44. Convolution in the time domain corresponds to

a) Multiplication in the frequency domain

b) Division in the frequency domain

c) Addition in the frequency domain

d) Differentiation in the frequency domain

Answer: a) Multiplication in the frequency domain

45. The Fourier transform of a real and even function is

a) Real and even

b) Real and odd

c) Complex

d) Imaginary

Answer: a) Real and even

46. The inverse Fourier transform of a sinc function is

a) A rectangular function

b) A Gaussian function

c) A sinusoidal function

d) A ramp function

Answer: a) A rectangular function

47. A low-pass filter is used to

a) Remove high-frequency components

b) Remove low-frequency components

c) Amplify signals
d) None of the above

Answer: a) Remove high-frequency components

48. If a signal is time-reversed, its Fourier transform

a) Remains unchanged

b) Is also time-reversed

c) Becomes its conjugate

d) Is unchanged in magnitude but phase-reversed

Answer: d) Is unchanged in magnitude but phase-reversed

49. The Fourier transform of an even function contains

a) Only real terms

b) Only imaginary terms

c) Both real and imaginary terms

d) No terms

Answer: a) Only real terms

50. If x(t) has a Fourier transform X(f), then X(0) represents

a) DC component of x(t)

b) The bandwidth of x(t)

c) The fundamental frequency

d) The highest harmonic

Answer: a) DC component of x(t)

51. The Hilbert transform of a cosine function results in

a) A sine function

b) A cosine function

c) A constant

d) A Gaussian function

Answer: a) A sine function

52. The Hilbert transform is used to obtain

a) The analytic signal

b) The power spectral density

c) The Fourier coefficients

d) The autocorrelation function

Answer: a) The analytic signal53. A system is static if its output at any time depends only on

a) Past and present inputs

b) Present input only

c) Future inputs

d) Both past and future inputs

Answer: b) Present input only

54. A system is dynamic if

a) Its output depends on past or future inputs

b) It responds instantly to input changes

c) It has no memory

d) Its response is always proportional to the input

Answer: a) Its output depends on past or future inputs

**55. Which of the following is an example of a dynamic system?

a) y(t) = 3x(t)

b) y(t) = x(t) + x(t-1)

c) y(t) = 2t + 5

d) y(t) = sin(x(t))

Answer: b) y(t) = x(t) + x(t-1)

56. A system with memory is always

a) Static

b) Dynamic

c) Nonlinear

d) Unstable

Answer: b) Dynamic

57. The system described by y[n] = x[n] + x[n-1] + x[n-2] is

a) Static

b) Dynamic

c) Memoryless

d) Invertible

Answer: b) Dynamic

58. A system is causal if its output depends only on

a) Future inputs

b) Past and present inputs

c) All inputs (past, present, and future)

d) Only past inputs

Answer: b) Past and present inputs

**59. Which of the following is a causal system?

a) y(t) = x(t + 1)

b) y(t) = x(t) + x(t - 1)

c) y(t) = x(t) + x(t + 1)

d) y(t) = x(t - 2) + x(t + 3)

Answer: b) y(t) = x(t) + x(t - 1)

60. A non-causal system is one that depends on

a) Past and present inputs

b) Future inputs

c) Present inputs only

d) None of the above

Answer: b) Future inputs

61. The system y[n] = x[n] + x[n+1] is

a) Causal

b) Non-causal

c) Time-invariant

d) Memoryless

Answer: b) Non-causal

62. A system is linear if it satisfies

a) Additivity and homogeneity

b) Time-invariance

c) Causality

d) Memoryless property

Answer: a) Additivity and homogeneity

**63. Which of the following represents a linear system?

a) y(t) = 3x(t) + 5
b) y(t) = x²(t)

c) y(t) = sin(x(t))

d) y(t) = e^(x(t))

Answer: a) y(t) = 3x(t) + 5

64. If a system satisfies superposition, it must be

a) Linear

b) Nonlinear

c) Time-variant

d) Causal

Answer: a) Linear

65. A nonlinear system can be identified if it contains

a) Exponential or trigonometric terms of input

b) Only constant multipliers

c) Time-shift operations only

d) Impulse response functions

Answer: a) Exponential or trigonometric terms of input

66. A system is time-invariant if

a) A time shift in input causes the same shift in output

b) Output remains constant irrespective of input

c) The system has memory

d) It is always causal

Answer: a) A time shift in input causes the same shift in output

**67. Which of the following represents a time-invariant system?

a) y(t) = t x(t)

b) y(t) = x(t - 1)

c) y(t) = x²(t)

d) y(t) = sin(x(t))

Answer: b) y(t) = x(t - 1)

68. If the system equation contains explicit dependence on time (t or n), the system is

a) Time-invariant

b) Time-variant
c) Causal

d) Memoryless

Answer: b) Time-variant

69. The system described by y(t) = x(2t) is

a) Time-invariant

b) Time-variant

c) Causal

d) Stable

Answer: b) Time-variant

70. A system is BIBO stable if

a) Bounded input produces a bounded output

b) Unbounded input produces a bounded output

c) The system is memoryless

d) It contains an impulse response

Answer: a) Bounded input produces a bounded output

**71. Which of the following system is unstable?

a) y[n] = 0.5y[n-1] + x[n]

b) y[n] = 2y[n-1] + x[n]

c) y[n] = x[n]

d) y[n] = x[n] + x[n-1]

Answer: b) y[n] = 2y[n-1] + x[n]

72. A system with an impulse response h(t) = e^(2t) u(t) is

a) Stable

b) Unstable

c) Time-invariant

d) Nonlinear

Answer: b) Unstable

73. If the region of convergence (ROC) of a discrete-time system does not include the unit circle, the
system is

a) Stable

b) Unstable
c) Causal

d) Invertible

Answer: b) Unstable

74. A system is invertible if

a) There exists another system that recovers the input

b) It has an impulse response

c) It is time-invariant

d) It is always linear

Answer: a) There exists another system that recovers the input

75. The system y[n] = 2x[n] is

a) Invertible

b) Non-invertible

c) Nonlinear

d) Unstable

Answer: a) Invertible

76. The system y[n] = x²[n] is

a) Invertible

b) Non-invertible

c) Causal

d) Stable

Answer: b) Non-invertible

77. A system is said to be Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) if it satisfies

a) Linearity and causality

b) Time-invariance and linearity

c) Stability and memorylessness

d) Non-linearity and time-variance

Answer: b) Time-invariance and linearity

78. The response of an LTI system to any arbitrary input can be determined using

a) Convolution

b) Differentiation

c) Integration
d) Laplace transform

Answer: a) Convolution

79. The impulse response of an LTI system

a) Fully characterizes the system

b) Only determines stability

c) Does not depend on input

d) Is always a unit step function

Answer: a) Fully characterizes the system

80. The frequency response of an LTI system is obtained using

a) Fourier transform of the impulse response

b) Convolution of input and output

c) Laplace transform of the step response

d) Z-transform of the input

Answer: a) Fourier transform of the impulse response

81. If an LTI system is stable, then its impulse response h(t) must be

a) Absolutely integrable

b) Differentiable

c) Continuous

d) A step function

Answer: a) Absolutely integrable

82. The impulse response h(t) of a linear system is defined as the system’s output when the input is

a) A unit step function

b) A unit impulse function

c) A sinusoidal function

d) A polynomial function

Answer: b) A unit impulse function

83. The output of a linear system for any input x(t) can be determined using

a) Laplace transform

b) Convolution with impulse response

c) Differentiation

d) Z-transform
Answer: b) Convolution with impulse response

84. The transfer function of an LTI system is given by

a) The Fourier transform of its output

b) The Laplace transform of its impulse response

c) The convolution of input and output

d) The derivative of the system response

Answer: b) The Laplace transform of its impulse response

85. The transfer function H(s) of an LTI system relates

a) Input and output in the frequency domain

b) Input and output in the time domain

c) Only the output

d) Only the input

Answer: a) Input and output in the frequency domain

86. A distortionless transmission system is one in which

a) The output is a delayed version of the input

b) The amplitude response is not constant

c) The system phase response is nonlinear

d) The system introduces echoes

Answer: a) The output is a delayed version of the input

87. The condition for distortionless transmission is that the transfer function should be

a) H(f) = A * e^(-j2πft₀)

b) H(f) = A * f

c) H(f) = e^(-jπf²)

d) H(f) = A * sin(f)

Answer: a) H(f) = A * e^(-j2πft₀)

88. A low-pass filter allows

a) Only high frequencies

b) Only low frequencies

c) Only a specific band of frequencies

d) No frequencies at all

Answer: b) Only low frequencies

89. A high-pass filter allows

a) Only high frequencies

b) Only low frequencies

c) A band of frequencies

d) No frequencies

Answer: a) Only high frequencies

90. A band-pass filter allows

a) A specific range of frequencies

b) All frequencies

c) Only low frequencies

d) Only high frequencies

Answer: a) A specific range of frequencies

91. A band-stop filter is used to

a) Block a specific band of frequencies

b) Pass all frequencies equally

c) Block only low frequencies

d) Block only high frequencies

Answer: a) Block a specific band of frequencies

92. An all-pass filter affects

a) Only phase response, not amplitude

b) Only amplitude response, not phase

c) Both amplitude and phase

d) Neither amplitude nor phase

Answer: a) Only phase response, not amplitude

93. The Paley-Wiener criterion states that for a system to be causal, its transfer function must be

a) Analytic in the right half-plane

b) Analytic in the left half-plane

c) Discontinuous at the origin

d) Symmetric about the imaginary axis

Answer: a) Analytic in the right half-plane

94. The relation between rise time (Tₛ) and bandwidth (BW) of a system is approximately given by
a) Tₛ × BW ≈ 0.35

b) Tₛ × BW ≈ 1

c) Tₛ × BW ≈ 0.7

d) Tₛ × BW ≈ π

Answer: a) Tₛ × BW ≈ 0.3595.The Nyquist rate is defined as:

a) Twice the highest frequency in the signal

b) Half the highest frequency in the signal

c) Equal to the highest frequency in the signal

d) Four times the highest frequency in the signal

Answer: a) Twice the highest frequency in the signal

96.Aliasing occurs when:

a) The sampling rate is too high

b) The sampling rate is too low

c) The signal has no high-frequency components

d) The signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate

Answer: b) The sampling rate is too low

97.What is the minimum sampling frequency required to sample a signal with a highest frequency of
5 kHz?

a) 2.5 kHz

b) 5 kHz

c) 10 kHz

d) 20 kHz

Answer: c) 10 kHz

98.The sampling theorem is also known as:

a) Parseval’s theorem

b) Convolution theorem

c) Shannon’s theorem

d) Laplace theorem

Answer: c) Shannon’s theorem

99.Which of the following is NOT a method of sampling?

a) Impulse sampling
b) Natural sampling

c) Instantaneous sampling

d) Flat-top sampling

Answer: c) Instantaneous sampling

100.The main disadvantage of flat-top sampling is:

a) High power consumption

b) Introduction of aperture effect

c) Complexity in implementation

d) Low efficiency

Answer: b) Introduction of aperture effect

101.If a signal contains frequency components up to 3 kHz, what is the Nyquist rate?

a) 1.5 kHz

b) 3 kHz

c) 6 kHz

d) 9 kHz

Answer: c) 6 kHz

102.What happens when a signal is sampled above the Nyquist rate?

a) Aliasing occurs

b) Signal cannot be reconstructed

c) No information loss occurs

d) Distortion occurs

Answer: c) No information loss occurs

103.In natural sampling, the sampled signal retains:

a) Only positive frequency components

b) All frequency components of the original signal

c) Only a portion of the original signal

d) No frequency components of the original signal

Answer: b) All frequency components of the original signal

104.Which filter is used to reconstruct a signal from its samples?

a) Low-pass filter

b) High-pass filter
c) Band-pass filter

d) Notch filter

Answer: a) Low-pass filter

105.The process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal is called:

a) Convolution

b) Correlation

c) Sampling

d) Modulation

Answer: c) Sampling

106.The sampling period (T) is the reciprocal of:

a) Nyquist frequency

b) Sampling frequency

c) Signal amplitude

d) Bandwidth of the signal

Answer: b) Sampling frequency

107.Oversampling refers to:

a) Sampling at a rate lower than the Nyquist rate

b) Sampling at the Nyquist rate

c) Sampling at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate

d) No sampling at all

Answer: c) Sampling at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate

108.In discrete-time signals, the samples are represented as:

a) Continuous-time functions

b) Discrete-time sequences

c) Analog waveforms

d) Modulated signals

Answer: b) Discrete-time sequences

109.Undersampling results in:

a) No loss of information

b) Perfect reconstruction

c) Aliasing
d) Increased resolution

Answer: c) Aliasing

110.In flat-top sampling, the sampled pulse:

a) Has a varying amplitude

b) Has constant amplitude for a short duration

c) Is an impulse

d) Disappears immediately after sampling

Answer: b) Has constant amplitude for a short duration

111.If a signal is sampled at a rate of 8 kHz, what is its sampling period?

a) 0.125 ms

b) 0.25 ms

c) 0.5 ms

d) 1 ms

Answer: b) 0.25 ms

112.The bandwidth of a band-limited signal is:

a) Infinite

b) Zero

c) The highest frequency present in the signal

d) The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies present

Answer: d) The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies present

113.A signal with frequency components between 2 kHz and 5 kHz has a bandwidth of:

a) 2 kHz

b) 3 kHz

c) 5 kHz

d) 7 kHz

Answer: b) 3 kHz

114.In real-world applications, anti-aliasing filters are used:

a) Before sampling

b) After sampling

c) Before and after sampling

d) Only during reconstruction

Answer: a) Before sampling115.The Nyquist frequency is:

a) Twice the sampling frequency

b) Half the sampling frequency

c) Equal to the signal bandwidth

d) Equal to the highest signal frequency

Answer: b) Half the sampling frequency

116.The unit of sampling frequency is:

a) Seconds

b) Hertz

c) Decibels

d) Joules

Answer: b) Hertz

117.In practical sampling, the sampled signals are:

a) Continuous in time

b) Discrete in time

c) Continuous in amplitude

d) Discrete in both time and amplitude

Answer: d) Discrete in both time and amplitude

118.Which of the following signals requires the highest sampling rate?

a) A signal with a maximum frequency of 2 kHz

b) A signal with a maximum frequency of 5 kHz

c) A signal with a maximum frequency of 10 kHz

d) A signal with a maximum frequency of 15 kHz

Answer: d) A signal with a maximum frequency of 15 kHz

119.A low-pass filter is used after sampling to:

a) Remove high-frequency noise

b) Remove aliasing effects

c) Reconstruct the original signal

d) Increase the sampling rate

Answer: c) Reconstruct the original signal

120.If a continuous-time signal has a maximum frequency of 7 kHz, what is the Nyquist rate?
a) 3.5 kHz

b) 7 kHz

c) 14 kHz

d) 21 kHz

Answer: c) 14 kHz

121.What happens when the sampling frequency is lower than the Nyquist rate?

a) The signal is perfectly reconstructed

b) No information loss occurs

c) Aliasing occurs

d) The sampling frequency does not affect reconstruction

Answer: c) Aliasing occurs

122.The aliasing effect can be minimized by using:

a) A band-pass filter

b) A high-pass filter

c) A low-pass filter before sampling

d) A notch filter

Answer: c) A low-pass filter before sampling

123.Which type of sampling retains the original shape of the signal better?

a) Instantaneous sampling

b) Flat-top sampling

c) Natural sampling

d) Impulse sampling

Answer: c) Natural sampling

124.In time-domain representation, a sampled signal appears as:

a) A continuous-time waveform

b) A series of pulses or discrete values

c) A sinusoidal function

d) A high-frequency modulated wave

Answer: b) A series of pulses or discrete values

125.What is the effect of increasing the sampling rate beyond the Nyquist rate?

a) Increased aliasing
b) Reduced quantization error

c) No additional benefit in reconstruction

d) Increased noise

Answer: c) No additional benefit in reconstruction

126.Which type of sampling is mathematically ideal but impractical?

a) Natural sampling

b) Impulse sampling

c) Flat-top sampling

d) Instantaneous sampling

Answer: b) Impulse sampling

127.If a sampled signal is reconstructed perfectly, it means that:

a) The sampling rate was below the Nyquist rate

b) The sampling rate was equal to or above the Nyquist rate

c) The sampling frequency was zero

d) The signal was distorted

Answer: b) The sampling rate was equal to or above the Nyquist rate

128.In digital communication, higher sampling rates require:

a) More storage and bandwidth

b) Less storage and bandwidth

c) No change in storage requirements

d) Lower noise levels

Answer: a) More storage and bandwidth

129.Quantization in digital sampling refers to:

a) Converting an analog signal to discrete-time samples

b) Rounding the sample values to a finite set of levels

c) Increasing the sampling rate beyond the Nyquist rate

d) Removing high-frequency components from the signal

Answer: b) Rounding the sample values to a finite set of levels

130.Which of the following conditions ensures perfect reconstruction of a sampled signal?

a) Sampling rate > Nyquist rate

b) Sampling rate < Nyquist rate

c) Sampling rate = Bandwidth of the signal

d) Any arbitrary sampling rate

Answer: a) Sampling rate > Nyquist rate

131.In practical systems, a sampled signal is converted into a digital signal using:

a) A sampler

b) A quantizer and an encoder

c) A low-pass filter

d) A notch filter

Answer: b) A quantizer and an encoder

132.If the sampling rate is much higher than the Nyquist rate, the process is called:

a) Undersampling

b) Oversampling

c) Aliasing

d) Quantization

Answer: b) Oversampling

133.The Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem is applicable to:

a) Only periodic signals

b) Only non-periodic signals

c) Both periodic and non-periodic signals

d) Only signals with infinite bandwidth

Answer: c) Both periodic and non-periodic signals134.In digital signal processing, the process of
converting a discrete-time signal into a digital signal involves:

a) Sampling only

b) Quantization only

c) Both sampling and quantization

d) Filtering only

Answer: c) Both sampling and quantization

135.The sampling theorem is applicable to:

a) All signals

b) Band-limited signals

c) Only continuous-time signals

d) Only periodic signals

Answer: b) Band-limited signals

136.A signal has a highest frequency component of 12 kHz. What should be the minimum sampling
frequency to avoid aliasing?

a) 6 kHz

b) 12 kHz

c) 24 kHz

d) 48 kHz

Answer: c) 24 kHz

137.Undersampling occurs when:

a) The sampling rate is greater than twice the highest frequency

b) The sampling rate is less than twice the highest frequency

c) The signal is periodic

d) The signal is low-pass filtered

Answer: b) The sampling rate is less than twice the highest frequency

138.Which of the following signals can be perfectly reconstructed from its samples?

a) A signal sampled below the Nyquist rate

b) A band-limited signal sampled at twice its highest frequency

c) A signal with infinite bandwidth

d) A signal sampled without filtering

Answer: b) A band-limited signal sampled at twice its highest frequency

139.Increasing the sampling rate beyond the Nyquist rate results in:

a) Aliasing

b) Loss of information

c) No additional benefit

d) Increased distortion

Answer: c) No additional benefit

140.The primary function of an anti-aliasing filter is to:

a) Remove high-frequency noise

b) Remove low-frequency components

c) Remove high-frequency components before sampling

d) Increase the bandwidth of the signal

Answer: c) Remove high-frequency components before sampling

141.In natural sampling, the sampled pulses:

a) Have varying amplitudes following the input signal

b) Have constant amplitude

c) Are represented as impulses

d) Are completely independent of the original signal

Answer: a) Have varying amplitudes following the input signal

142.If a signal is sampled at 30 kHz, what is the sampling period?

a) 30 ms

b) 3 ms

c) 0.033 ms

d) 0.000033 ms

Answer: c) 0.033 ms

143.Flat-top sampling introduces:

a) Aperture effect

b) No distortion

c) Quantization noise

d) Aliasing

Answer: a) Aperture effect

144.The sampling rate of compact disc (CD) audio is:

a) 8 kHz

b) 22.05 kHz

c) 44.1 kHz

d) 48 kHz

Answer: c) 44.1 kHz

145.The bandwidth of a band-limited signal is defined as:

a) The difference between the highest and lowest frequency components

b) The maximum frequency component

c) The minimum frequency component

d) Twice the highest frequency

Answer: a) The difference between the highest and lowest frequency components

146.The process of reconstructing a continuous-time signal from discrete samples is called:

a) Sampling

b) Interpolation

c) Quantization

d) Encoding

Answer: b) Interpolation

147.Which of the following reduces aliasing in a sampled signal?

a) Increasing the sampling frequency

b) Decreasing the sampling frequency

c) Using a high-pass filter before sampling

d) Using a band-pass filter after sampling

Answer: a) Increasing the sampling frequency

148.A signal is sampled at Fs = 10 kHz. What is the maximum frequency component that can be
reconstructed without aliasing?

a) 5 kHz

b) 10 kHz

c) 15 kHz

d) 20 kHz

Answer: a) 5 kHz

149.Which of the following is NOT a sampling technique?

a) Impulse sampling

b) Instantaneous sampling

c) Flat-top sampling

d) Natural sampling

Answer: b) Instantaneous sampling

150.Oversampling is used in practical applications to:

a) Increase aliasing

b) Reduce noise and improve resolution

c) Reduce power consumption

d) Remove high-frequency components

Answer: b) Reduce noise and improve resolution

151.Which sampling method retains all frequency components but with attenuation?

a) Flat-top sampling

b) Instantaneous sampling

c) Impulse sampling

d) Natural sampling

Answer: d) Natural sampling

152.If a signal has a maximum frequency of 8 kHz, and is sampled at 10 kHz, what will occur?

a) Perfect reconstruction

b) Aliasing

c) Increased bandwidth

d) No signal distortion

Answer: b) Aliasing

153.The spectrum of a sampled signal consists of:

a) A single frequency component

b) The original spectrum repeated at multiples of the sampling frequency

c) Only low-frequency components

d) Only high-frequency components

Answer: b) The original spectrum repeated at multiples of the sampling frequency

154.What is the purpose of zero-order hold in reconstruction?

a) To apply an anti-aliasing filter

b) To approximate a continuous signal from discrete samples

c) To increase the sampling rate

d) To remove quantization noise

Answer: b) To approximate a continuous signal from discrete samples

155.How does a higher bit depth in quantization affect signal quality?

a) Increases quantization error

b) Reduces quantization noise

c) Increases aliasing

d) Reduces bandwidth

Answer: b) Reduces quantization noise

156.The sampling rate used in telecommunication systems (e.g., telephone signals) is:

a) 8 kHz

b) 16 kHz

c) 32 kHz

d) 64 kHz

Answer: a) 8 kHz

157.Which mathematical function is used to model ideal sampling?

a) Rectangular function

b) Sinc function

c) Dirac delta function

d) Exponential function

Answer: c) Dirac delta function

158.In aliasing, the distorted signal appears at:

a) Higher frequencies

b) Lower frequencies

c) The same frequency as the original

d) Infinite frequency

Answer: b) Lower frequencies

159.Which theorem is the basis for digital audio and video sampling?

a) Parseval’s theorem

b) Sampling theorem

c) Convolution theorem

d) Central limit theorem

Answer: b) Sampling theorem160.Convolution is used to determine the:

a) Response of an LTI system

b) Stability of a system

c) Frequency response of a system

d) Laplace transform of a system

Answer: a) Response of an LTI system

161.The convolution operation in the time domain corresponds to ______ in the frequency domain.

a) Addition
b) Multiplication

c) Subtraction

d) Differentiation

Answer: b) Multiplication

162.Convolution of a signal with an impulse function results in:

a) A delayed version of the signal

b) A scaled version of the signal

c) The same signal

d) Zero output

Answer: c) The same signal

163.The convolution

The convolution of two delta functions results in:

a) A unit step function

b) Another delta function

c) Zero

d) A ramp function

Answer: b) Another delta function

164.The duration of the convolution of two signals is:

a) The sum of their durations minus one

b) The difference of their durations

c) The maximum duration of the two signals

d) Always infinite

Answer: a) The sum of their durations minus one

summation formula

165.The convolution sum in discrete time represents:

a) The output of a discrete LTI system

b) The Fourier transform of a signal

c) The Laplace transform of a signal

d) The input signal only

Answer: a) The output of a discrete LTI system

166.The convolution of two even functions results in:

a) An odd function

b) An even function

c) A shifted function

d) A constant

Answer: b) An even function

167.The convolution of an odd function with itself results in:

a) An odd function

b) An even function

c) Zero

d) A unit impulse

Answer: b) An even function

168.The convolution of a function with a unit step function results in:

a) The integration of the function

b) The differentiation of the function

c) The negation of the function

d) The same function

Answer: a) The integration of the function

169.The Laplace transform of a convolution is given by:

a) The sum of the Laplace transforms

b) The product of the Laplace transforms

c) The convolution of the Laplace transforms

d) The Fourier transform of the Laplace transform

Answer: b) The product of the Laplace transforms

170.The region of convergence (ROC) of the convolution of two signals is:

a) The intersection of their ROCs

b) The sum of their ROCs

c) The difference of their ROCs

d) Always the entire s-plane

Answer: a) The intersection of their ROCs

171.The convolution of two impulse responses results in:

a) The system response

b) The Fourier transform

c) The impulse response itself

d) Zero

Answer: a) The system response

172.The commutative property of convolution is useful in:

a) Changing the order of processing in LTI systems

b) Sampling a signal

c) Removing noise from a signal

d) Differentiating a function

Answer: a) Changing the order of processing in LTI systems

173.The convolution theorem states that convolution in time domain is equivalent to:

a) Multiplication in the frequency domain

b) Addition in the frequency domain

c) Integration in the frequency domain

d) Subtraction in the frequency domain

Answer: a) Multiplication in the frequency domain

174.Convolution in frequency domain corresponds to which operation in time domain?

a) Convolution

b) Multiplication

c) Differentiation

d) Addition

Answer: b) Multiplication

175.If x(t) and h(t) are both causal signals, then y(t) = x(t) * h(t) is:

a) Non-causal

b) Causal

c) Periodic

d) Always zero

Answer: b) Causal

176.The convolution of a signal with a unit impulse results in:

a) The same signal

b) A delayed version of the signal

c) A zero function

d) A step function

Answer: a) The same signal

177.The area under the convolution of two signals is:

a) The product of their individual areas

b) The sum of their areas

c) Always zero

d) Undefined

Answer: a) The product of their individual areas

178.Convolution helps in analyzing:

a) Stability of a system

b) Frequency response

c) Causal properties

d) Time-domain response

Answer: d) Time-domain response

179.In an LTI system, convolution determines:

a) The step response

b) The impulse response

c) The system output for any input

d) The Fourier transform

Answer: c) The system output for any input180.Correlation measures the:

a) Causal relationship between two variables

b) Strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

c) Difference between two signals

d) Mean value of a signal

Answer: b) Strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

181.The range of the correlation coefficient is:

a) -∞ to +∞

b) 0 to 1

c) -1 to +1

d) 0 to ∞
Answer: c) -1 to +1

182.A correlation coefficient of zero indicates:

a) A strong positive relationship

b) A strong negative relationship

c) No relationship between the variables

d) A perfect relationship

Answer: c) No relationship between the variables

183.The correlation coefficient of two identical signals is:

a) 0

b) 1

c) -1

d) Infinity

Answer: b) 1

184.If two variables move in opposite directions, the correlation is:

a) Positive

b) Negative

c) Zero

d) Undefined

Answer: b) Negative

185.Cross-correlation is used to measure the similarity between:

a) A signal and itself

b) Two different signals

c) Two unrelated datasets

d) Two constant values

Answer: b) Two different signals

186.Auto-correlation of a signal measures:

a) The signal's similarity with itself over different time shifts

b) The similarity between two different signals

c) The inverse of the signal

d) The noise in the signal

Answer: a) The signal's similarity with itself over different time shifts
187.Auto-correlation at zero lag is equal to:

a) The mean of the signal

b) The variance of the signal

c) The power of the signal

d) Zero

Answer: c) The power of the signal

188.Which property does the auto-correlation function always satisfy?

a) Symmetry

b) Skewness

c) Negative definiteness

d) Zero mean

Answer: a) Symmetry

189.The cross-correlation function of two signals is maximum when:

a) The signals are identical

b) The signals are orthogonal

c) The signals are completely out of phase

d) The signals are uncorrelated

Answer: a) The signals are identical

190.If correlation coefficient = -1, it indicates:

a) A perfect negative correlation

b) A perfect positive correlation

c) No correlation

d) Random correlation

Answer: a) A perfect negative correlation

191.If two random variables are independent, their correlation coefficient is:

a) 1

b) -1

c) 0

d) Undefined

Answer: c) 0

192.The cross-correlation function of white noise with any signal is:

a) A constant

b) An impulse

c) Zero

d) A ramp function

Answer: b) An impulse

193.The correlation function of a periodic signal is also:

a) Periodic

b) A constant

c) Random

d) Zero

Answer: a) Periodic

194.The auto-correlation of a sinusoidal signal results in:

a) Another sinusoidal function

b) A constant

c) An impulse function

d) White noise

Answer: a) Another sinusoidal function

195.The correlation function is widely used in:

a) Signal processing

b) Machine learning

c) Statistics

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

196.Which correlation method is used for non-linear relationships?

a) Pearson correlation

b) Spearman correlation

c) Auto-correlation

d) Cross-correlation

Answer: b) Spearman correlation

197.The Wiener-Khinchin theorem relates:

a) Correlation and Fourier transform

b) Correlation and convolution

c) Probability and statistics

d) Mean and variance

Answer: a) Correlation and Fourier transform

198.The Pearson correlation coefficient measures:

a) Linear dependence between two variables

b) Causal relationship between two variables

c) Frequency components in a signal

d) Phase shift of two signals

Answer: a) Linear dependence between two variables

199.Which of the following can reduce correlation between signals?

a) Filtering

b) Normalization

c) Random noise addition

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

200.The cross-correlation of two identical signals results in:

a) A unit impulse

b) The auto-correlation function

c) A ramp function

d) Zero

Answer: b) The auto-correlation function

201.In statistical analysis, correlation is used to:

a) Predict one variable using another

b) Define causal relationships

c) Generate noise

d) Solve differential equations

Answer: a) Predict one variable using another

202.In communication systems, correlation is used for:

a) Noise reduction

b) Signal detection
c) Synchronization

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

203.Which of the following statements is true about correlation and causation?

a) Correlation implies causation

b) Causation always implies correlation

c) Correlation does not imply causation

d) Correlation is always spurious

Answer: c) Correlation does not imply causation

204.Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?

a) Height and weight

b) Temperature and ice cream sales

c) Speed of a vehicle and time taken to reach a destination

d) Age and memory retention

Answer: c) Speed of a vehicle and time taken to reach a destination

205.A high positive correlation between two variables means:

a) Both variables increase together

b) One variable increases while the other decreases

c) The variables are independent

d) The variables are uncorrelated

Answer: a) Both variables increase together

205.Which type of correlation is best for ordinal data?

a) Pearson

b) Spearman

c) Cross-correlation

d) Auto-correlation

Answer: b) Spearman

206.The correlation coefficient between a signal and its time-reversed version is:

a) 1

b) -1

c) 0
d) Depends on the signal

Answer: d) Depends on the signal

207.Correlation is widely used in which field?

a) Economics

b) Biology

c) Engineering

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

208.The term "spurious correlation" refers to:

a) A genuine causal relationship

b) A correlation that arises due to a third variable

c) A perfect negative correlation

d) A correlation of zero

Answer: b) A correlation that arises due to a third variable209.Laplace transforms are particularly
useful for solving:

a) Algebraic equations

b) Integral equations

c) Differential equations

d) Trigonometric equations

210.The Laplace transform is used in control systems to analyze:

a) Stability

b) Time response

c) Frequency response

d) All of the above211. A system is said to be linear if it follows:

A) Homogeneity and additivity

B) Time invariance

C) Causality

D) Stability

Answer: A) Homogeneity and additivity

212. The Laplace Transform of a unit step function u(t) is:

A) 1/s
B) s

C) 1/s²

D) s²

Answer: A) 1/s

213. If a system's output depends only on the present and past inputs but not future inputs, the
system is:

A) Time-invariant

B) Causal

C) Linear

D) Memoryless

Answer: B) Causal

214. The Fourier Transform of a delta function δ(t) is:

A) 1

B) e^(-st)

C) s

D) 0

Answer: A) 1

215. The Nyquist rate for a signal with maximum frequency component of 5 kHz is:

A) 2.5 kHz

B) 5 kHz

C) 10 kHz

D) 20 kHz

Answer: C) 10 kHz

216. Convolution in time domain corresponds to which operation in frequency domain?

A) Multiplication

B) Addition

C) Convolution

D) Integration

Answer: A) Multiplication

217. A signal x(t) is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition:

A) x(t) = x(-t)
B) x(t + T) = x(t) for some T > 0

C) x(n) = x(n+1)

D) x(t) is absolutely integrable

Answer: B) x(t + T) = x(t) for some T > 0

218. The Z-transform of δ(n) (unit impulse) is:

A) 1

B) z

C) 1/z

D) z/(z-1)

Answer: A) 1

219. The region of convergence (ROC) for a stable system in the Laplace domain is:

A) Right half-plane

B) Left half-plane

C) Entire s-plane

D) No ROC

Answer: A) Right half-plane

220. The inverse Fourier transform of a constant function in frequency domain is:

A) A delta function

B) A unit step function

C) A ramp function

D) A sinusoidal function

Answer: A) A delta function

221. A discrete-time signal is called periodic if it satisfies:

A) x[n] = x[n+N] for some integer N

B) x[n] = -x[-n]

C) x[n] is finite in length

D) x[n] is always nonzero

Answer: A) x[n] = x[n+N] for some integer N

222. The Dirac delta function δ(t) is:

A) A continuous function

B) A discrete function
C) A generalized function

D) A periodic function

Answer: C) A generalized function

223. The transfer function H(s) of an LTI system is given by:

A) Ratio of output to input in time domain

B) Ratio of output to input in frequency domain

C) Convolution of output and input

D) Addition of output and input

Answer: B) Ratio of output to input in frequency domain

224. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a sequence has how many frequency components?

A) Same as the length of the sequence

B) Infinite

C) Twice the length of the sequence

D) Half the length of the sequence

Answer: A) Same as the length of the sequence

225. Which of the following is NOT a property of convolution?

A) Commutative property

B) Distributive property

C) Associative property

D) Differentiation property

Answer: D) Differentiation property

226. The impulse response of an LTI system completely characterizes the system because of:

A) Superposition theorem

B) Convolution theorem

C) Parseval’s theorem

D) Sampling theorem

Answer: B) Convolution theorem

227. If a system has a bounded input but an unbounded output, the system is:

A) Stable

B) Unstable

C) Time-invariant
D) Causal

Answer: B) Unstable

228. The Fourier series representation of a periodic signal consists of:

A) Only sine terms

B) Only cosine terms

C) Both sine and cosine terms

D) Only exponential terms

Answer: C) Both sine and cosine terms

229. The bandwidth of an ideal low-pass filter with cutoff frequency fc is:

A) 0

B) fc

C) 2fc

D) Infinite

Answer: B) fc

230. The inverse Laplace transform of 1/(s+a) is:

A) e^(-at)

B) e^(at)

C) cos(at)

D) sin(at)

Answer: A) e^(-at)231.The Z-transform is primarily used for analyzing:

(A) Continuous-time signals

(B) Discrete-time signals

(C) Analog signals only

(D) Both continuous and discrete signals

Ans: (B)

232.The region of convergence (ROC) for a causal system is:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the unit circle

(C) Entire z-plane except

(D) Along the unit circle

Ans: (B)
233.The inverse Z-transform can be obtained using:

(A) Long division

(B) Partial fraction expansion

(C) Contour integration

(D) All of the above

Ans: (D)

234.The convolution theorem states that the Z-transform of the convolution of two sequences is:

(A) The product of their Z-transforms

(B) The sum of their Z-transforms

(C) The difference of their Z-transforms

(D) None of the above

Ans: (A)

235.The pole-zero plot of a stable system should have poles:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the unit circle

(C) On the unit circle

(D) None of the above

Ans: (A)236.A system is stable if the region of convergence of its Z-transform includes:

(A) The entire Z-plane

(B) The unit circle

(C) The inside of the unit circle

(D) The outside of the unit circle

Answer: (B)

237.The Z-transform is useful for solving:

(A) Differential equations

(B) Algebraic equations

(C) Difference equations

(D) Trigonometric equations

Answer: (C)

238.The forward difference equation of a system can be solved using:

(A) Fourier Transform

(B) Laplace Transform

(C) Z-Transform

(D) None of the above

Answer: (C)

239.The inverse Z-transform can be obtained using which method?

(A) Long division

(B) Residue theorem

(C) Partial fraction expansion

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D)

240.A rational Z-transform is a ratio of two:

(A) Polynomials

(B) Trigonometric functions

(C) Exponential functions

(D) Logarithmic functions

Answer: (A)

241.If a system is anti-causal, its region of convergence is:

(A) Outside the outermost pole

(B) Inside the innermost pole

(C) The entire Z-plane

(D) None of the above

Answer: (B)

242.The Z-transform method is primarily used for:

(A) Frequency domain analysis

(B) Time domain analysis

(C) Both time and frequency domain analysis

(D) None of the above

Answer: (C)

243.The initial value theorem helps determine the:

(A) Final value of a sequence

(B) Initial value of a sequence

(C) Stability of a system

(D) Frequency response

Answer: (B)

244.The final value theorem is valid only if:

(A) The poles of the Z-transform are outside the unit circle

(B) The poles of the Z-transform are inside the unit circle

(C) The system is stable

(D) None of the above

Answer: (C)

245.The convolution property of the Z-transform states that convolution in the time domain
corresponds to:

(A) Addition in the Z-domain

(B) Multiplication in the Z-domain

(C) Differentiation in the Z-domain

(D) None of the above

Answer: (B)

246.If a sequence is periodic, its Z-transform will have:

(A) A rational function

(B) Repeating poles and zeros

(C) A single pole

(D) No poles

Answer: (B)

247.The inverse Z-transform using the long division method is effective when:

(A) The function is a proper fraction

(B) The function is an improper fraction

(C) The numerator is smaller than the denominator

(D) The denominator has a higher order than the numerator

Answer: (B)

248.The unit circle in the Z-plane corresponds to:

(A) Discrete-time frequency response

(B) Time-domain response

(C) Stability criterion

(D) None of the above

Answer: (A)

249.A system is called marginally stable if its poles lie:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the unit circle

(C) On the unit circle

(D) In the right-half plane

Answer: (C)

250.The Z-transform is particularly useful in analyzing:

(A) Continuous-time control systems

(B) Discrete-time control systems

(C) Both continuous and discrete-time systems

(D) Only analog signals

Answer: (B)251.The Z-transform is mainly used in which domain?

(A) Time domain

(B) Frequency domain

(C) Complex domain

(D) Laplace domain

Answer: (C)

252.The Z-transform is the discrete counterpart of which transform?

(A) Fourier Transform

(B) Laplace Transform

(C) Wavelet Transform

(D) Hilbert Transform

Answer: (B)

253.The Z-transform is most commonly applied to:

(A) Continuous-time systems

(B) Discrete-time systems

(C) Analog circuits

(D) Optical signals

Answer: (B)

254.What does the region of convergence (ROC) of a Z-transform depend on?

(A) The numerator of the function

(B) The denominator of the function

(C) The location of poles and zeros

(D) The choice of sampling rate

Answer: (C)

255.The Z-transform can be classified into how many types?

(A) One

(B) Two

(C) Three

(D) Four

Answer: (C)

256.A system is said to be causal if its response depends only on:

(A) Present and past inputs

(B) Future inputs

(C) All past and future inputs

(D) None of the above

Answer: (A)

257.If a system has poles inside the unit circle, the system is:

(A) Unstable

(B) Stable

(C) Marginally stable

(D) Non-causal

Answer: (B)

258.In signal processing, the Z-transform helps analyze:

(A) Linearity and time invariance

(B) Stability and causality

(C) Frequency response

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D)
259.The Z-transform can be applied to which type of sequences?

(A) Finite-duration sequences only

(B) Infinite-duration sequences only

(C) Both finite and infinite-duration sequences

(D) Only periodic sequences

Answer: (C)

260.The ROC of a right-sided sequence extends:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the outermost pole

(C) Throughout the Z-plane

(D) Along the unit circle

Answer: (B)

261.The ROC of a left-sided sequence extends:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the unit circle

(C) Throughout the Z-plane

(D) None of the above

Answer: (A)

262.The Z-transform is useful for solving which type of systems?

(A) Static systems

(B) Dynamic systems

(C) Nonlinear systems

(D) None of the above

Answer: (B)

263.If a system has poles outside the unit circle, the system is:

(A) Stable

(B) Unstable

(C) Causal

(D) Periodic

Answer: (B)

264.A system whose impulse response is zero for negative time indices is called:
(A) Non-causal

(B) Causal

(C) Unstable

(D) Periodic

Answer: (B)

265.Which property of the Z-transform is useful for analyzing feedback systems?

(A) Time scaling

(B) Convolution

(C) Multiplication

(D) Differentiation

Answer: (B)

266.The Z-transform is used in control systems for:

(A) Stability analysis

(B) System design

(C) State-space representation

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D)

267.What type of signals are best analyzed using the Z-transform?

(A) Continuous-time signals

(B) Discrete-time signals

(C) Both continuous and discrete-time signals

(D) None of the above

Answer: (B)

268.The pole-zero plot is used to analyze:

(A) Stability

(B) Frequency response

(C) System behavior

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D)

269.The location of poles in the Z-plane determines:

(A) The magnitude of a signal

(B) The stability of the system

(C) The frequency response

(D) The causality of the system

Answer: (B)

270.The Z-transform can be applied to:

(A) Deterministic signals

(B) Random signals

(C) Both deterministic and random signals

(D) Only periodic signals

Answer: (C)271.The Region of Convergence (ROC) in the Z-transform refers to the set of values of:

(A) Poles

(B) Zeros

(C) Z-values where the Z-transform converges

(D) Frequencies where the system is stable

Answer: (C)

272.The ROC of a right-sided sequence extends:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the outermost pole

(C) Throughout the entire Z-plane

(D) Along the unit circle

Answer: (B)

273.The ROC of a left-sided sequence extends:

(A) Inside the innermost pole

(B) Outside the outermost pole

(C) Entire Z-plane except at poles

(D) None of the above

Answer: (A)

274.For a finite-duration sequence, the ROC is:

(A) Entire Z-plane except at poles

(B) Inside the unit circle

(C) Outside the unit circle

(D) Only along the real axis

Answer: (A)

275.The ROC for a causal system always includes:

(A) The entire Z-plane

(B) The inside of the unit circle

(C) The outside of the outermost pole

(D) The left-half of the Z-plane

Answer: (C)

276.The ROC for an anti-causal system always includes:

(A) The inside of the innermost pole

(B) The outside of the outermost pole

(C) The entire Z-plane

(D) Only the real axis

Answer: (A)

277.A two-sided sequence has an ROC that:

(A) Contains an annular (ring-shaped) region

(B) Includes the entire Z-plane

(C) Is confined to the unit circle

(D) Cannot be determined

Answer: (A)

278.If the ROC contains the unit circle, the system is:

(A) Stable

(B) Unstable

(C) Causal

(D) Anti-causal

Answer: (A)

279.The ROC does not include:

(A) The poles of the system

(B) The zeros of the system

(C) The entire Z-plane

(D) The origin

Answer: (A)

280.The ROC for a rational Z-transform is bounded by:

(A) The locations of the poles

(B) The locations of the zeros

(C) The magnitude of the system response

(D) The sampling rate

Answer: (A)

281.If the ROC extends to infinity, the sequence is:

(A) Right-sided

(B) Left-sided

(C) Both-sided

(D) Unstable

Answer: (A)

282.If the ROC is a ring in the Z-plane, the sequence is:

(A) Right-sided

(B) Left-sided

(C) Two-sided

(D) None of the above

Answer: (C)

283.The ROC for a system with all poles inside the unit circle is:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the unit circle

(C) Entire Z-plane

(D) Cannot be determined

Answer: (B)

284.The stability of a system is determined by the ROC because it indicates:

(A) The presence of nonzero initial conditions

(B) The bounded nature of the system response

(C) The total number of poles

(D) The presence of complex conjugate pairs

Answer: (B)
285.A system with an ROC that includes the unit circle is always:

(A) Causal

(B) Stable

(C) Unstable

(D) Anti-causal

Answer: (B)

286.The ROC of an exponentially growing sequence tends to be:

(A) Inside the unit circle

(B) Outside the unit circle

(C) Along the unit circle

(D) Throughout the entire Z-plane

Answer: (B)

287.The ROC of a sequence uniquely determines:

(A) The location of poles

(B) The stability of the system

(C) The behavior of the sequence over time

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D)

288.The ROC of a periodic sequence is:

(A) The entire Z-plane

(B) A set of annular regions

(C) Along the unit circle

(D) Undefined

Answer: (B)

289.If a sequence is neither causal nor anti-causal, its ROC will be:

(A) A ring in the Z-plane

(B) The entire Z-plane

(C) The unit circle only

(D) Undefined

Answer: (A)

290.The ROC helps in identifying whether a system is:

(A) Stable

(B) Causal

(C) Anti-causal

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D)291.The ROC of the Z-transform determines the:

(A) Causality of a system

(B) Stability of a system

(C) Uniqueness of the inverse Z-transform

(D) All of the above

Answer: (D)

292.If a system is stable, its ROC must:

(A) Include the entire Z-plane

(B) Include the unit circle

(C) Exclude all poles

(D) Be within the unit circle

Answer: (B)

293.The ROC of a causal sequence always extends:

(A) Inside the innermost pole

(B) Outside the outermost pole

(C) Throughout the entire Z-plane

(D) Along the real axis only

Answer: (B)

294.If a system has a pole at the origin, its ROC:

(A) Excludes the origin

(B) Includes the unit circle

(C) Excludes the unit circle

(D) Is undefined

Answer: (A)

295.The ROC of a system with no poles is:

(A) The entire Z-plane

(B) The interior of the unit circle

(C) The exterior of the unit circle

(D) Undefined

Answer: (A)

296.The ROC of a left-sided sequence does not include:

(A) The inside of the unit circle

(B) The unit circle itself

(C) The right side of the Z-plane

(D) The origin

Answer: (C)

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