ARTS 10 • Realist artists, such as Gustave

Courbet, Jean-François Millet,

MODERN ART
and Édouard Manet, who were
- is defined as works created some living and working in a period of
time between 1870 and 1970. revolution and social change,
• Others cite Édouard Manet's rejected the idealistic images of
controversial painting Le Dijeuner traditional art and became more
sur lherbe as the beginning of interested with historical and
Modern Art, while others consider cultural events.
Gustave Courbet started Modern • Like the Romantics, the Realists
Art in 1855 through his painting, placed much value on direct
The Painter's Studio. observation with nature. They
went beyond this and
Movements in Early and Prewar
incorporated the element of
Modern Art
social awareness to their art.
• Modern Art involved numerous
IMPRESSIONSIM (1872-1892)
artistic movements. Essentially,
art movements are the collective - developed in Paris, France in
titles assigned to works of art that the late 1860s and early 1870s.
belong to a certain period of time - was started by artists such as
and employ similar styles or Edouard Manet, Claude Monet,
techniques and guided by shared Edgar Degas, and
ideals. Art historians and art Pierre-Auguste Renoir who
critics refer to these artistic rejected the salons or official
movements to understand art exhibitions supported by the
artists or artworks within a government.
particular historical context. • They did not paint scenes with
defined shapes and sharp edges;
REALISM (1840s-1880s)
instead, they focused on
- is recognized as the first recording the sensory effect of a
movement in Modern Art, which scene and capturing its
started in France in the 1840s. momentary beauty.
- It aimed at the precise • As artist Robert Delaunay said,
representation of human "Impressionism; it is the birth of
conditions, perspective and Light in painting."
distance,and detailed effects of
Overall, the Impressionist painters
color.
prioritized the following:
- used source lighting to recreate
the natural lighting of a scene. - Using color and light to unify
• ROMANTICISM - was a reaction images
against enlightenment and - Using pure, intense colors on the
represented the ideal. canvas, instead of mixing the
colors on the palette first
 - Using small brushstrokes and New Art), which strongly
dabs of paint supported and promoted new
- Abandoning traditional linear ideas in art.
perspectives - It was inspired by Japanese and
- Avoiding clarity of form; Celtic art as it favored exotic
sometimes, Impressionist details.
paintings look undefined and a bit - attempted to put an end to the
traditional view that fine arts such
Fuzzy
as painting and sculpture were
- Moving from the studio to the superior than decorative or
countryside or streets. functional arts (ceramics,
textiles, furniture) that were craft-
POST-IMPRESSIONISM (1880s-1940)
based.
- The name Post-Impressionism • Art Nouveau artists distanced
was coined by art critic Roger themselves away from the
Fry referring to the works by classical and historical styles
painters such as Paul Cézanne, used by the art academies toward
Georges Seurat, and Vincent modern design.
van Gogh.
Here are some of the characteristics of
- attempted to achieve more form
Art Nouveau:
and structure more ambitious
expression. • It aimed at making beautiful
things accessible to a wider
FAUVISM (1899-1908)
public by applying artistic designs
- a highly fashionable artistic to everyday objects.
movement, succeeded the • There is no hierarchy between
paintings of van Gogh, Gaugin, fine arts and decorative arts.
and other Post-Impressionism • Art Nouveau artists were inspired
artists. by both geometric and organic
- are actually known for their forms and preferred
aggressive use of pure, brilliant sophisticated designs that united
colors boldly applied straight angular and flowing forms.
from paint tubes. • They were after good
- The colors exploding on the craftsmanship, reviving and
canvas conveyed the emotional elevating the status of craft, and
state of the artist. Fauvism making modern designs.
placed great importance on • They believed that the function of
individual expression. an object dictates its form, not
ART NOUVEAU (1890-1905) the other way around.

- The movement was named after EXPRESSIONISM (1905-1933)

a shop in France, La Maison de - Expressionist artists sought not
l'Art Nouveau (House of to record their observations of
 the objective reality, but to - emphasized machine and
interpret the emotions and modernization.
subjective responses aroused - Futurist philosophy began in
within a person. literature and spread to other
- in the expression of their feelings types of art such as sculpture,
about the people, objects, or architecture, industrial design,
events that they saw music, and cinema.
- Expressionist artists exaggerated - They wanted to show the beaty of
and distorted representations, modern life – splendor and
employed bold and intense magnificence of change,
colors and strong outlines, and violence, machine, and speed.
incorporated primitivism and - Futurists painting basically brings
fantasy. to mind the sight, the noise, the
- Art is considered as coming heat, the smell, and even the
from within the artists. The “taste” of the city.
quality of an artwork is now
Movements in Interwar Modern Art:
measured based on the emotions
evoked instead of its formal 1. Dadaism (1916–1924)
elements. • Dada
- is considered the first major
CUBISM (1902-1922)
anti-art, antiestablishment,
- is usually classified into two and anti-bourgeois movement.
stages: (1) Analytic Cubism - It went against the culture and
(1907-1912) and (2) Synthetic the value system of the dominant
Cubism (1913-1920). establishment, which made
- In the first phase, artists showed World War I possible.
objects not how the eye - Dada art can be a painting,
perceived them, but how the sculpture, installation,
mind perceived forms. They photography, collage, and
analyzed and fragmented forms poetry—the range is diverse.
instead of just copying these The artists focused not on the
forms. form, but on the concept.
- In Synthetic Cubism, artists - Ironically, in spite of its anarchic
began using foreign materials aims, Dada caused the
such as newspaper and chair emergence of some important
caning as abstract signs. advances in fine art, such as
- Cubist artists showed new photomontage and collage.
realities in their artworks that 2. Surrealism (1924–1966)
illustrated totally fragmented - was established when Dada
objects presented in many dissipated.
angles. - emphasized the psychological
aspects of art including the role of
FUTURISM (1909-1920s)
the subconscious and the
unconscious.
 - It was responsible for the - to bring art back from the “ivory
extraordinarily innovative but tower” and into the everyday lives
very so often strange and, at of the general public.
times, - There is no hierarchy of art and
incomprehensible compositions. culture and that artists may
- employed a number of appropriate any source.
techniques including - Featured celebrities and mass
hallucinations, dreams, and culture objects.
random image generation. 3. Op Art (1965–1970)
• Surrealist elements, principles, - coined by Time magazine in
and techniques basically veered 1964.
away from the usual logical - is a type of abstract art that
thought processes and methods depends on optical illusions to
in art production. trick the eyes of the audience.
3. De Stijl (1917–1931) - Also called Optical Art and
- “The Style” was founded by Retinal Art.
Dutch artists in Amsterdam, 4. Happening (1958–1970s)
characterized the simple and - is a form of creative expression
direct approach to art. that has Conceptual Art roots and
- Influenced by Cubism, artists in associated with Performance Art.
this movement worked primarily - Coined in the 1950s by Allan
using abstraction in investigating Kaprow, it was an event where
the laws of equilibrium observed elements of painting, music,
in both art and life. poetry, theater, and dance were
- they emphasized primary colors combined.
and neutral colors, straight lines, - intended to blur the line that
and unadorned geometric shapes separates art and life.
and forms. - was so influential at the time that
4. Social Realism (1929–1950s) it stirred debates on the “death of
- is often associated with painting.”
American art during the war - was a temporary experience, it
years. could not be displayed or
- Social Realists emphasized that exhibited in museums or
the radical social critiques in their galleries.
works made them modern. 5. Performance Art (started 1960s)
- was a primary means for artists
Artistic Movements after the War and
to create art, comment on the ills
Beyond
of society, and convey their
1. Abstract Expressionism (1943– frustrations with the
1965) commodification of art made
- also known as The New York possible by commercial galleries.
School - may combine movement, music,
- valued process over outcome. cinema, theater, computer art,
2. Pop Art (1950s–1970s) sculpture, architecture,
 installation, and other forms of - pioneered the emergence of
art. Realism in the middle of the 19th
• Happening and Performance Art century.
are the same when they are • Fabián dela Rosa (1869–1937)
personally performed by an artist - well-known for his realistic genre
in front of viewers. paintings, portraits, as well as
6. Flash Mob landscapes in passive colors.
- According to the Merriam- - He mentored his nephew
Webster Dictionary, a flash mob Fernando Amorsolo.
is a group of people summoned • Fernando Amorsolo (1892–
(as by email or text message) to a 1972),
designated location at a - whose paintings (show the
specified time to perform an Realist style) portrayed the daily
indicated action before life of the common Filipino
dispersing. people, especially the sublime
- is a public performance lifestyle of farmers in the rural
participated by a group of people areas.
who do something out of the
IMPRESSIONISM
ordinary.
7. Kinetic Art (started 1954) • Mary Cassatt (1844–1926)
- refers to art that involves - American painter
motion, both actual and - was one of the more recognizable
apparent. Impressionists in the late 19th
- it involves real and virtual century.
motions. - Her favorite subjects were
8. Installation Art (started 1970s) domestic scenes featuring
- is a category of contemporary women, especially the intimacy
art that involves the installation between mothers and children.
or setting up of objects or mixed • Félix Resurrección Hidalgo
media construction in a given (1855–1913) and Juan Luna
space such as gallery, (1857–1899)
warehouse, and public space for - These two artists mastered the
a temporary period of time. use of light in their paintings.
- The Installation artist’s • Amorsolo
arrangement of object and the - showed ALSO his mastery of light
use of space constitute the and color in his rural landscapes.
artwork.
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Avant-garde Artists:
• Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)
REALISM - French Post-Impressionist
• Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) - an influential painter whose
- French artist portrayals of the natural world,
which was based on internal
 geometric planes, inspired built in 1914, are known for their
Cubism and other modern artistic Art Nouveau style. Designed by
movements. Ramon Irureta-Goyena and
• Victorio Edades (1895–1985) Francisco Pérez-Muñoz, El
- was especially interested in the Hogar is noted for its staircase
works of Cézanne. with bronze griffins for the posts.
- His influence can be seen in
Edades’s The Sketch, also known FAUVISM
as The Artist and His Model
(1928), which moved away from • Henri Matisse (1869–1954)
the conventional single-point - is arguably the best colorist of the
perspective toward multiple 20th century.
points of view. - Color was his foundation for his
ornate, expressive, and
EXPRESSIONISM
sometimes massive paintings.
• Edvard Munch (1863–1944) - His favorite subjects were the
- was a productive but somewhat nude body, still life, and North
eternally troubled artist. Africa.
- preoccupied himself with matters • These Fauvist tendencies,
such as mortality, illness, especially the qualities of naiveté,
religious aspiration, and sexual can be seen in the works of
liberation. Antonio Austria (1936–) as well
• Danilo Dalena as Norma Belleza (1939–) in the
- used jai alai to symbolize factors 1970s. The works by Francesca
that shape humanity and also of Enriquez in the late 1980s also
accident and chance in the exhibit Fauvist style but in a more
artistic process. abstract vein.
• Onib Olmedo CUBISM
- was known for his expressive and
emaciated faces of the • Pablo Picasso (1881–1973)
tormented modern individual. - is perhaps the most prolifically
• Ang Kiukok imaginative and versatile painter
- is identified for his angular figures in the 20th century.
that are depressed, suffering, or - Pioneering Cubism alongside
in burning rage. Georges Braque (1882–1963),
- is known for Les Demoiselles
ART NOUVEAU
d'Avignon (1907), Guernica
• Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) (1937), and The Weeping
- A Spanish Woman (1937), among others.
- was a leading artist in the Art • Vicente Manansala (1910–
Nouveau movement. 1981), Hernando R. Ocampo
• Manila’s Uy Chaco Building and (1911–1978), and Anita
El Hogar Filipino Building, both Magsaysay-Ho (1914–2012)
 - were influenced by this artistic - With his painting, with their
movement. shadowy nocturnal mood, have
surrealist undertones.
FUTURISM
• Prudencio Lamarroza (1943–)
• Giacomo Balla (1871–1958) - also combines in his works
- Italian painter realistic landscapes and figures
- was one of the founding members with abstract forms.
of the Futurist movement in art, • Santiago Bose (1949–2002)
which emphasized speed, - used folk and mystical symbols
technology, and modernity. inspired by the old traditions of
• In the Philippines, this movement Cordillera.
became evident in Art Deco
DE STIJL
architecture.
• Piet Mondrian (1872–1944)
DADA
- one of the founding members of
• Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) De Stijl
- The French artist - is known for his use of primary
- was one of the most important colors, perpendicular lines, and
figures in the Dada movement. grids in his paintings.
- Is known by many as the Father of • Constancio Bernardo (1913–
Conceptual Art, as he insisted 2003).
that art must be driven by - Supporter of the chromatic and
concept. the geometric abstraction of
• Roberto Chabet (1937–2013) Mondrian
- who preferred direct relational - He was so talented that noted
experience unlike formalists who Abstractionist Josef Albers
desired to perfect the form. predicted that he would become
- His works explore the fleeting successful in the Philippines.
nature of everyday objects and
SOCIAL REALISM
the disruption that occurs with
the displacement of these • Paraskeva Clark (1898–1986)
objects. - A Canadian
- was one of the artists who used
SURREALISM
art not only for creative and
• Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) personal development, but also
- is celebrated in Mexico for the expression of zealous
- her home country, for giving political convictions.
importance to the indigenous • Social Realism in Philippine art
culture and for her brave began during the propaganda
representation. movement of the late 19th
• Juvenal Sanso (1929–), century and has continued to the
present time. Examples include
Juan Luna’s Spoliarium (1884),
 Edades’s The Builders (1928), - incorporates in her art science,
Antipas Delotavo’s Itak sa puso ni history, fine arts, advertisements,
Mang Juan (1977), and works by comics, B-movie posters, and
the group Nagkakaisang accessories used in daily life
Progresibong Artista at Arkitekto.
OP ART
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
• M. C. Escher (1898–1972)
• Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) - was a famous graphic artist
- American Painter whose groundbreaking works
- was perhaps the most important explored echoing perception,
Abstract Expressionists. pattern, space, and
- the best one to use the action transformation.
painting technique, he developed • Allan Cosio (1941–) and Rodolfo
a revolutionary abstract style that Gan (1949–)
changed the course of the history - are also inspired by Op Art.
of Modern Art. Influenced by Bridget Riley and
• Alfonso A. Ossorio (1916–1990) Victor Vasarely, Cosio’s
- is known for his wax and geometric Abstract paintings
watercolor works on paper. follow the illusionism of Op Art.
• José T. Joya (1931–1995) Gan’s recent exhibition in 2014
- Another Filipino artist who reminded the audience of the
followed the Abstract works by Escher.
Expressionist style and
HAPPENING AND PERFORMACE ART
technique.
• Carolee Schneemann (1939–)
POP ART
- Avant-garde artist
• Andy Warhol (1928–1987) - Is acknowledged for her
- is best known for his paintings discourses on gender, sexuality,
and prints of consumer goods, and body.
Hollywood celebrities, and • Marina Abramovi (1946–)
ordinary everyday objects. - is another key artist in the
- he pioneered techniques and Performance Art movement.
compositions that highlighted - put herself in great danger, burnt,
repetition. or cut in many of her
• Jeff Koons (1955–) performances.
- also an American Pop artist • Yuan Mor’O Ocampo,
- identified for his reproductions of - One artist in the Philippines who
mundane objects such as has been creating powerful works
gigantic colorful balloon animals of Performance Art.
- made of stainless steel. - Whose works center on Filipino
• Dina Gadia (1986–). culture.
- is painter and collage artist
KINETIC ART
 • Theo Jansen (1948–) 9. Ang Kiukok
- Dutch Kinetic artist 10. Vicente Manansala
- Is celebrated for his walking 11. Hernando R. Ocampo
kinetic sculptures known as 12. Anita Magsaysay-Ho
Strandbeest. 13. Yuan Mor’O Ocampo
• David Medalla (1942–) 14. Roberto Chabet
- A Filipino 15. Juvenal Sanso
- is also a pioneer of Kinetic Art as 16. Prudencio Lamarroza
well as Conceptual Art. 17. Santiago Bose
- His seminal work in the 1960s 18. Josef Albers
was the Cloud Canyons bubble 19. Constancio Bernardo
machine pieces. 20. Alfonso A. Ossorio
21. José T. Joya
INSTALLATION ART 22. Dina Gadia
• Yayoi Kusama (1929–) 23. Allan Cosio
- is interested in repetition, 24. Rodolfo Gan
pattern, psychedelic colors, and 25. David Medalla
polka dots. 26. Isabel
• Ai Weiwei (1957–), 27. Alfredo Aquilizan
- specializes in political and
cultural criticism, and his works
often defiantly attack human
rights abuses in China.
• Spencer Tunick (1967–)
- is a photographer known for his
public installations of naked
bodies around the world.
• Damien Hirst (1965–)
• Among Filipino artists, the
Australia-based, husband-and-
wife tandem of Isabel and
Alfredo Aquilizan has produced
evocative installations.
THESE ARE THE FILIPINO ARTISTS:
1. Fabián dela Rosa
2. Ramon Irureta-Goyena
3. Francisco Pérez-Muñoz, El Hogar
4. Félix Resurrección Hidalgo
5. Juan Luna
6. Amorsolo
7. Danilo Dalena
8. Onib Olmedo