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Arrays

This document provides an introduction to arrays, a fundamental data structure in programming that allows for efficient storage and manipulation of data. It covers array declaration, initialization, accessing elements, and the use of two-dimensional arrays, along with real-life applications in various fields. Understanding arrays is essential for writing optimized programs and implementing more complex data structures.

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18 views25 pages

Arrays

This document provides an introduction to arrays, a fundamental data structure in programming that allows for efficient storage and manipulation of data. It covers array declaration, initialization, accessing elements, and the use of two-dimensional arrays, along with real-life applications in various fields. Understanding arrays is essential for writing optimized programs and implementing more complex data structures.

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gebiaaaan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 5: Introduction to Array

Structures
CC2 – Introduction to Computer Programming

Introduction to Basic Data Structures | Array Declaration and Initialization


Accessing Array Elements | Two-Dimensional Arrays
Data Structures
• ways to store and organize data efficiently so that it can
be accessed and modified easily
• form the backbone of programming and algorithms.
Understanding them enables developers to write more
efficient and optimized programs.
Arrays
• a container that holds data (values) of one single type
• allow us to store, organize, and manipulate large amounts
of data efficiently.
Importance of Arrays
1. Efficient Data Management
• Arrays allow for the efficient storage of multiple values in a single
variable.
Importance of Arrays
2. Direct Access to Elements
• Arrays provide indexed access, meaning you can access any
element instantly using its index.
Importance of Arrays
3. Memory Efficiency
• Arrays use contiguous memory locations, which makes them
efficient in terms of memory use.
Importance of Arrays
4. Data Processing and Algorithms
• Arrays form the backbone of many algorithms and are often
used to implement more complex data structures like stacks,
queues, and hash maps.
Array Declaration and Initialization
<data_type>[] <array_name>;
<data_type> <array_name>[];

• dataType can be a primitive data type like: int, char,


double, byte etc. or an object.
• arrayName is an indentifier.
Array Declaration and Initialization
int[] data;
data = new int[5];

• Allocation: Describes how many elements can an array


hold

NOTE: Once the length of the array is defined, it cannot be


changed in the program.
Array Declaration and Initialization
int[] data = {1, 2, 3};

• You can also declare and initialize in one line of code.


Accessing Arrays using Index
• You can easily access and alter array elements by using its
numeric index.
• Indexing starts from 0 and ends at n-1.
Accessing Arrays using Index
int[] data = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

• Accessing using index:


<array_name>[<index>];
System.out.println(data[4]);
• Modifying elements:
<array_name>[<index>] = <value>;
data[2] = 15;
Accessing Arrays using Index
• You can use loops to iterate through the elements in an
array.

int[] grades = {99, 98, 97, 96, 95};

for(int i = 0; i < grades.length; i++){


System.out.print(grades[i]);
}
Arrays in Real-Life
• Banking Systems: customer accounts
• Deposits/Withdrawals: Adjust the balance by modifying the value at
the corresponding index.
• Interest Calculation: Traverse the array and apply interest to all
balances.
• Healthcare: patient data
• Analysis: Traverse the array to find patterns or anomalies (e.g., when
the temperature rises or drops).
• Alerts: The system could raise an alert if a temperature crosses a
threshold value.
• Weather Application: temperature readings
• Average Temperature: Calculate the average temperature for the
month.
• Maximum and Minimum: Find the highest and lowest temperatures
recorded in the month.
Two-dimensional Arrays
• arrays inside an array
• allows you to store multiple sets of elements
• organized in rows and columns

String[][] sections = new String[3][4];


String sections[][] = new String[3][4];

ROWS: describes how many arrays there are in the array


COLUMNS: describes how many elements there are for
each row
Accessing 2D Arrays
String[][] students = {{Anna, Ynna, Ina}, {John,
Jan, Johnny}, {Carl, Karla, Kael}};

index 0 1 2

2
Accessing 2D Arrays
index 0 1 2

0 Anna Ynna Ina

1 John Jan Johnny

2 Carl Karla Kael

System.out.println(students[2][1]);
System.out.println(students[0][0]);
System.out.println(students[1][2]);
Accessing 2D Arrays
int[][] grades = {{96, 86, 76}, {83, 73, 93},
{79, 99, 89}};

Give the value:


1. grades[0][2]; 6. grades[1][0];
2. grades[1][1]; 7. grades[0][0];
3. grades[2][1]; 8. grades[2][2];
4. grades[1][2]; 9. grades[0][3];
5. grades[2][0]; 10. grades[0];
Accessing 2D Arrays
int[][] grades = {{96, 86, 76, 66}, {83, 73,
93}, {79, 99}};

• For each array in an array, there are elements. Each array


in an array has a specific number of elements/size of each
row. In order to access all the elements of all the arrays,
we must use a nested for loop.
Accessing 2D Arrays
int[][] grades = {{96, 86, 76, 66}, {83, 73,
93}, {79, 99}};

for(int i = 0; i < grades.length; i++){


for(int j = 0; j < grades[i].length; j++){
System.out.print(grades[i][j] + " " );
}
System.out.println();
}
2D Arrays in Real-Life
• Tic-Tac-Toe

char[][] board = {
{' ', 'X', ' '},
{'O', 'O', 'X'},
{'X', ' ', ' '}
};
2D Arrays in Real-Life
• Spreadsheet Applications

double[][] sales = {{190.3, 340.0, 450.5},


{290.5, 178.0, 130.1}, {80.6, 400.3, 950.3}};
Q1 Q2 Q3
Product 1 190.3 340.0 450.5
Product 2 290.5 178.0 130.1
Product 3 80.6 400.3 950.3
2D Arrays in Real-Life
• Image Processing
B&W Pictures
int[][] image = {
{1, 0, 1, 1},
{0, 1, 0, 0},
{1, 1, 0, 1},
{0, 0, 1, 1}
};
Multi-dimensional Arrays in Real-Life
• Image Processing

RGB Pictures
int[][][] image = {
{{255, 189, 67}, {143, 76, 55}, {93, 0, 2}},
{{78, 33, 97}, {251, 252, 253}, {12, 20, 47}},
{{99, 0, 99}, {86, 47, 178}, {123, 231, 222}},
{{243, 234, 203}, {0, 0, 2}, {97, 30, 198}}
};

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