🟢 Node.

js Events
In Node.js, events are a key part of asynchronous programming. The EventEmitter class
(from the events module) allows objects to emit named events and register functions
(listeners) that respond to them.

Key Concepts:

●​ EventEmitter is used to create and handle events.​

●​ .on() adds a listener for an event.​

●​ .emit() triggers the event.​

Example:
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const EventEmitter = require('events');
const myEmitter = new EventEmitter();

myEmitter.on('event', () => {
console.log('An event occurred!');
});

myEmitter.emit('event');

🟨 Listeners in Node.js
Listeners are functions that are called when a specific event is emitted.

Types of Listeners:

1.​ Multiple Listeners:​

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myEmitter.on('event', () => console.log('Listener 1'));
myEmitter.on('event', () => console.log('Listener 2'));
myEmitter.emit('event');
Output:

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Listener 1
Listener 2

2.​ One-Time Listeners:​

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myEmitter.once('event', () => console.log('One-time listener'));
myEmitter.emit('event'); // Executes
myEmitter.emit('event'); // Ignored

3.​ Listeners with Arguments:​

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myEmitter.on('greet', (name, age) => {
console.log(`Hello, ${name}. You are ${age} years old.`);
});
myEmitter.emit('greet', 'Bob', 30);

Output:

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Hello, Bob. You are 30 years old.

4.​ Removing Listeners:​

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const listener = () => console.log('This will be removed');
myEmitter.on('event', listener);
myEmitter.removeListener('event', listener);
🟠 Timers in Node.js
Node.js timers are used to schedule code execution.

1. setTimeout()

Executes a function once after a delay.

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setTimeout(() => {
console.log('Runs after 2 seconds');
}, 2000);

2. setInterval()

Executes a function repeatedly at a fixed interval.

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const id = setInterval(() => {
console.log('Every 2 seconds');
}, 2000);

setTimeout(() => clearInterval(id), 6000); // Stops after 6 sec

3. setImmediate()

Runs a function after the current event loop.

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setImmediate(() => {
console.log('Executed after I/O events');
});

4. Clearing Timers:

●​ clearTimeout(id)​
 ●​ clearInterval(id)​

●​ clearImmediate(id)​

🟣 Callbacks in Node.js
A callback is a function passed into another function as an argument to be executed later.

Example:
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function asyncTask(callback) {
setTimeout(() => {
callback(null, "Task complete");
}, 2000);
}

asyncTask((err, result) => {

if (err) return console.error("Error:", err);
console.log(result);
});

Error-First Callbacks:

This is a standard pattern in Node.js:

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function divide(a, b, callback) {
if (b === 0) return callback(new Error("Cannot divide by zero"));
callback(null, a / b);
}

divide(10, 2, (err, result) => {

if (err) console.error(err.message);
else console.log("Result:", result);
});
Would you like a visual cheat sheet or code snippet examples for practice?

4o

You said:
How to handle data I/O in node js

ChatGPT said:

Handling Data I/O (Input/Output) in Node.js is primarily asynchronous and non-blocking,

making it well-suited for applications that handle a lot of I/O operations such as reading files,
handling network requests, or accessing databases.

Here's a breakdown of how to handle different types of data I/O in Node.js:

📁 1. File I/O (Using fs Module)

a. Reading a File (Async)
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const fs = require('fs');

fs.readFile('example.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {

if (err) return console.error('Error reading file:', err);
console.log('File contents:', data);
});

b. Writing to a File (Async)

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fs.writeFile('output.txt', 'Hello, Node.js!', (err) => {
if (err) return console.error('Error writing file:', err);
console.log('File written successfully');
});

c. Using Streams for Large Files

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const readStream = fs.createReadStream('largefile.txt');
readStream.on('data', (chunk) => {
console.log('Received chunk:', chunk.toString());
});

🌐 2. Network I/O (HTTP Server Example)

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const http = require('http');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {

res.write('Hello from Node.js Server!');
res.end();
});

server.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server running on port

3000'));

You can handle HTTP requests and send/receive data with built-in modules like http, or
more advanced frameworks like Express.js.

🗃️ 3. Database I/O (e.g., MongoDB)

Using mongodb or Mongoose to read/write data asynchronously:

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const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');

async function run() {

const client = new MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017');
try {
await client.connect();
const db = client.db('testdb');
const collection = db.collection('users');
await collection.insertOne({ name: 'Alice', age: 30 });
const users = await collection.find().toArray();
console.log(users);
} finally {
await client.close();
}
}
run();

⚙️ 4. Standard Input/Output (Terminal I/O)

a. Reading from Terminal
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process.stdin.on('data', (data) => {
console.log('You typed:', data.toString());
});

b. Writing to Terminal
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process.stdout.write('Type something: ');

✅ Summary
I/O Type Module/Tool Common Functions

File I/O fs readFile, writeFile,

streams

Network I/O http, https createServer, request

Database mongodb, connect, query,

I/O mysql insertOne

Terminal I/O process.st on('data'),

din stdout.write()

Would you like help building a sample app that demonstrates file and database I/O together?

4o

You said:
next topic is accesing file systems for node js

ChatGPT said:
Great! Here's a clear guide on Accessing the File System in Node.js, which is commonly
done using the built-in fs module (File System module):

📁 Accessing the File System in Node.js

The fs module allows you to interact with the file system: reading, writing, updating,
deleting, and renaming files or directories.

🔧 Importing the Module

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const fs = require('fs');

📘 1. Reading Files
a. Asynchronous (Non-blocking) — Preferred
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fs.readFile('example.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
if (err) return console.error(err);
console.log(data);
});

b. Synchronous (Blocking) — Not recommended for large-scale apps

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const data = fs.readFileSync('example.txt', 'utf8');
console.log(data);

📗 2. Writing Files
a. writeFile() (Async)
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fs.writeFile('newfile.txt', 'Hello, Node.js!', (err) => {
 if (err) throw err;
console.log('File written successfully.');
});

b. appendFile()

Adds content to an existing file:

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fs.appendFile('newfile.txt', '\nAppended line.', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('Content appended.');
});

📕 3. Deleting Files
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fs.unlink('newfile.txt', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('File deleted.');
});

📙 4. Working with Directories

a. Creating a Directory
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fs.mkdir('myFolder', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('Folder created.');
});

b. Reading Contents of a Directory

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fs.readdir('./', (err, files) => {
 if (err) throw err;
console.log('Directory contents:', files);
});

c. Deleting a Directory
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fs.rmdir('myFolder', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('Folder deleted.');
});

🔐 Note: fs.promises is available if you prefer async/await over callbacks.

⚙️ Advanced: File Streams

Streams are used for handling large files efficiently.

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const readStream = fs.createReadStream('large.txt');
const writeStream = fs.createWriteStream('output.txt');

readStream.pipe(writeStream); // Copies content

🧾 Summary
Task Method

Read File fs.readFile()

Write File fs.writeFile()

Append File fs.appendFile()

Delete File fs.unlink()

Create Directory fs.mkdir()

 Read Directory fs.readdir()

Delete Directory fs.rmdir()

Use Streams fs.createReadStream() /

fs.createWriteStream()

next topic implmenting socket services in node.js

Node.js enables real-time bidirectional communication using WebSockets, most commonly

via the socket.io library.

const http = require('http');

const fs = require('fs');
const socketIo = require('socket.io');

// Create HTTP server that serves an HTML page

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
fs.readFile('index.html', (err, data) => {
if (err) {
res.writeHead(500);
return res.end('Error loading index.html');
}
res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/html' });
res.end(data);
});
});

const io = socketIo(server);

io.on('connection', socket => {

console.log('Client connected:', socket.id);

socket.on('msg', data => {

console.log('Client says:', data);
socket.emit('reply', 'Hello from server');
});

socket.on('disconnect', () => {
console.log('Client disconnected:', socket.id);
});
});

server.listen(3000, () => {
 console.log('Server running on http://localhost:3000');
});

🔷 What is NoSQL?
NoSQL databases are non-relational, designed for scalability, flexibility, and high
performance, especially for large-scale or real-time applications.

🔷 Key Features
●​ Distributed Architecture: Data is replicated across nodes for fault tolerance.​

●​ High Availability: Built-in replication ensures uptime.​

●​ Flexible Data Models: Schema-less structure supports dynamic and varied data.​

🔷 Types of NoSQL Databases

Type Description Example Advantages

Document-B JSON/BSON documents MongoDB, Flexible, stores complex

ased with nested structure CouchDB objects

Key-Value Simple key-value pairs Redis, Extremely fast, good for

Store DynamoDB caching & sessions

Column-Fam Data stored in columns; Cassandra, Write-optimized, scalable,

ily grouped in families HBase ideal for analytics

Graph Nodes and relationships Neo4j, Great for connected data

Database (edges) with properties Neptune (e.g., social networks)

🔷 When to Use NoSQL

 ●​ Need horizontal scaling​

●​ Data structure is dynamic or unstructured​

●​ Require low-latency and high-throughput​

●​ Working with real-time or big data applications​

🔷 Advantages
●​ ⚡ Scalability (horizontal)​
●​ 🔧 Flexibility (schema-less)​
●​ 💾 High Availability (replication)​
●​ 🚀 Performance (low latency, high throughput)​
●​ 🔄 Supports varied data models​

🔷 NoSQL vs SQL Comparison

Feature NoSQL SQL

Data Model Document, Key-Value, Column, Graph Tables (Rows and Columns)

Schema Flexible (schema-less) Fixed (schema-based)

Scalability Horizontal Vertical

Transaction Limited ACID, eventual consistency Full ACID support

s

Use Cases Big Data, Real-Time, Dynamic Structured data, Complex

joins

Examples MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle

next topic manipulating mongo db from node js

1. Setup: Installing Required Packages

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npm install mongoose

2. Connecting to MongoDB

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const mongoose = require('mongoose');

mongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017/mydatabase', {

useNewUrlParser: true,

useUnifiedTopology: true

}).then(() => console.log("MongoDB connected"))

.catch(err => console.log("Connection error:", err));

3. Defining a Schema and Model

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const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({

name: String,

email: String,

age: Number
});

const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);

4. CRUD Operations

➕ Create
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const newUser = new User({ name: 'Alice', email:

'[email protected]', age: 30 });

newUser.save().then(doc => console.log(doc)).catch(err =>

console.error(err));

🔍 Read
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User.find({ age: { $gt: 20 } }).then(users => console.log(users));

✏️ Update
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User.updateOne({ name: 'Alice' }, { $set: { age: 31 } })

.then(result => console.log(result));

❌ Delete
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User.deleteOne({ name: 'Alice' }).then(result =>

console.log(result));

5. Advanced Querying

●​ .findOne(), .findById()​

●​ .sort(), .limit(), .skip()​

●​ Use operators: $gt, $lt, $in, $regex, etc.​

6. Error Handling

Use .catch() or try-catch with async/await for robust error handling.

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try {

const users = await User.find();

console.log(users);

} catch (error) {

console.error("Query failed:", error);

const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');

const url = 'mongodb://localhost:27017';

const client = new MongoClient(url);

async function run() {

await client.connect();

const db = client.db('mydb');

const users = db.collection('users');

// Create

await users.insertOne({ name: 'Bob', email: '[email protected]', age: 28 });

// Read

const user = await users.findOne({ name: 'Bob' });

// Update

await users.updateOne({ name: 'Bob' }, { $set: { age: 29 } });

// Delete

await users.deleteOne({ name: 'Bob' });

await client.close();

run();

const { Schema, model } = require('mongoose');

const userSchema = new Schema({

 name: {

type: String,

required: [true, 'Name is required'],

minlength: [3, 'Name must be at least 3 characters long'],

maxlength: [50, 'Name must be less than 50 characters']

},

email: {

type: String,

required: true,

unique: true,

validate: {

validator: v => /^[\w.-]+@[\w.-]+\.\w{2,}$/.test(v),

message: props => `${props.value} is not a valid email!`

},

age: {

type: Number,

min: [18, 'Minimum age is 18'],

max: [100, 'Maximum age is 100']

},

createdAt: {

type: Date,

default: Date.now

});
const User = model('User', userSchema);

const newUser = new User({

name: 'Al',

email: '[email protected]',

age: 17

});

newUser.save()

.then(doc => console.log('Saved:', doc))

.catch(err => {

if (err.name === 'ValidationError') {

console.log('Validation failed:', err.errors);

} else {

console.log('Other error:', err);

});