Scribd
Upload
18 views34 pages

Chapter 1

The document introduces bioinformatics, defining it as the intersection of biology and informatics focused on analyzing complex biological data. It covers various subfields including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, highlighting their applications in understanding biological processes and advancing research in medicine and biotechnology. Additionally, it discusses the importance of computational methods in managing and interpreting biological information.

Uploaded by

2024732785
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views34 pages

Chapter 1

The document introduces bioinformatics, defining it as the intersection of biology and informatics focused on analyzing complex biological data. It covers various subfields including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, highlighting their applications in understanding biological processes and advancing research in medicine and biotechnology. Additionally, it discusses the importance of computational methods in managing and interpreting biological information.

Uploaded by

2024732785
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
BIOINFORMATICS
COURSE OUTCOME
• Define bioinformatics, genomics,
proteomics, transcriptomics and
metabolomics correctly
• Differentiate the multiple level of study in
bioinformatics
• Relate bioinformatics field with other
discipline in science
TOPICS
✓Bioinformatics
✓Genomics
✓Proteomics
✓Metabolomics
✓Relationship with other science
BIOINFORMATICS
• Biology + Informatics
• Biological data computing.
• the study of informatic processes in biotic
systems.*
• the science of collecting and analysing
complex biological data such as genetic
codes(oxford dictionary, 1978)
•Hogeweg P (2011) The Roots of Bioinformatics in Theoretical Biology. PLoS Comput Biol 7(3)
•Hogeweg P, Hesper B (1978) Interactive instruction on population interactions. Comput Biol Med 8: 319–327.
•Hogeweg P (1978) Simulating the growth of cellular forms. Simulation 31: 90–96. Hesper B, Hogeweg P (1970)
Bioinformatica: een werkconcept. Kameleon 1(6): 28–29. (In Dutch.) Leiden: Leidse Biologen Club.
• conceptualising biology in terms of molecules and
applying information techniques (e.g applied
mathematics, computer science and statistics) to
understand and organise the information
associated with biological molecules on a large
scale (Oxford Dictionary, 2001)*

Defined as the study of development and


application of computer hardware and software to
the gaining, storage, analysis and visualisation of
biological information (Wikipedia)
• *Reichhardt T. It’s sink or swim as a tidalwave of data approaches. Nature.1999.399(6736):517-20.
Some questions………
• What are the critical sources of information for advancing
fundamental knowledge in biology, medicine,
biotechnology, pharmacology, agriculture and related
biosciences?

• What are the best computing method to be applied to


collect, organise, analyse and distribute this information
to advance this research?

• How quickly can these methods be integrated with


bioscience research to meet demands of rapidly growing
body of data and to speed the flow of information?
Technology in Bioinformatics
• Datamining and screening of genes in a
GENBANK
• Gene and protein modelling and simulation of
how certain genes acts in certain biological
pathway
• Gene prediction of functional protein using
computer
• 3D structure of gene and protein prediction
• Comparative genome between species
• Evolutionary study
GENOMICS

• the branch of molecular biology concerned


with the structure, function, evolution, and
mapping of genomes (Oxford Dictionary)

• the study of genes or gene products in a


person or organism (NIH, USA)
Research Field
1. Comparative genomic
• Study of differences and similarities in genome structure and
organisation of different organisms.
Objective- to understand the process of evolution and to
convert the DNA sequence into proteins of known function.

Based on:-
i. Orthologous (similar genes found in different organisms
with the same function-signal from the same ancestor)
ii.Paralogous (similar genes found in the same organisms
and encode a related proteins but different function)
sequences
2. Gene prediction and counting
• Study of identifying genes, their regulatory sequences and
their functions. Identifying non-protein coding genes (rRNA,
tRNA and snRNAs), mobile genetic elements and repetitive
sequence families.

3. Genome evolution
• Study of genome evolution and the driving force in their
evolution such as mutation, recombination, transportation,
gene transfer as well as gene deletion and duplication. Study
of changes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes genome
dynamically in terms of their size, shape and complexity
1
header
PROTEOMICS
• Study of gene products encoded by a
genome, including a list of the genes that
are expressed, their time of expression, the
function of encoded gene and their
location in various cellular compartments
• Proteome refers to all proteins produced by a
species
• Varies with TIME
3 areas:-

1. Structural proteomics (structural maps of protein and


domain 3-D conformation)
2. Functional proteomics (mapping of cellular function
and interactions)
3. Expression proteomics (quantitative maps of the
proteins expressed from cells or tissues)
Research Field
1. Structural proteomics
• Mapping out the 3-D structure and nature of protein
complexes present specifically in a particular cell or
organelle.
• Objective- to build a body of structural information
that will help in predicting the probable structure and
potential function for almost any protein from a
knowledge of its coding sequence
• Application- drug discovery and determination of
structure-function relationships
2. Functional proteomics
• Refers to the application of proteomics techniques to
analyse the characteristics of molecular protein-
networks involved in a living organisms
• Involve the assignment of protein function and
Identification of protein networks

3. Expression proteomics
• Refers to quantitative study of protein expression
between samples. Also involves the study of pattern
expression of a complete proteome or its part
between samples.
• Objective- to identify disease-specific proteins.
• For example, the over expression or under
expression of proteins in cancerous and normal
cells.
• Application in drug action and effects in biological
stimuli
METABOLOMICS
• The study of metabolic profiling of an organisms

genome

proteome

metabolome
• Information contained within a cell or tissue
represents the cumulative effects of all the
expressed and modified proteins
• Small molecular inventory (SMI) of the cell. These
molecules include important cellular compounds
such as nucleotides, vitamins and antioxidants
(secondary metabolite)
• metabolome.-molecules that reflects the cell’s status.
• Defination- total metabolic processes including
anabolism and catabolism as well as the related
cellular processes such as absorption, distribution
and detoxification of natural and xenobiotic
materials, energy utilisation, signal transduction and
regulation.
• gives a direct picture of the cells activity and its
environment.
• represents a powerful portrait, reflecting health,
aging and the effects of drugs and the environment
Application
• Drug discovery
• Clinical diagnostics
• Plant biochemistry
The other omics- technology

• Glycomics –the study of structure and function of


carbohydrates (sugars) in biological systems.
• Metagenomics- the study of metagenomes, genetic material
recovered directly from environmental samples
• Transcriptomics –the study of transcriptome that reflects the
genes that are being actively expressed at any given time,
(expression profiling), examines the expression level of
mRNAs in a given cell population, often using high-throughput
techniques based on DNA microarray technology
Animation Factory Animated Templates
In order for our templates to run properly, please check the system requirements below.

System Requirements:
1. Internet Explorer
2. Flash Player 8 (or better) installed in Internet Explorer.
PowerPoint will use the IE Flash Player to display the animations.

3. Visual Basic For Applications


This should have been installed automatically when you installed PowerPoint.
If not, this is located in the MS Office settings.:
A. In the computer control panel,
choose “Add or Remove Programs”.
B. Under Microsoft Office, choose “Change”
C. Choose ‘Add or Remove” features.
D. Under Office Shared Features,
Select “Visual Basic for Applications”
and choose “Run from My Computer”

You may delete this page.

You might also like