Forces

· Newton's First Law of Motion :

at rest with constant

Objects
will remain , or more a

unless acted by resultant force

velocity
on a .

· This means
if the resultant force acting on an

object is zeuo :

· The
object will remain
stationary if it was

stationary
before .

at the
· The
object will continue to more same
velocity
and direction) if it
(same 3seed
was
moving
· When the resultant force is not zero

· The
speed of object can
change
direction of
· The
object can
change
· A
simpler way
to think about Newton's
first law foris

its motion it requires

object to
change
resultant
an a
,

force to act it
upon
.
 Applying Newton's First Law
· Newton's first law is used to explain whythings
more with a constant (or uniform velocity-

balanced,
off the forces acting on an
object are

then the resultant force is zero .

The (ie and direction

velocity speed only
· can

the
change if force object
a resultant acts on .

Examples of
Objects with
Uniform Velocity
Contact force
~

↓
Weight
 The
· book on the table will remain
staionary the
on

table because forces are balanced ,

no resultant

force .

if resultant force is acted in

It
only
as
· will more

knocks intothe
if someone
pick up the book or

table .

at constant
· Car is
travelling
in a

straight line

speed because
forces are balanced and will

unless acted resultant

continue to do so
upon by a

force .

o For example if the driver brakes

,
or accelerated
speed up.
· A of
piece space
debris will continue to move in

unless acted
a
straight line at a constant
speed
upon by a resultant force .

·
For
example if it enters the
,

gravitational field of
a
planet collides with
or
asteroid . an

A student did online research and found

9) some

Moon orbit the Earth at constant

out that the a

speed of around
2000mph
.

The student that this is not an example of

says
of motion Is the student correct?
Newton's first law .

Explain your answer.

Step
1 Recall Newton's
: first law of motion
·
Newton's
firstlaw of motion states that objects will remain

constant unless acted

at rest with
velocity
or more a on
,
,

by
a resultant force .
 Step 2 : Determine if the object in the
question is

at rest ,
or
if it is
moving
with a constant velocity
.

· The Moon ,in this case is

,
not at rest

It is with constant .
moving speed
·

But it not with constant direction it

moving
·
is -

continually oubits the sun.

· Hence it not with constant velocity

moving
is
,
a
,

because
velocity
is a rector
quantity.

State and whether the student correct

Step
3 :
explain is

· The student is correct .

·
The Moon moves
with a constant
speed ,
but
always
its direction
changes .

· So it is not
moving
with a
constantly velocity
,
example of first
and is not an Newton's

law of motion .
 The
9) A at constant
velocity driving
.

car moves a

force from the engine is 3kN.

Frictional force =?
Driving force
= 3kN
L >

&

Determine the frictional force acting on the car.

· Recall Newton's first law of motion and Relate

Newton's first to the scenario .

Since the at constant velocity

· car is
moving ,
there is no resultant force .

· This means
driving
and frictional force are

balanced Hence Frictional force

,
: 3 kN
· Newton's second law of motion states :

to the
The acceleration of
object proportional
an is

resultant force
acting
it and
inverselyproportional
on

to the
objects mas.

Newton's second law of motion what

·
explains happens
non-resultant force acts
when
object
on an .
a

resultant force object will

acting
0 A on an cause a

change
in
objects motion .

· This
change in motion is an acceleration
(change ils velocity)
·
Speeding up
down
Slowing
·

direction
Changing
·

· If the resultant force on an

object is not zero the
,
object
will accelerate in the direction
of the resultant force .
 The force the larger the
bigger
·
this resultant ,

acceleration .

For force the greater the objects the

given
· a mass ,
,

smaller the acceleration .

experienced

Examples of
Newton's second Law

a
a

F
I

experiences force
Car Football
experiences
a a

resultant force
which makes it
change large
its motion from west
so accelerates
quickly
to .
and more . goal
 ·

Objects like cars and

football accelerate
when a resultant force is
applied on them .

The size of acceleration is

proportional to the

size of the resultant

force .

Calculations Newton's Second Law

using
·
Newton's second law can be
expressed as an
equation :

F = ma

· Where :

Newtons (n)
of resultant force on the object in

om =
of the object in Kilograms (129)
mass

acceleration of the metres

a
object per in
· =

second
squared(m/s)

·
The acceleration occurs in the same direction as the
resultant force .
 Focusing the
equation
· on
;

constant then
·
If man is
kept ,

Txa

o
If force is kept constant
,

act
m
 Equation triangle for Newton's Second Law

ma

that his best car has a mas

6) A car salesman
says
of gookg and can accelerate from 8 to 27m/s in

3 seconds .

Calculate :

9) The acceleration of car

in first 3 seconds
this acceleration
b) The force required to
produce
Answer :

(a) First Lets

List the known quantities
Initial Onl
velocity
:
o

27m/s
Final
velocity
· =

· Time 7 ,
= 3s
 Now calculate the
change velocity
in
·

change in
velocity
= Av =
final velocity -
initial
velocity
Dv = 27 - 0 = 27m/s

~ Use the
equation for acceleration and calculate it

m
= =
a = a

includes force and acceleration

b) Since question ,
man

second
and we have to calculate force
so Newton's

law's
equation required
is :

F =
ma

o Calculate it :

900X9 PlooN
F =
:
9) Three shopping Evolleys , A B C
, , ,
are
being pushed
using the same force . This
force causes each

trolley to accelerate .

A B C

which will have the acceleration ?

trolley
same

· Lets take a look at equation of second law

F =
ma

· Since force is constant m and a are

inversely
proportional constail
act
I
a = so
m
 to
Acceleration is
invemely proportional
·
man.

·
This means for same amount of force ,
a
large
small acceleration
experience
man will .

I will have the smallest

acceleration
Therefore trolley
·

became it has the largest man .

Newton's Third Law :

Whenever two bodies interact the , forces they

each other and
enert on are
equal opposite .

pair of forces
The
· exerted
bythe interacting
objects are known as
force pairs .
· Newton's third Law
explains
the forces that
enable someone to walk :

·
The foot enerts push force the .
ground
a on

·
The
ground enewts a
push force
on the foot.

equal magnitude
and
· The forces are in

direction .
opposite in

of Newton's Third law

Example

The foot(sole of shoe) exerts a

force on the
ground
enert
by pushing
the
ground backwards and the ground
the foot the foot
and
opposite force by pushing
on
an equal
forwards
 Vector
diagrams
be used to
represent Newlin's
·
can

third law

Using
the
following three rules to
help you identify
third law
pair
a :

1 The two forces in a third law act different

pair
on
.

objects .

.
2 The two forces in a third law
pair always
are

directions
equal in size but act in opposite .

3 .
The two forces are
alway the same
type :

weight ,
normal contact
force ,
etc .

at rest table· Student

teatbook
9) physics
on a
A is

the book and label

A draws a
force diagram for
and normal
the forces acting
it on
weight as

contact force .
 Reaction force
~ Book

/
! -

~
weight [Table
of Newton's
Student A
says example
the
diagram
is an

third law of motion Student B disagrees with .

Student
By referring
A .
to the vector
diagram ,

state and correct

explain
who is .

Answer :

and involved
· Let
identify the forces objects .

The acts downwards

of
gravitational pull
· Earth

on

(weight)
the book and the
push force
of the table acks upwards on the book

(normal contact force) .

 · State Newton's third law of motion

· Whenever two bodies interact the , forces they

each other and
enert on are
equal opposite .

Step 3 : Check if the diagram satisfies the two

conditions for identifying Newton's third law .

·
Newton's third law identifies pain of equal and opposite
two different object
forces of type acting
-
same , on
,

on this
example
:

the book.
·
Both
forces acting are
on

· The forces
acting the book different forces
on are

normal contact force and

weight .

The the next shows how to

·
image
on
page apply
Newton's third law
correctly
in this considering
case ,

the
pair of forces acking :
 F
/Book
/Bo
3

↓ ⑳o

F ↑ table
vF

24 The table
pushes upward
on the book and the
the
The Earth pulls on
book downward
pusher
book and book pulls on
on the table This is
.

the Earh This force

.
a

pair of
contact forces .

pair is
quavitational

would be
The third law in this scenario
:

·
pair
·
The
gravitational pull of Earth on the book
(weight)
and the
gravitational pull of the book on the Earth
(weight)
 · Bot
forces are of type (weight
same

· Both forces are

equal and opposite .

The the rector of the book

diagram
·
arrows in on

where
the table are
equal and opposite ,
which is

lots ofcudents get confused

·
This is become forces are balanced .

~
Hence ,
in this cae Student B is correct

· The rector
diagram in the
question is an
example
of Newton's fint law .

· In the rector
diagram of the book onthe table,
both
forces acting and
object
are on one

the forces are not the same

type .
 C

C
 C

B
 A

A
C