By Amol Sir

Class XI - MATHEMATICS

Chapter 2 – RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Module – 1/2

By Prof. Amol Varade

[ B.E, M.E. ( Mechanical ) ]

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Cartesian Product of Sets

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Cartesian Products of Sets

Given two non-empty sets A and B.

The cartesian product A × B is the set of all ordered
pairs of elements from A and B,
i.e., A × B = { (a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B }

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A B
Example:
Let A ={1,2} and B ={ a, b, c}. a
1
Find A × B. b
2
c
Solution:
A× B = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (2, a), (2, b), (2, c)}

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Note :
➢ If either A or B is an empty set, then , A × B = ∅
➢ If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite
set, then so is A × B.
➢ Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the corresponding
first elements are equal and the second elements are also
equal.
Example: If , (a - 3, b + 2) = (4, -2), find the values of a and b.
a - 3 = 4 and b + 2 = -2. Therefore, a = 7 and b = - 4.
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Note
➢ if n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
➢ In general, A× 𝑩 ≠ B × 𝑨
➢A × A × A = {(a, b, c) : a, b, c ϵA}. Here (a, b, c) is called
an ordered triplet.
➢A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) and
A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

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➢The Cartesian product R × R ={(x, y) : x, y ∈ R}

represents the coordinates of all the points in two
dimensional space.
➢The cartesian product R × R × R ={(x , y, z) : x, y, z ∈ R}
represents the coordinates of all the points in three-
dimensional space.

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Example :If P = {a, b} and Q = {x, y}, find P × Q and Q × P.

Are these two products equal ?
Solution: P × Q = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}
and Q × P = {(x , a), (x, b), (y, a), ( y, b)}
The pair (a, x) is not equal to the pair (x, a).
Therefore P × Q ≠ Q × P.

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Example 4: Let A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5}

Verify that A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
Solution: B ∩ C = {4}.
Therefore, A × (B ∩ C) = {1,2}×{4}= {(1,4), (2,4)}………(1)
Also, A×B = {(1, 3),(1,4), (2,3),(2,4)},
A×C = {(1, 4),(1,5), (2,4), (2,5)}…………………(2)

Therefore, (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1,4), (2,4)}

Hence, from (1) & (2), we get, A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
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RELATIONS

A B
Ali
a
Babu

b Bindu

Clara

R = {(a, Ali), (b, Babu), (b, Bindu)}

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Relation:
A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set
B is a subset of the cartesian Product A × B.
The subset is derived by describing a relationship between
the first element and the second element of the ordered pairs
in A × B. The second element is called the image of the first
element.

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DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A RELATION

Domain : The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a
relation R from a set A to a set B is called the domain of the
relation R.
Codomain : The whole set B is called the codomain of the
relation R.
Range : The set of all second elements in a relation R from a
set A to a set B is called the range of the relation R.
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NOTE
(i). range ⊂ codomain.
(ii). A relation may be represented algebraically either by
Roster method or by Set- builder method.
(iii). An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.
(iv). If n(A ) = p and n(B) = q, then n (A × B) = pq.
and the total number of relations from A to B is 2pq.
(v). A relation R from A to A is also stated as a relation on A.
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EXAMPLE:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x , y) : y = x + 2 } A A
Then, R = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5)}. 1 1
domain of R ={1, 2, 3} 2 2
3 3
Co-domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
4 4
range of R = {3, 4, 5} 5 5

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Example 2:
Let A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b, c}. Find the number of relations
from A to B.
Solution:
We have, A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (1,c), (2, a), (2, b),(2, c)}.
Since n (A×B) = 6. Therefore, the number of relations from A
to B will be 26 = 64.

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What have we learned today?

➢Ordered pair: A pair of elements grouped together in a
particular order.
➢Cartesian product: Cartesian product of two sets A and B is
given by A × B = {(a, b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
➢ R × R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ R} and R × R × R = {(x, y, z): x, y, z ∈ R}
➢If (a, b) = (x, y), then a = x and b = y.
➢If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.

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➢A × φ = φ
➢ In general, A × B ≠ B × A.
➢Relation: A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of
the cartesian product A × B .
➢Domain: The domain of R is the set of all first elements of
the ordered pairs in a relation R.
Range: The range of the relation R is the set of all second
elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R.
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Class XI - MATHEMATICS

Chapter 2 – RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Module – 2/2

By Prof. Amol Varade

[ B.E, M.E. ( Mechanical ) ]

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Learning Outcome:
In this module we are going to learn about
➢Functions
➢Domain, Co-domain and Range of a Function
➢ Different Types of functions

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FUNCTIONS
➢ A function f from a set A to a set B is a special relation in
which, every element of set A has unique image in set B.
➢ The function f from A to B is denoted by f : A → 𝐁
➢ If, f(a) = b, then ‘b’ is called the image of ‘a’ under f and ‘a’
is called the pre image of ‘b’ under f.

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In the following diagrams, which of the relations are functions?

X R Y X R Y X R Y

a 1 1 a
a
1
b 2 2 b
b
2
c 3 3 c 3
c

(i) (ii)
(iii)

Figures (iii) represents function.

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In the following diagrams, which of the relations are functions?

Figures (iv) & (vi) represent functions

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Example
Let A ={1,2,3,4,5,6}. Define a relation R on A by R = {(x , y) : y = x + 1 }
i) Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.
ii) Is the given relation a function? Give reason.
A A
Solution:
i). Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Co-domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
Range = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
iii) Since the element 6 is not having
an image, this relation is not a function.
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Types of functions
1) Identity function
The function f : R→ 𝐑 defined
by, y = f(x) = x , x 𝝐 R is called
the identity function.
Domain = R, Range = R.
The graph is a straight line. It
passes through the origin.

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2) Constant function:
The function f : R → 𝐑 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝
by, y = f (x) = c, x 𝝐 R where c is a
constant is called constant
function.
Domain = R, Range = {c}.

The graph is a line parallel to x-axis.

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3) Polynomial function:
A function f: R → 𝐑 defined by f (x) = 𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 x2 + ...+ 𝒂𝒏 xn,
where n is a non-negative integer and 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , … … . 𝒂𝒏 𝛜 R is
called a polynomial function.
Note:
1). The function f(x) = ax + b, x ∈ R, is called a linear function.
2) The function f(x) = 𝒂x2 + bx + c, x ∈ R, is called a quadratic
function, where a , b and c 𝛜 R

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Graph of some polynomial functions

i) Linear function
Example :
Draw the graph of
f(x) = x + 10

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ii) Quadratic Function

Example:
Draw the graph of f(x) = x2

Note: The graph of a quadratic function

is a parabola

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iii) Cubic Function :

Example:
Draw the graph of the
function
f (x) = x3, x ∈ R.

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4) Rational functions:
A function f: R → 𝐑 is said to be rational function if
𝐠(𝐱)
f(x) = , where g(x) and h(x) are polynomial
𝐡(𝐱)
functions of x, where h(x) ≠ 0.

𝒙+𝟑
Example : f(x) = ,x≠4
𝒙−𝟒

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5) The Modulus function

The function f :R → 𝐑 defined
by f(x) = |x| for each x 𝝐 R
is called modulus function.

𝒙, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
i.e. f(x) = ቊ
−𝒙, 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟎

Domain= R & Range = [0, ∞)

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6) Signum function:
The function f: R → 𝐑 defined by

is called the signum function.

For signum function,
Domain = R & Range ={–1, 0, 1}

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7) Greatest integer function:

The function f: R → 𝐑 defined
by f(x) = [x], x 𝝐 R is called the
greatest integer function.
Here, [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to x.
For example,
[-2.8] = -3, [2.8] = 2
For greatest integer function, Domain = R, Range = Z
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What have we learned today?

➢ Function : A function f from a set A to a set B is a special
relation in which, every element of set A has unique image in
set B.
➢ A is the called the domain and B is the codomain of f .
➢ Range : The range of the function is the set of images.
➢ A real function has the set of real numbers or one of its
subsets both as its domain and as its range.

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