SS ——-—— —— — UNIT 1 OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION I. Introduction; Ls Ta telecommuntcetion the major developments, 171 the lazt decade ATE Mobile communication and opdia) Fibe ansmission 3 Re Number Of Todernek uses are grow exponentially Hence the World-wide -Web (WHld) ( rMch fy graphics Veo Content (HEY 44 Th comventfona) Communication gystim [copper- cable System) , the Srequenty of Carrier [4 Mrited. Hence tt doeg not Supporg Lasge Randwidin. Cho BW) Geshe Major challenges in the presen Communiadion Aysteom are @ Larger pandwidts (ii) High Br+-Rate *% Fiber epatcg ,suppovté Larger Bendwidth t poovides High Bib Rate rransmission . Ls Im Fiber epics Light-ig ted of carrier wave. Ls The comm muntcation -wavelengts -uaed %) Fikes opts Tu A=Foonm bt r=l6s0nm [Infrared Wavelengty regiovi) “where = $ 1 C= 3xiobms! (velocity q Light tm free-space) , Ly Re mgr Commenly “used Sptia) Sourcea ave LED acd LASER . Opda) Fiber \- Tt 16a thin Abrand of Gass @ plage acy Sable ag the transmission medium oves which the faformation pasaes. Eile pica 1 rt tnvelves the Audy of Light propagation im epdicod Fibev-cable- optic) fiber Communtetion:— I+ favolvea Optica) Aources, Me Ean AR Opticd Fiber, Spied Tecleve ts |dedkctorg. (.e., I+ trvolveg Generation , transmission) & Detechon of Li git Wig Ops Components. INolg?- ppHcu Fiber cable {% algo called A Opsicod Fiber Waveguide.or Histor tcod Development := Genesee larblorg ea) Bit Rate | Repeater Spacing + Fivar ‘Generation Soonm 45 Mbps 10km [second Generation (300nm oo eee DoKkm Rind Generation | '550nm — | 1oGbps look Faris, Generation (1450-(620)nm | 10Tbes > 10, 000Km Fifth Generation 1530-15 40)nrm |40~-I60)Thps |24,000Km ~ 35 mm | ¥ Ta Fourm Generation (4-6), ‘wavelengls Division Multiplexing wpm), technique 14 ured F To Fifth Generation (5-4), Raman ampli{rebion technique 7A “Ued I. iNeed ef Fiber eptic commudi cio: 4. In jong diatance Communi ation ayslan, there fg a need of dow-~ Loss transmission mediua 2. here 14 @ need ef tncseased Bid vale - Distance Product 3. There 78 A need of Compact Clad \ighr weight trangnaters dod Yecievers A. there 14 a need of Imcreaged Span of transmission @ increckec) Span of Tepedtess pacing , An opHicd Fibes Communiction System Fulfil all these yequiremeni Herre 14 18 emerged 9§ the mst fan poa tant & Widely Ubed tong distance Commuaiedion susie.Genesad System -— a @ describe block dfaqran of aa optic fiber transmis- ~ Stor Jk ancl explain the -Punction of each element tn Lyk. (Dec-2013 ITan20i4 , og Marks|| Tan/suly 2015, 10 hase) LS Basic btock diagren of ON optica fibex Commuatedion Link (system) Te shown im Figure 1.4.14 consialg of dhe Following frrpostand blocks CG) Transmitter (pvive circuit & Light source) Gi) Toformodion channel (opti cd Fiber, Repecites ) (ili) Receiver (CPhotodetector Amplifier ) /— Fiber iylead —- + Transmitier_ a Eledrio) | ave ah A eee TPE lettried signa ZZZZZZ. OPH Signed OPHGI Fiber [pzzzzxees| opt fad transmitea, plice Receives rT OO SS Se SB al Shorea a to I Phot 1 [signed] | Ekcted Dekctox +f fst) Aeplgies “1% Figure 1.4% Block diagram of an optic) Fiber communication Link systemCD Traramiter:- NH consigh, §- 9) Daive circuit aod b) Light Zour @ Drive cixcutt— 1b converty Ie cledricd Signed fect te the brangmt tear foto foom (Analog/Digital) Suitable for the Light @ource. © Light Source: Also caled as Optied Sources. Tk converte / Clectrical Aigned Tals a Light Aignad. & Lig Rigqned tg -uged ax carries wave t% + thes optica ls Communi adbion Syste. whe Wavelengis range Kuidable-Par epics Commundcadion (& 800mm ke [6Sonm. LED and Laser: (il) Toformadion channel : rt consizk 4. optical Fibes cable | Q! Repeakess ©) OpsiedAmplifiess C™OgH eI Eber cable: Tt 1 octhin khoad of qiass @ plastic ace og the Guided SoEM CF Channel -Tt % also called a8 “opticed wave guide! TE_carvies the _wedulated light. iO) Repeotey I ort tuned te vegenevale an epticd Signo) by Converting fd to ay Clectryiad Aigned, Processing thal Clectatcd Ligne) ancl then ve-bransint Hing am op047 cod Bigna). Repecelerg axe algo Gallecl ag Reqeneratorg RepealerA are ed for Long -al7alance Communicdivn . © Spe gr Amplifiers s- Ls-used 5 bookt Lhe powes level of opticed Signo , before ecet ves. py 2 .Raman-Amel fier 2° EDFA(Esbiruey Doped Fibex -Amplifies). Si * SOA (Semfeondudos Optic) Amplipies) Gi) Receiver: r+ congisli of (a) Photo Detector and & Signa) veatores ©) Phode perecror 2. Te Converts 1ghr Signal fats electrie) s\p- @ Signal EXS PIN-Pholodededor or APD Avalanche pheto ») Syoe) Veshores: te amplities & reshapes Uke Clecst eulst AROS ARSE: TE ainpsities fs reshapes the Cleat custarad ExeLAY Advantages, Digadvaniages and Applicaiong of patcal -ffoer Communication s— Decte Fintt ® whet are the. odvantages and disadvantages of OFC ? masts) SD Discuss Ie advantages of epticed fibes Commuciiadion.(Tgelt ® Liat the Advantages , dis-advantoges aod applicdion FOF ©. Cuneany = fates! J dvantages + ete a0 Advantages: of optical fiber communi@aten Axe Wit The conventioncd Coppes Communiodion Kystem Ave. 1. Lou hrangmission loss opsical fibers have lontey trate = ssion Joss than coppes Wises. Thig means. Jhal> With epdical fiber cable Aypleng more deda can be sent over Jo fiata- | ~Neesand fH vecluces the numbes of Tepecteys, needed for jong digdace Communietion. ad. Wide Bard width :~ opie 4ibers suppor Wider Bandwidtbs than Coppes Wises. Therefore huge amourt of date can be carried on the $ibex 3. Flechromagoetic Tmuntty - Opdial Fibexs ave Insulators ano} No electric currend flows jrroughs them: Revefose oped fiberg do net radial @ pickup elechomagneifc Yadration a fn copper Cables A> Small Sige!~ eptie) fiberg are thin tn Sige and abe) axe much Amaller hais-sized> than Coppes Wites . S Light weight 2 -An optical +iber Gable with the game 3s formation, Carried as Ie Copper cable Weighs Lees than copper cable. G+ Higher Signal securidy'- Stace Fibess do not wdiole energy, ; Aighly Setuse traramission can be Gchieved. o° OBFIC Communi Caton 14 mainly “Used i Baoklog & Midday Sled. 4 Qader Safety i- Tp tie fiber cable 96 damaged $$ does nob Causes aay Fire@spark hagardg,ag tt doe: not ca aay Clechic curmet. .: Fibers ave more Safer thas Copper cables. | & Electsic TZolasion {- Fibers ave cledsica) tsuladoxa. weet 9. Less Cost 10. Abundant Pawmalesta) I. Long diglaace branmwisisnDisadvantages of @pkicol Fiber Communication ?— A dived ViewTag- inte tke epsied point can be harmful 6 the eyes. 2. opted Fibess ave about tke thickness ep human hat. Any Gist pasticles obAtreting the Opti ed patty Causes poor trawsinisn S High initial Coat— 4. Highly Skilled peaons are yequited Por Splicing & Test— Procedures 35+ Maintoinae & vepalrieg- Cosi-- 6. Fibes can be Costly broken ff i 4 hem beyond Cestain Rt ADA prlighons of Gp a) Fiber Cornmuni Cechion 3 ~ The Mein appltedions of Sptical Fiber Communtcedion sypkons are, Tele communi Glion Nebwoaks Dade Communicos ions » Air crast|ship commuciction . ~ Compudes I k3 ancl LAN Under Sea Cable CabJe T-v - Contro) systems [Video Conto| & pavle con asitching] Brood band | 1s DN 0. Explosive & High EMI areas - A, 2 5 4 S. Sengors aad power appliadions 6. qe & qFOUERLA: Seuss, gees Flow waveguide OPH Fiber cable ig also Galled o& Ophiad Fiber wavequice: Ls optied Fikes Waveguide consialy of Refradive Todex (0) i ~ se is pheno a2 . — ° b Hig defined asthe valio ef the velodty oF light in Free Bpac mederiod so sthe “yelochty of light in any epticalphansparent Eis denoted by!) & His adimensicnless Yustty- toathemahilly : nj ayeleity of light fa free spree _ ty of light ta oy Medien) | where C= axidims! | “Vz Velocity of light pa oaymecdruen Mole? Refracive Prdex in tcaeg the Gumount @. bencling (vefeadia) Ot Lhe interface op two difseret mecliunmng [rroerials | Ex | Modesiod Re pracive Toclex a Name High a ect = Higher Tadex mecti us) Air 4 i caned " opti cally den- Glass Ve “S28 medium? ge Diamond 2, + Lower Index meditusy | Sihontsy 35 1B Calleel * opti call ye GaAs ot . Sas a P' v Al@ads 34 Oday optic) madeaicd 1 Toveraly proportioned io te We fader +i> Resiedions— Nowa) 40 veleui ve sue face DRA We Jon le Tacident_ Ray 4q—Repleded Ray —4— Mirror Surfate Crefrauive Surface) RAR SER eLledion ot Light Laws of Refledion shales diab LT laws Tocidert ray, Repleued Ray and Normod te the veflecive Surface att Leg tothe game plane TL baw s- the Angle of Tnuideeve = the Angle sefledion [e = [Or 3 = Angle of incidence tee., Or Angle 4 vef lection Kiil> Ref tion -— hen ligt tay exttes rom one mec te aay ahes medi-us) shaving differnt sefrauive fadices the velocity a Nght changes Aga result bending 9. light occutys. & 18 Giiled Refraction Y- Aight. 14 ta shown tw Figuae 466 Nove) Aine a <—Ioerfale belieen wo mediums Retleded ya y PIAL Refcachon & ref leon 9 Light Le — oe“Lek 0" be the point 9 Tuidene . potted Noe indicates Norma’ | . Hine te Lhe Intexface. oe Oj = Age | faciceace = Angle g vepleuion [TAY vette) Gy= Angle 2 ve fra dion ee The SNEL's LAW » Satestha be produu- gy selpraui ve index and Sine of Predence cagle ta medium must be eyual ke the Produ §) refrauive faclex & Sine g. vefraded) Gage in med?ug ie, Ny SiN O = LSinG, | sneils Law Node? Al] angles ave measured with yes ped to Norma Tine. Critic Angie LE) : Definition: TH ig -the angle ef incidence, which resulle to 90° q angle @ vefratiion. 1 denoted by C- te. When Op= Oc Then 0,= 90 O8 Shown ty Figure b4- — ! ! n> Tndesface bly medium &£ mediums Q=40 ND 1 Glawiett+ Reprsoenkolion af Ceidiod Arete Matberadical Expression: “Using Srell8 law od the pajerfars redicdond g.mnech om 1,519, = N, SiN Oy “Use Condition 620, When 0,290 1, SiN, = NSinW = Na => Sing = ae n 5 | oe Crt#ood Angle, 6, = sta! (2)wn Tre Light ts guided i optiod Fibers based on the Principle $f Tetel Toterned Reflection Ake Gagle of incidence must be qreades “thaw Crt sicod Ongte- Le, OL >0,, XID The Ray of Light must enter from higher Yefra sive trex mediuny [optically denser (corey) te Lower Vefractive finden Lops ally Yarey (cladding y) medituey. Fi % hown fe Figue be. bey Yy>N, median Nose) (Cladding), o! Core~ cladding Taterfae as ei Core) G; ny Vey at ' TE EOEd ga, oO >O¢ Figure 4.8; Reexecentation a Bal Jakioa) aS ledion: WVii> Numeric Aperture [NA] I- RA URARAS BA Definition Light Collecting @2) Gathering abrdity 4 Opdied Fiber 7% hed Numesi@d apesture I+ 16 denoted by NA Methemadiclly : | NA= Nap - ne here, m= Refrauive index of Core >N> N= Refradive index of cladding.MiiD Relggve Refastive Tox Disfewence CO Relodtve refradive index difference between cove acd Cladding vefradive telices (ny &en,) 1 Given by TERT of Cove nye RT of Cladding Relgkfan between NA ond Seafive vefaive tadex difference (A): Le kre at N= Vapma => NAS ofa 2 *, Relodfve vefsa live trdex difference, A 1% Aste a a= Na ont => NWS atha ena eee ~ NA= naa | ) Acceptance fence ~Agle <)> 3- ytsiion - FE 18 the maximus eodraace angle oF swhich a Ray of light Com, strike the fiber ania inorder to be propagaded- TE 18 denojed by Op Modhemadieally : Acceptance — Q= shal(NA m) sohese NA= Va 1 Ne RT of ouside medic Howside medium Air, tren (MET o eght— ¢ yer te fiber Core Proof &— Consider a Ray q Light fA , en "8 =fem a medium of vefradive index ‘x? od on angle '; MiLG resped tp Pibey AXIA. Tis angle % Known as Acceplance Angle - Hence a@ ray Should Adsike the tmlesface EAiv-Fibes core) Within the Gogle 6 te propogate the Night thsoug’, the core of. the ber Wher Dre Entrance angle 4 Oy tien the vay og Light ahikes tke Core- cladding terface od an Cagle is ‘O2. where & 18 CridF@d angle given by, B= ara! Gs) LTH 1A shown bm figure £4. ns Cladding Figure 4.9: Accepjanu angle representation ntems J- Meridonal Ray sepresent ah in Sep Jodex fier Apely Srel)'s law ob sumondtey Mediuay (mn) & Fiber Core On) foterface ; NSO, = NiSinoy x fom triangle oxy a refraued Angle Oy = 0-0 ¢ ¥ “S NSInd, = ny sin (0-6¢) NMG = njcosee —— QA) NeKeT from Cattid angle detviton SiG oo Te o's COSOc= fi- sivto,= +e) = irWhee Naz NumericdApertune of Fibes Vn ne substttuls mse BAL aw equation W , ny nsin 8 = CS56eXN} msin by = om xm => SIno)= S/S 9"(NA) n IF outdide meciue Ais, then n=1' 2 ve Jeu Aerelone angle 6,= S18! (NA) | Whee Noo [REE =nifzR py “Weioaeiams fone? Resetting “the accedaace aagte “6, Oround the ffber ands, O Cone Shaped patiern is obsained. rt is Called a4 “ geceplerace Cone” of the Stbex trpud | Figure 110 show acceptance Cone of f*bex frpul— —Aceplante Cong. Fibey at) Cladding v Figuxd.do~Actepfane Gone repyesodakion rom These Bays follow 4 Zig-Zag, po Hhwough jhe 43 Ler OK Ahoww To Figuee bla. tt is the defauti Ray path hod is Gantidesed fn the Laws of Geomehiad ep#i us(st. Mode theo. of Light + Ligh Yaya propagak a8 Gm Elecromeagnelc Wave [EM-Wave) along the Fiber. TheHwo Components, the electvic field aad Magneitc field -fosm patterns acass “the fiber, thease aie axe cated “Modes” of changmission- (TE- Medes TM-modes} Mode: the ede op a -fibex refers to the Tuambes of paths for the ight vays Within the epti@d ibe Collate. Tt 14 obdained by Solving Maxwell's eqruadions- IN Simple Wore Mode sefers —b Numbes of paths According Jo Nuaber ef modes opt cod fibers Can be classified Into tuo types Xf> Single mode fibers iis MubRimode fibers Single mode ffbers ss a eek ee ‘fibers allows propagation of Ught vay by only one path , a& shown bs figure bil, : = core radi Figuee bls Staple rode OR ca) ibe ¢- d=cliamede op Ly tre cove vadrus 4 -Vey Amal}. 14 14 of the order of ope Ly The Jatnchieg of Option power Tuto Biegle-mode fiber T& “Veay olttficudd az the cove sadius 18 Smal), Ls Supposty larger poodwidth. Ly Tatesmodal didperdion [4 Absent. Tdeally Very Low Loss « Ly ied sor long AtsxhAanco Communi wdions LS. opsica) Sous ~Uxed rust be LASER,Ly Multimode pikes allows propagation ¢ light ray by Multiple Paths of be., tun ple light rays ase Carsied Sinvultancousl y theough the mutfi-mode Fiber core, a¥ shown ty Figure I-12. & Multimode fiber has a much darger_diameler compared te Single mede Fiber. r4s-typicd Value is (joo - 175) Pm» ae | 6 é ae ic op-15) Sgt [be a Figure h2 7 Multimode SP dace Fiber Ly These fF a RERRIE SP blew, Elbe These Fi bows Sudtess from Ingeamodas A'S pession. Go AERO ORE NEE K Hubner FEE i ‘No Single-Mode Pf bea a Kuli mode f 1bex I. \cove yadity ts Smal} [0+ openi) |+ Come yadirug 1 large [ae Sopa) 2+] Suppose one mode &F prepagited » Supports hundredy of modes 3:| opsied suume ig LASER + opted Sousce is LED ASER " => a g —— Bg | Sue sous A ic 4 | Supports Larges Baodwidts |° suppose Lesser Bandwid ts 5 | Indermockd Dispersion is Absent: |» Tevermoclad Dispevsion is Presta | € | the Lorunching of optiod powes}« the Launching %~ optics poney nbs the Sfbex 1S very ol-fficul tnis {thew is easier af the Core | Os Be cove radius is sol) Jyadeys ig Large ‘I. |Low transmission loss +s High bHeangmission loss 8 .| Used Soa Longdlis «. ce communadim| used Sov Shor} RSteNe Corneil adien| Ex? Telecommruni odion, Brodleasting | Ex: LAN [4 SarFable Sor Tareq rede ops A + Not Suntable For Tnieqreited Op ou eran to | Less Expensive | + More Expensive Deuti-mede Gein Fibe)| We sieeele legion J opbed Fibers bord RE RU to Depencling- on Refraufve index clistribusion tn Core and Cladding regions, opsiev fiber ave Classified inte (@) Sdep Todex Fibers ® Graded Todex Fibers. © sckp Todex Ether 2 ro estep Fadex ptbevs the vefrouive dex ef Core f& Contant thought ik region bu “there 78 aq Abrupt Change th yefradive index ab core-cladeling- toesface, frie, a. prsilecerpmjise> dep sodex Ang) : — fn, = lalga [core] => 1r)= Ng? 12130 [cladei-g] —~y Where Y= Yodio) distance from Fiber Axig G= Yaclus of Core N= Tefrawi ve dex of core N= Whrattive frdex FH Clad bin Sap index Fibers Light vay Propagedes a8 Mevidonc Ray Fs Zig-zog path. Ly Tre Bending Crefrattion) of Ligh 1 Jakes place only od the core& Figure 1-132 gKeToe Fiber mth Cladding xaperface Refradive fade profile > Ray 4 Jight-travelk a RAR ASA TAA Conall veloGty Cv=-<)Depencling ex Number of modex, siep inclex ffbews are classified tale 1 single mode Alep index fPber 1) runt mode Step Index fiber ? Sale mode “tsp indes. Sther i= Ly Single Ray 4 Light propagates theouigh Step index F ber core. Ray pats ig Mestclorcd vay e—Propagates In X1g- Zag poits. Bople ade Aeplodex Fiber + WW) xruiewde step tndex FTbes rerees wr os nr” Ly muliple rays of light Gm be Gartecl Gimullarcowsly — Hhrugt, dhe Fiber Cove .ag shown fs) Figuec below — 2 Mu mode BP ode Steer Yow wes < These Fhe Guisfews from Tne moclad deapersion TE Graded Index Fibess (qrIn-Fibers] > Ly Jo Graded Inlex (GRIN) Fibewd the Tefradive todex ef- cove. gradually Varies with verpeg-do Fiber axis. Ly ta GRIN fibers “tre benching 9 Light (refrattion stakes place ot every point fo Tle Cove region. Therefore Tay Ff Ligho- Propagodeg t\ Heliou pats & these Tays are calle! a8 Skew Raye.Refractive Tadex paofrle in Graded toler Pibers 14 given hy 1a AM) ny(-aaef)s Ila. [ore =>)= 7 d fs 7 (1-2a)en,2 la 2 Rbddieg) where, ¥= radial distence ~from ails = core Tadicgas | N= RI as The Cenkes Q- Fiber core “ALS Rod of Cladding Ly= Re lodive wefrachive fndox cleyeee Oe We _ nat ane ane C= profile pounder | axis X21 Telargulay RE Vaviahos oi) a9 i ae o) ¢ SA —P Parabolic RT. Variation. fguue In wryervode eects = Ree pte Ly To Gein Fiberg the Velocity gy Tey of Lig Corfiaunsty charges i) the core yeqglon- Ly RT ee Core (3 maximum od the Conky 4 ther Core (axis) Gem velousy Q Light ware % minimum Cr veh ) at Te Qxig & Mexlmum of ComCladding Paleface | : | Ly +. Ta Graded index fibergy, Data travel of higher Speed | hon thar Q- Rep mdex ffbers | SpelSEPANG OF Oumbes ef mocles, GRIN- Fibers cre dassified Mo @) Single mode GRin- Fiber W@ mrt mode GRin- Fiber © Sege mode GRIN Ether i ‘rt Kupporly single mode Propagation Ly Ray propagates fm relied pati. Light say 1s Giiled Skew Tay AWshown ty figuxe belo, ~ REREY ProRsgation to. Goyle mate gay: piber:- CD ruined GRin Ribes ‘5 To muth mode Gain Fibed, martiple ays Ca be ranientibed Rimudtanreo uz ly trough dhe Fibes Core. bs To mussimede aRin Fibers the exid tee of each wy %- Aight fs_same. —! Shen Bow propagation fo mouthimode SEW E bertSCOERIEER betren “BE toler eGendad Trobe Ebsee Parameter Skplodex fibers Graded Iodex Fibess \ Refrauive Tadex nw) = Ns Ka na)= f ni(t-: ~34(Z} 24g, propile fee (vay eer ODDS TODD rrr’ Vo num ber °— TH 16 alao aiiled as normalized froyuentp. r ‘Fveg the Telodfonghip belwen operating -wowvelerght CA) 5 Core vediug (a) and Numericn peatuse 4 Oph cal Fiber. bey V= S32. NA 2 whee Nas nen, = naa 15, . A= core yeuliUg W Number 12s “ured te Pind tre Number ef Guided modes fy Multimode $f berg Number of Guided Medes Emp’) Ly Number ef Guided medes in wrulimode Sep todex Frbes ig a Meer LS umber of Guided moder tm mutimede GRIN Fibex 18 Mig = ae ‘ where ol= profile parameler for payabo hic Variedion 9 2-5 profile [EQ] then Mo= Se Fos GRIN Fiber wilh pasabolte RI Variation. Nl Shale made spesation ond cubers navelength Cac) - “We Know that Venumber > Ve S4%.NA ak Abogle mode operation Cul-94 Navelengty ASA & Vay, ‘ ama ey =SSNA Le Ve Ke —@ Lihese Va= Normalized venumbes Pur Single mode operah an for Yeptoder fibers = Vi= &- 405 eS 7 : = QA0S VI (fs parabolic For Single mode aR F bes? Vo: et ¢ fect: Vasiadton)\:\0. Mode Field Diameter For single mode fibess operating, near the cub-off “wavelen- “PROG, Ie field can be approximaled by Gayssian cisleibuion’ Ly In ingle mode optied Fiber Light-say propagates a& & Single gaussian pulse along—tke Jength of fiber 151th Maxtmun fokensity od the Cenker of fiber Core (Axisof fiber) b Figure lis shows the eledric ficld Afahibulion ,ECT) 04 @ fundion of Tadic) Aigtance from Fiber axis. EG) Wo= Mode field wel UK, Spotsize. 1 MED=2hp | Fiaue hs: Made field Digater repeesenfalion *Mode Field Diameles i Me dlialance bebweeay the opposite ffeld amplitude potaly Where the field Fetenshy 7 Chy)-Honeg the maxierum -Pidld tntensity 1Ep a8 Showa H Ligure }1S + Mode Field Diomeler Seo) iBtwicethe Spot size (iy) * MED ta alightly greodex thax Sfagle mode cose dtameter. Noles + Single gaussian pulze—s J\—> single mode + +0 gauasian pula SV > modes « Three Gerusids, pulses /\\/\—> 3- modesIsl. Fiber Mederfals -— LT RAM RANK The Following requiremenk must be satlapted Pox Fiber maiertals COEF mat be possible ts make long, thin aad flexible Fibers From modesialg QW) the Moderiod murt be opHcally teanspasend (Hii) phygi@lly compatible maderials that have lightly olf ferent wefrautive indices fos core aad cladding must be aveijable . Noderial thatfotisfy thege propertieg are & Glass Ly plastica the TePradtve Index of qlass-madesial Cas be Varied by adding Aopang Auch o8 Geo, R0s,B,03and F a8 Shown tn Figuiehlé. RI GeO. £05 Fiquathl6: Verio on ace Dept 4 CRUE? Variation a ass Rr with % Depa Ly photonic Onpstal Fibers ave ako Called a8 micro Sruttured Fibers. Ly photontc coystal Fibers (pce's) have atx holes fia the cladalfng aad fm dome Cases the core region along the erWre Jength of Are fiber. Ly Modesiala used mPabiotion are Si, Ge @ GaAs.cs ego. (nei fwAirz n=b4s fer sil ) ef Lothis mionshuchiae asrungemert Credes Ly the Light qu fcltg chavatyesratrce of the pcr ave defer —mined by () Fige And Spacing behween the Afr holes (pitch) + CaTamel) (it) Refrautve Index: of Fg Conaltiuert mederialy Te e€ ave wo types of Pcr's namely , CA) Tadex Guiding Fiber (b) photonic Band g4P ibe © eee Suiting fives tra todex Guiding photonic Goysid Fer oe KEP Piz 2A High Solid Tadex cove 1 Suswounded rN by Cladding with embedded heles c A Ly The holes have dtameles A? aad pitcha. © cove & cladd tag ase made up ef- modestal “st ltca” Ls Ate holes Lowens the RI of- Cladding. Sepindex Frbex Frquathig: Jagex @uidtog Per = Advantages i eLess losses . ° Ability ts tranzet- © Plotentc Bag Gop ibe --[PBa-diber) -Aigh opho power. Ls Fe photonic bandgap fiber peleved haga hella cove thed ia, —Htecore Burounded by % Clacting Fegion which Confains Cladeling. cur hoks along the } enbeddey See Giang Me lengts oles Lb Wig te diameer Q divrholes &. Spacing bj the air holes Vs Calle piach. Q_ OSA Ly Io 0 pag Bier bellow Core atl gaa. oe ee AT ye Mts) WI Ow ar a YY Br. ‘ once Soantes @ Tepe i) Win CANES Phadioic Budep