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Object-oriented Design
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 Explain Object-oriented design (OO Design)

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 Describe Responsibility-driven Design (RDD)

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Explain Agents, Classes, and Instances

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 Describe Methods, Responsibilities, and Modules

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 Explain Generalization, Specialization, and Patterns
 Explain Coupling and Cohesion C
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Technique that focuses on designing the data and

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the interfaces to it.

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Process of creating a system where objects coordinate
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or interact with each other to accomplish a task

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 The input for OO Design is provided by Object-oriented

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analysis in the form of:

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System

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Conceptual
Use cases Sequence

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models
Diagrams (SSD)
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User Interface
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Data models
Documentation
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 The various tasks involved in OO Design are as follows:

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Defining classes and objects from conceptual diagrams

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Identifying the attributes of an object

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Using design patterns to find a solution to a problem
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Defining the application framework

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Define the data model for persistent storage of objects or data

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The end products of OO Design are the system diagrams
such as

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Sequence Diagrams
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Class Diagrams
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 A design technique

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Based on delegation of responsibilities and

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determination of components responsible for

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executing the responsibilities

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To describe each component and its

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responsibility, the design team prepares small

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index cards.

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Each card contains the name of the software component, the

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responsibilities and names of other components to which it interacts.

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 Based on RDD, several other software concepts have

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been defined that are as follows:

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 Communities of Agents

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 Classes and Objects

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 Messages and Methods

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 Responsibilities
 Modules C
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Generalization and Specialization
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

Patterns
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 Coupling and Cohesion

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An object-oriented program is viewed as a community

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

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of interacting agents called objects.

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 Each object plays a unique role and provides services

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to or performs a task for the other members of the

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community.
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 Consider an example where a person named Bob

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wants to send a cake to a friend named Brian.

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 A class or a category is a group of people or things

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having common characteristics

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The figure shows various objects arranged according to

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their category or class.

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 An object is one copy of the class.

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 Object can also be referred to as an instance of a class.

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 The figure shows two objects of class Baker namely b1

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and b2 and the value of Name for b1 is William and
that of b2 is Roger. C
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 A method is a set of steps or instructions, or a

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procedure to accomplish something

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Message is a set of words, a phrase, or statement to

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convey something

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The figure shows how the objects pass messages to
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each other to fulfill a task.

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 Objects communicate with each other by invoking

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methods and passing messages or arguments to the

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methods to complete a task

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The message passing

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and method invocation

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understood from the

figure.
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 In OOP, describe the behavior of objects as

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responsibilities

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The figure shows the responsibilities of various agents

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in the cake delivery process.

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 To solve complex problems divide the problem into

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smaller units or modules

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 The figure shows the approximate time it took to Bob

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to deliver the cake when he does everything himself.

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Total time taken (approx.) 2 hours and 50 minutes

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 The figure shows the time it took Bob when the task

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was divided among other agents.

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 This shows that by dividing the task between multiple

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people, Bob was able to achieve his goal in almost half

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the time than he would have done it himself

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 The figure shows the concept of generalization and

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specialization.

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 A shape, model, or structure appearing again and again

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to create a design

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The figure shows the situation of a client making

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request through a proxy.

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 Coupling is the degree to which the components know

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about each other

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Coupling can be loose or tight

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 In tightcoupling
Loose coupling,
means
the a group
of components
components arewhich
largely
can be C
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operate independent
dependent on each other
of each
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 Cohesion deals with a single component and how

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focused it is on a specific task

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 The figures show a less cohesive component and a

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highly cohesive component.

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Less Cohesive Highly Cohesive

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 Responsibility-driven design is a design technique based on

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

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delegation of responsibilities and determination of components

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responsible for executing the responsibilities.

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 An object-oriented program is viewed as a community of

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interacting agents called objects.

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 A class is a structure that defines and encloses the data
members and methods pertaining to a particular entity. An

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instance is one copy of the class.
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The commonly used method of solving complex problems is to
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divide the problem into smaller units called modules.
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A pattern is a solution to a problem which has been used

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effectively in a similar problem encountered earlier.

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 Coupling is the degree to which the components know about

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each other. Cohesion is the degree to which a particular

component is designed for specific and focused purpose.
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