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Session: 3 C
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Classes and Methods

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 Explain Class

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 Describe Visibility Modifiers

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Explain Methods

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

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 Explain Static data fields and Constant data fields

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 Describe Accessor, Mutator, and Forward declaration
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Every object can be categorized into some class

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Characteristics of object are enclosed within the

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class as data members
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To access and manipulate data members, the

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object has to make use of methods

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 It is a type or a software construct that encloses:
Syntax

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Code
 dataSnippet
members
<access-modifier> class <class-name>

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{  functions or behavior of an entity

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public class Horse
<data-members>
{

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<methods>
string color; // data member

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}The figure shows the structure of a class diagram.
public void display() // method
{
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Console.WriteLine(color);
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}
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 The figure shows an example of entity with its

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characteristics.

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 The figure shows how class members can be secured

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using visibility modifiers.

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 Defines the behavior of a class

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 Consists of the actions that an object or instance of a

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class can perform on the data members

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Syntax

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<access-modifier> <return-type> <method-
name> (<data-type> <parameter-name>,…)
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{
// statement1
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// statement2
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<return-value (or expression)>

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}
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Code Snippet

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 To access any member of a class, a copy of that class

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public class
called the Horse
object of the class, has to be created

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{
private string color; // attribute

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public
The void setColor(string
figure shows col) // method
examples of two objects

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
{

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color = col;
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static void Main() C
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{
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Horse h1 = new Horse(); // creating

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object of class Horse

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h1.setColor(“Black”);
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}
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 Syntax
Used to construct an object of a class and initialize its

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data members

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Default or no-argument constructor

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Specialized method that()has the same name as the
 <constructor-name>

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{class name
// initialization statements

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 }Constructor arguments are used to initialize the fields

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For a static or class variable, only a single copy is shared

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by all objects of the class

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Class that is declared as static, cannot be instantiated and

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its members can be accessed directly using the class name
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Method that is declared static, can be accessed directly

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using the class name without creating object of the class

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 It is a variable whose value is fixed during compilation

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and does not change later

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 Values of such fields can be fixed before the object of

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the class is created

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The following C# code demonstrates the creation of a
constant. C
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public class Horse
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{
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public const int feet = 4;

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}
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These are special methods in OOP that provide an easy

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yet secure way of accessing a data field of a class

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Accessor is the method through which the object can

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retrieve the value of a data field

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Mutator is a method through which the object can
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assign the value to a data field
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The figure shows accessor and mutator methods used

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to access a data field named hid of class Horse.

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The followingHelps classesan
code shows that are referenced
example later in a
of function

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file to be used at an earlier stage in the
prototype in C++.

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#include <iostream.h> code without any conflict
// function prototype

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void display(string col); // line1

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static void Main ()
{ It is a prior hint to the compiler that the

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string color;
function definition or implementation has
cout << “Enterbeen
cin >>color ;
color
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“; later in the code
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display(color); // line 2
} // end of main()
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void display (string col) // line 3

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{ It is also called a function prototype

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cout<<”Color is ”+ col;
}
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 A class is a type or a software construct that encloses the data

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members and of an entity into an enclosed structure.

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A visibility modifier is used with a class, data field as well as a

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method to restrict access to them from outside the class.

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 A method defines the behavior of a class and consists of the
actions that an object of a class can perform on the data
members. C
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 A constructor is a specialized method that has the same name as

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the class name and is used to initialize its data members.

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 A static or class variable is one for which there is only a single

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copy and it is shared by all objects of a class.

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A constant is a variable whose value is fixed during compilation

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

and does not change later.

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 Forward declaration of a function is a statement that informs the
compiler about the signature of the function without its
implementation. C
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