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SDLC

The document provides an overview of various software development methodologies, including Waterfall, Agile (Scrum and Kanban), Incremental, and Spiral models, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and suitable project types. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right methodology based on factors such as project size, requirement stability, time constraints, and risk management needs. The conclusion reinforces that the choice of methodology directly impacts project efficiency, risk, and customer satisfaction.

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13 views7 pages

SDLC

The document provides an overview of various software development methodologies, including Waterfall, Agile (Scrum and Kanban), Incremental, and Spiral models, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and suitable project types. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right methodology based on factors such as project size, requirement stability, time constraints, and risk management needs. The conclusion reinforces that the choice of methodology directly impacts project efficiency, risk, and customer satisfaction.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to Software Development Methodologies (5

min)
A software development methodology is a structured approach to software design,
development, and delivery.

Why Are Development Methodologies Important?

✅ Provide a systematic way to develop software.


✅ Ensure project predictability and efficiency.
✅ Help teams collaborate and manage complexity.
✅ Reduce risks and ensure high-quality software.

2. Waterfall Model (10 min)


What is the Waterfall Model?

The Waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach to software development. Each
phase is completed before moving to the next, with no going back.

Phases of the Waterfall Model

1. Requirement Analysis – Collect and document all system requirements.


2. System Design – Plan software architecture, database, and UI.
3. Implementation – Developers write code based on the design.
4. Testing – Identify and fix defects before deployment.
5. Deployment – Release the software for use.
6. Maintenance – Provide updates and bug fixes after release.

Advantages

✅ Easy to understand and manage.


✅ Works well for small, well-defined projects.
✅ Clear documentation at every stage.

Disadvantages

❌ No flexibility to change requirements.


❌ High risk if issues are found late in development.

Example:

A banking software where requirements are fixed from the beginning (e.g., account
management, transaction history) may use the Waterfall model.
3. Agile Methodologies: Scrum & Kanban (15 min)
What is Agile?

Agile is an iterative and flexible approach that focuses on:


✅ Short development cycles (sprints).
✅ Continuous feedback and improvement.
✅ Collaboration between teams and customers.

A. Scrum

📌 Scrum is a structured Agile framework where development happens in time-boxed


iterations called Sprints(typically 1-4 weeks).

Scrum Roles

1. Product Owner – Defines the product backlog and priorities.


2. Scrum Master – Facilitates the process and removes obstacles.
3. Development Team – Builds and delivers the software.

Scrum Process

1. Sprint Planning – Define tasks for the sprint.


2. Daily Stand-up Meetings – Short meetings to track progress.
3. Sprint Review – Demonstrate completed features.
4. Sprint Retrospective – Identify improvements for the next sprint.

Example:

A social media app development team uses Scrum to release new features every two weeks,
such as stories, messaging, and notifications.

B. Kanban

📌 Kanban is a visual Agile methodology that focuses on continuous delivery without fixed
iterations.

Kanban Principles
✅ Visualize workflow – Use a Kanban board (To-Do, In Progress, Done).
✅ Limit work-in-progress (WIP) – Prevents overload.
✅ Continuous delivery – Releases happen anytime.

Example:

A customer support software team uses Kanban to handle bug fixes and feature
updates continuously.

Scrum vs. Kanban

Feature Scrum Kanban


Process Iterative (Sprints) Continuous flow
Roles Scrum Master, Product Owner No fixed roles
Work
Tasks planned per sprint Tasks pulled as needed
Organization
Structured projects with changing Continuous updates and support
Best for
needs work

4. Incremental and Spiral Models (15 min)


A. Incremental Model

📌 The Incremental Model develops software in small parts (increments), each adding
functionality until the full system is complete.

How It Works:

1. Plan & Develop an Initial Version – Core functions are built first.
2. Iteratively Add Features – Additional features are integrated in later versions.
3. Each Increment is Tested & Released.

Advantages

✅ Early delivery of working software.


✅ Lower risk compared to Waterfall.

Disadvantages

❌ System architecture may become complex over time.


❌ Frequent testing is needed.

Example:
A fitness tracking app first releases step tracking, then calorie counting, and
later workout plans.

B. Spiral Model

📌 The Spiral Model is a risk-driven approach that combines elements of Waterfall and
Incremental models.

Phases of the Spiral Model:

1. Planning – Identify objectives and constraints.


2. Risk Analysis – Evaluate potential project risks.
3. Engineering (Development & Testing) – Build the next version.
4. Evaluation – Review progress and plan the next iteration.

Advantages

✅ Best for high-risk projects.


✅ Allows changes based on feedback.

Disadvantages

❌ Expensive and time-consuming.


❌ Requires experienced project managers.

Example:

A space mission control software where risk assessment is critical before each phase.

Conclusion
✅ Waterfall is best for structured projects with fixed requirements.
✅ Agile (Scrum & Kanban) supports flexibility and quick delivery.
✅ Incremental model delivers software in parts to reduce risk.
✅ Spiral model is risk-driven and best for large, complex systems.

Software projects differ in complexity, size, and flexibility needs. Choosing the right
development methodology ensures:
✅ Efficient project execution
✅ Minimal risk
✅ Optimal resource utilization
✅ Higher customer satisfaction
2. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Methodology (10
min)
Key Factors

1. Project Size & Complexity


o Small, simple projects → Waterfall
o Large, complex projects → Agile, Spiral
2. Requirement Stability
o Fixed, clear requirements → Waterfall
o Changing, evolving requirements → Agile, Incremental
3. Time Constraints
o Short deadlines → Agile (Scrum or Kanban)
o Longer planning & risk assessment → Spiral
4. Customer Involvement
o Minimal involvement → Waterfall
o Continuous involvement → Agile
5. Budget & Resources
o Limited budget → Waterfall or Incremental
o Flexible budget → Agile or Spiral
6. Risk Management Needs
o High-risk projects → Spiral
o Low-risk, straightforward projects → Waterfall

3. Methodology Comparison (15 min)


Agile (Scrum &
Feature Waterfall Incremental Spiral
Kanban)
Fixed, well- Dynamic, Medium-scale High-risk,
Best for
defined projects evolving projects projects complex projects
Customer
Minimal High Medium High
Involvement
Flexibility Low High Medium High
Risk Handling Low Medium Medium High
Faster than
Delivery Speed Slow Fast (Sprints) Moderate
Waterfall
Cost Predictable Variable Moderate High

4. Real-World Applications of Each Methodology (10 min)


A. Waterfall – Example: Banking Software
A banking system requires strict regulations and documentation. Waterfall ensures fixed
planning and security compliance.

B. Agile (Scrum) – Example: Social Media App

A social media platform needs continuous updates (e.g., new filters, reactions, live
streaming). Agile enables fast delivery and feedback incorporation.

C. Kanban – Example: IT Support System

A helpdesk system that handles ongoing customer requests works best with Kanban for
smooth, continuous ticket resolution.

D. Incremental – Example: E-commerce Website

An online store may start with basic product listings and later add cart features, payment
integration, and personalization.

E. Spiral – Example: Space Exploration Software

A NASA project has high risks and needs continuous testing and risk analysis before each
phase. Spiral ensures thorough assessment at every stage.

5. How to Choose the Right Methodology? (10 min)


Step-by-Step Approach

📌 Step 1: Define Project Characteristics

• Is the project small or large?


• Are the requirements fixed or evolving?
• How much customer involvement is needed?

📌 Step 2: Assess Risks & Uncertainties

• Are there high risks that need early evaluation?


• Is security or compliance a major concern?

📌 Step 3: Evaluate Team Capabilities

• Do we have an experienced team for Agile?


• Can we afford iterative testing (Spiral)?

📌 Step 4: Match with the Best Methodology

• If requirements are fixed → Use Waterfall.


• If requirements evolve → Use Agile.
• If phased delivery is needed → Use Incremental.
• If risks are high → Use Spiral.

Conclusion
• ✅ Methodology choice depends on project size, risks, and requirements.
✅ Agile is best for evolving projects, Waterfall for stable ones.
✅ Incremental suits medium-scale projects, Spiral handles high-risk ones.
✅ A structured decision process ensures the best methodology selection.

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