Study Guide for Final Exam

(Spring, 2025)

(Version, 22:00 PM, April 25, 2025)

Polar Coordinates

1. You are supposed to know the basics of the polar coordinates, including the relation
between the Cartesian coordinates and the polar coordinates.
  p
x = r cos θ r = x2 + y 2
←→
y = r sin θ θ = tan−1 (y/x)

You are supposed to be able to draw the picture of a figure defined by the polar
equation on the xy-plane, as well as transforming the polar equation into the one in
terms of the Cartesian coordinates.
Example Problems
1.1. Draw the picture of the cardioidsdefined by the following polar equation.
Observe the difference casued by changing the polar equation.

(i) r = sin(θ) − 1
(ii) r = 1 + 21 sin(θ)
(iii) r = 2 sin(θ) − 1
(iv) r = cos(θ) − 1
(v) r = 1 + 12 cos(θ)
(vi) r = 2 cos(θ) − 1

1.2.

(i) Draw the picture of the figure defined by the polar equation

r = 3 cos(4θ) 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

(ii) Draw the picture of the figure defined by the polar equation

r = 4 sin(3θ) 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.

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 1.3.

(i) Describe the figure defined by the following polar equation by finding the corre-
sponding equation in the Cartesian coordinates

r = 6 cos θ.

(ii) Describe the figure defined by the following polar equation by finding the corre-
sponding equation in the Cartesian coordinates

2r = tan θ sec θ.

2. You are supposed to be able to compute the slope of the tangent to a curve defined by
the polar equation, the arc length of a curve defined by the polar equation, as well as
the area enclosed by two curves defined by the polar equations.

◦ Slope of the tangent

dy dy/dθ r0 sin θ + r cos θ

= = 0
dx dx/dθ r cos θ − r sin θ
f 0 (θ) sin θ + f (θ) cos θ
= where r = f (θ)
f 0 (θ) cos θ − f (θ) sin θ
◦ Arc length
s 2
Z b 
dy
L = 1+ dx
a dx
Z bp
= dx2 + dy 2
a s
Z β  2  2
dx dy
= + dθ
α dθ dθ
Z βp
= (r0 cos θ − r sin θ)2 + (r0 sin θ + r cos θ)2 dθ
Zαβ p
= (r0 )2 + r2 dθ
α
Z βp
= {f 0 (θ)}2 + f (θ)2 dθ where r = f (θ)
α

◦ Area
Z β
1 2
A = r dθ
Zαβ 2
1
= f (θ)2 dθ where r = f (θ)
α 2

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 Example Problems
2.1. Find the points on the cardioid given by the equation

r = f (θ) = 1 − cos θ 0 < θ < 2π

where the tangent line is horizontal.

2.2. Find the arc length of the cardioid defined by the polar equation

r = f (θ) = 1 − cos θ 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

2.3. Find the arc length of the curve defined by the polar equation

r = 2 cos(θ) for ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

2.4.

(i) Find the area between the curves defined by the polar equations
θ
r = 3e 2 & r = 3 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/3.

(ii) Find the area of the four-leaf rose defined by the polar equation

r = f (θ) = 5 cos(2θ) 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

2.5 Find a expression in polar ccoordinates for the area of the region enclosed by the
lines y = x, y = −x, and x = 1.

Complex Numbers

3. You are supposed to know the basics of the complex numbers, including the expression
using tthe polar coordinates. You are supoosed to be able to carry out the basic
arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, divisions. You are also
supposed to understand the geometric interpretaion of these operations, especially that
of multiplcation and division in terms of the polar coordinates.
√
z = a + bi(= a + ib) i = −1
= r(cos θ + i sin θ)
where  √
 r = a2 + b 2
a = r cos θ
b = r sin θ


Example Problems
3.1. Set  √
z = 5 + 5 3i
w = 1−i

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 Find the polar expressions for z and w, i.e., express z and w in the form

z = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )
w = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )

Find the polar expressions for z · w and z/w.

3.2.

(i) Find the three complex solutions z0 , z1 , z2 of the equation

z 3 − 1 = 0.

Find the polar expressions for z0 , z1 , z2 .

(ii) Find the polar expressions for the seven complex solutions w0 , w1 , · · · , w6 of the
equation
w7 − 1 = 0.

Remaining Materials from the rest of the Semester

4. You are supposed to be able to compute the dot product ~u ·~v and the cross product
~u × ~v . You are also supposed to understand their geometric interpretations. The geo-
metric interpretations lead to the conditions of two vectors being orthogonal/parallel:

~u ⊥ ~v ⇐⇒ ~u · ~v = 0
~u // ~v ⇐⇒ ~u × ~v = ~0

Example Problems
4.1. The equation of a plane is given by 2x − 7y + 3z = −3.

(i) Determine the value of b so that the vector ~v = h0, 1, bi is parallel to the plane.
(ii) Find the unit vector ~u which is perpendicular to the plane.

4.2. Find the volume of the parallelopiped, where the following three vectors correspond
to the three sides of the parallelopiped are given by
 −→
 OA = h3, 1, 0i


−→

 OB = h2, 4, 1i
 −→

OC = h1, 1, 5i

4.3. Find the value(s) of a so that the following three vectors coplanar:

~u = ha, 2, 3ai , ~v = h1, −a, ai , ~ = h2, 1, 4i

w
√
4.4. Find the area of the parallelogram formed by the two vectors h1, 1, 0i and h1, 1, 2i.

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5. You are supposed to be able to write down and compute the correct formulas for the
area enclosed by the curves.
Example Problems
5.1. Consider the region bounded by the curves x = y, x = −y 2 + 6.

(i) Write down the correct formulas to compute the area of the region
(a) in terms of x, and
(b) in terms of y.
(ii) Compute the area.

5.2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = |x|.
5.3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves x = −3 + y 2 and x = 6.

6. You are supposed to be able to compute the volume of the solid generated by revolving
the region bounded enclosed by the curves about a fixed axis of rotation, using

(a) the Washer method,

(b) the Shell method.

Example Problems
6.1. Consider the region bounded by y = −x2 + 4, x = 2 and y = 4.

(i) Write down the formulas to compute the volume of the solid obtained from ro-
tating the region given above about the line x = 5.
using
(a) Washer method,
(b) Shell method.
(ii) Compute the volume of the solid.

6.2. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the y-axis the region
bounded by

1
y = 0, y = , x = 0, and x = 3.
1 + x2

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7. You are supposed to be able to compute the area of a surface generated by revolving
the graph y = f (x) about the x-axis by the formula
Z b p
S= 2πf (x) 1 + {f 0 (x)}2 dx.
a

Example Problems
1
7.1. The graph of f (x) = + x3 on the interval [2, 5] is revolved about the x-axis.
12x
Compute the area of the surface generated.
ex + e−x
7.2. The graph of f (x) = on the interval [−1, 3] is revolved about the x-axis.
2
Compute the area of the surface generated.

8. You are supposed to be able to carry out the Integration by Parts properly.
Example Problems
8.1. Evaluate the following integrals.
Z 3
(a) x2 ex dx
0
Z 3
(b) x2 ln x dx
2
Z
(c) e2x sin x dx (Indefinite Integral)
Z π
2
(d) x2 cos(x)dx
− π2

9. You are supposed to be able to determine whether the given improper integral converges
or diverges, and in case it converges, you should be able to evaluate its value.
Example Problems
9.1. Determine whether the following imporoper integral converges or diverges, and in
case it converges, evaluate its value.
Z ∞
2
(a) 2x3 e−x dx.
0
Z 10
dx
(b) .
1 (x − 2)1/3
Z ∞
1
(c) dx.
e x(1 + ln(x)2 )

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10. You are supposed to be able to compute the trigonometric integrations of the forms
 Z

 cosm x sinn x dx
Z

 tanm x secn x dx

Example Problems
10.1. Compute and evaluate the following integrals.
Z π
2
(a) sin5 x dx.
0
Z π
4
(b) sin2 x cos3 x dx
0
Z π
2
(c) sin2 x cos2 x dx.
0
Z π
4
(d) tan(x) sec3 (x) dx.
Z0
(e) tan4 (x) sec4 (x) dx (Indefinite Integral)
Z π
4
(f) sec3 (x) dx
0

11. You are supposed to be able to use the appropriate trigonometric substitutiion in order
to evaluate the integrals involving the square roots.
 √
 1 √a2 − x2 = a cos θ, x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θ dθ
2 √a2 + x2 = a sec θ, x = a tan θ, dx = a sec2 θ dθ
3 x2 − a2 = a tan θ, x = a sec θ, dx = a sec θ tan θdθ


You need to apply the process of completing the square to what’s inside of the square
root if necessary.
Example Problems
11.1. Evaluate the following integrals.
Z 11/2
1
(a) √ dx
4 −x2 + 8x − 7
Z 2
1
(b) √ dx
2
−x + 2x + 3
1
Z 1
3
(c) (1 − x2 ) 2 dx
0

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 11.2. Evaluate the following integrals.
Z √
(a) x2 − 4x − 21 dx (Indefinite Integral)
Z 7 √
(b) x2 − 4x + 29 dx
2

12. You are supposed to be able to determine whether the given series converges or diverges,
and justify your conclusion by using various convergence/divergence tests. In case the
series converges, you should be able to tell whether the series absolutely converges or
conditionally converges.
Example Problems
12.1. Determine whether the following series converges or diverges, and justify your
conclusion by using various convergence/divergence tests. I case the series converges,
determine whether the series absolutely converges or conditionally converges.
∞ ∞
X (−1)k X (−1)k
(i) √ , (ii)
k=2
3
k 3+k
k=2
k3 + k
∞ r ∞
X
k k 1
X (−1)k
(iii) (−1) 5
, (iv)
k=2
k k=2
ln k
∞ ∞ ∞
X (−7)k X
k
X (−1)k
(v) , (vi) (−1) arctan(k), (vii)
k=2
k2 k=2 k=2
k!

12.2. Determine whether the following series converges or diverges, and justify your
conclusion by using various convergence/divergence tests. In case the series converges,
determine whether the series absolutely converges or conditionally converges.
∞ ∞    
X X k 1
(i) ak = 2
sin .
k=1 k=1
k + 2k + 3 k
∞ ∞  
X X k
(ii) ak = cos (kπ) .
k=1 k=1
k 2 + 5k + 1

∞
X 1
12.3. Consider the series for p > 0. For what value(s) of p > 0 does the
k=3
k ln(k)p
series converge ?

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 12.4. Which of the following statement(s) is true about the series
∞
X (−1)k
k=2
ln k

X1
I. The series is divergent by the Comparison Test to .
k
1 1 1
II. The series is convergent because lim = 0 and ≤ .
k→∞ ln k ln(k + 1) ln k
III. The series is absolutely convergent.
IV. The series is conditionally convergent.
(−1)k
V. The series diverges as the limit lim does not exist.
k→∞ ln k

13. You are supposed to be able to determine the radius of convergence, interval of con-
vergence for the given power series.
Example Problems
13.1. Find the interval of covergence for the power series
∞
X (−1)k
(x − 5)k .
k=0
3k ln(k + 2)

13.2. Find the interval of covergence for the power series

∞
X (−1)k
k (k + 1)
(x − 2)2k .
k=0
5

13.3. Determine the interval of convergence of the series

∞
X k2
(x + 3)2k .
k=0
4k (k 5 + 3)

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14. You are supposed to be able to compute the value of certain series, evaluating the
associated power series at a special value.
Example Problems
14.1. Compute the value of the series
∞
X k 2 + 3k + 2
k=0
3k

HINT:

(1) Observe
∞
X ∞
X
2 k
(k + 3k + 2)x = (k + 2)(k + 1)xk
k=0 k=0

(2) Starting from the power series

∞
1 X
f (x) = = xk = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + · · · ,
1 − x k=0

compute the power series for f 00 (x). After an appropriate index change for k, how
does the power series for f 00 (x) compare with the one in (1) ?
(3) What value should one put for x to evaluate the given series ?

14.2. Compute the value of the series

∞
X (−1)k
(ln 7)k .
k=0
k!

P∞ 1 k
HINT: ex = k=0 x
k!
14.3. Compute the value
∞
X 1 1‘
(−1)k · k+ 1 .
k=0
2k + 1 3 2

HINT: Looking at the formula

Z
1
dx = tan−1 x + C,
1 + x2

find the power series expansion of tan−1 x.

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15. You are supposed to be able to compute the work needed, e.g.,

• to stretch a spring
• to lift a chain
• to pump out the water from a tank in various shape (inverted circular cone,
cylinder etc.)

Example Poblems
15.1. If the work required to stretch a spring 2 ft beyond its natural length is 18 ft-lb,
how much work is needed to stretch it 4 inches beyond natural length ?
15.2. A chain of length 8 m is hanging from the ceiling of 10 m high. The density of
the chain is 1.5kg/m. Find the amount of work to lift the bottom tip of the chain to
the ceiling so that the chain is folded in half. Use g m/s2 for the acceleration due to
the gravity.
15.3. Write down the formula for the work required to empty the water from the
reversed conical tank, where the radius of the top is 3 m and the height is 7 m. The
original depth of the water is 5 m and you are only allowed to throw away the water
from the top of the tank. Use ρ kg/m3 for the density of the water, and g m/sec2 for
the acceleration constant by the gravity. Choose the coordinate system so that the
vertex at the bottom is the origin of the y-axis.

16. You are supposed to be able to compute the integration of a rational function
Z
P (x)
dx where P (x), Q(x) polynomials,
Q(x)

using the technique of the Partial Fractions.

Example Poblems
16.1. Write out the proper form of the partial fraction decomposition for the following
function.
5x3 + 8x2 − 21
(i)
(x − 1)2 (x2 + 9)(x3 − 1)
7x5 − 9
(ii)
x(x + 3)(x2 − 9)(x2 + 9x)
3x9 + 2x4
(iii)
x(x2 − 1)(x2 + 1)(x2 + 4)

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 16.2. Evaluate the following integrals.
Z 3
1
(i) 2
dx
1 x + 8x + 15
Z −4+√3
1
(ii) √ 2
dx
−4+ 3/3 x + 8x + 17
Z
1
(iii) 3
dx
x − 4x
Z
x
(iv) 2
dx
x + 2x + 2
17. You are supposed to know how to use the Estimation Theorem for Alternating Series
to find the minimum number of terms you should compute to have the error stay within
the given required value.
Example Problems
∞
X 5
17.1. The Alternating Series Test shows that (−1)k converges to a value S.
k=1
3k
N
X 5
Set SN = (−1)k . Find the smallest N , using The Estimation Theorem for
k=1
3k
Alternating Series, such that we can conclude
1
|S − SN | < .
103
∞
X 1
17.2. The Alternating Series Test shows that (−1)k √ converges to a value S.
k=1
3k
N
X 1
Set SN = (−1)k √ . Find the smallest N , using The Estimation Theorem for
k=1
3k
Alternating Series, such that we can conclude
1
|S − SN | < .
102

17.3. In order to estimate the integral

Z 0.1
1
dx,
0 1 + x3
we use the alternating series
" ∞
#0.1
X 1
S= (−1)k x3k+1 .
k=0
3k + 1
0

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 Set " #0.1
N
X 1
SN = (−1)k x3k+1 .
k=0
3k + 1
0
Find the smallest N , using The Estimation Theorem for Alternating Series, such that
we can conclude
1
|S − SN | < 7 .
10

18. You are supposed to understand the formula, which determines the Taylor series of a
given function centered at a
∞
X f l (a)
f (x) = (x − a)l ,
l=0
l!

especially the relation between the values of the higher derivatives of f (x) at a and the
coefficients of the Taylor series centered at a.
Example Problems
∞
X (−1)k
18.1. Suppose that (x − 3)2k+1 is the Taylor series for the function f (x)
k=0
(2k + 1)!
centered at x = 3.

(i) Find the value of f (7) (3).

(ii) Find the value of f (14) (3).
∞
X 5k
18.2. Suppose that (x − 2)2k is the Taylor series for the function f (x)
k=0
(k + 3)!
centered at x = 2.

(i) Find the value of f (7) (2).

(ii) Find the value of f (14) (2).

18.3. Find f (307) (0) for f (x) = x2 sin(x3 ).

1
18.4. We compute the Taylor series for f (x) = centered at a = 5.
x4
What is the coefficient of (x − 5)3 in the Taylor series ?

END

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