A database typically requires a comprehensive database software program

known as a database management system (DBMS). A DBMS serves as an

interface between the database and its end users or programs, allowing
users to retrieve, update, and manage how the information is organized and
optimized.
A DBMS also facilitates oversight and control of databases, enabling a variety of
administrative operations such as performance monitoring, tuning, and backup and
recovery.

12 Most Important Characteristics Of DBMS

 Real-world entity.
 Relational databases.
 Structured query language.
 Isolation of data and application.
 ACID properties.
 Multiuser and concurrent access.
 Object-oriented programming.
 Transactional processing.
Advantages of Database Management System (DBMS):
Some of them are given as follows below.
1. Better Data Transferring: Database management creates a place where users
have an advantage of more and better-managed data. Thus making it possible for
end-users to have a quick look and to respond fast to any changes made in their
environment.
2. Better Data Security: The more accessible and usable the database, the more it is
prone to security issues. As the number of users increases, the data transferring or
data sharing rate also increases thus increasing the risk of data security. It is widely
used in the corporate world where companies invest money, time, and effort in large
amounts to ensure data is secure and is used properly. A Database Management
System (DBMS) provides a better platform for data privacy and security policies
thus, helping companies to improve Data Security.
3. Better data integration: Due to the Database Management System we have an
access to well managed and synchronized form of data thus it makes data handling
very easy and gives an integrated view of how a particular organization is working
and also helps to keep a track of how one segment of the company affects another
segment.
4. Minimized Data Inconsistency: Data inconsistency occurs between files when
different versions of the same data appear in different places. For Example, data
inconsistency occurs when a student’s name is saved as “John Wayne” on a main
computer of the school but on the teacher registered system same student name is
“William J. Wayne”, or when the price of a product is $86.95 in the local system of
the company and its National sales office system shows the same product price as
 $84.95. So if a database is properly designed then Data inconsistency can be
greatly reduced hence minimizing data inconsistency.
5. Faster data Access: The Database management system (DBMS) helps to produce
quick answers to database queries thus making data access faster and more
accurate. For example, to read or update the data. For example, end-users, when
dealing with large amounts of sale data, will have enhanced access to the data,
enabling a faster sales cycle. Some queries may be like:
 What is the increase in sales in the last three months?
 What is the bonus given to each of the salespeople in the last five months?
 How many customers have a credit score of 850 or more?
6. Better decision making: Due to DBMS now we have Better managed data and
Improved data access because of which we can generate better quality information
hence on this basis better decisions can be made. Better Data quality improves
accuracy, validity, and time it takes to read data. DBMS does not guarantee data
quality, it provides a framework to make it easy to improve data quality. DBMS
provides powerful data analysis and reporting tools that allow users to make
informed decisions based on data insights. This helps organizations to improve their
decision-making processes and achieve better business outcomes.
7. Increased end-user productivity: The data which is available with the help of a
combination of tools that transform data into useful information, helps end-users to
make quick, informative, and better decisions that can make difference between
success and failure in the global economy.
8. Simple: Database management system (DBMS) gives a simple and clear logical
view of data. Many operations like insertion, deletion, or creation of files or data are
easy to implement.
9. Data abstraction: The major purpose of a database system is to provide users with
an abstract view of the data. Since many complex algorithms are used by the
developers to increase the efficiency of databases that are being hidden by the
users through various data abstraction levels to allow users to easily interact with
the system.
10. Reduction in data Redundancy: When working with a structured database,
DBMS provides the feature to prevent the input of duplicate items in the database.
for e.g. – If there are two same students in different rows, then one of the duplicate
data will be deleted.
11. Application development: A DBMS provides a foundation for developing
applications that require access to large amounts of data, reducing development
time and costs.
12. Data sharing: A DBMS provides a platform for sharing data across multiple
applications and users, which can increase productivity and collaboration.
13. Data organization: A DBMS provides a systematic approach to organizing data
in a structured way, which makes it easier to retrieve and manage data efficiently.
1. Query Processor: It interprets the requests (queries) received from end user via an
application program into instructions. It also executes the user request which is
received from the DML compiler.
Query Processor contains the following components –
 DML Compiler: It processes the DML statements into low level instruction
(machine language), so that they can be executed.

 DDL Interpreter: It processes the DDL statements into a set of table containing
meta data (data about data).
 Embedded DML Pre-compiler: It processes DML statements embedded in an
application program into procedural calls.
 Query Optimizer: It executes the instruction generated by DML Compiler.
2. Storage Manager: Storage Manager is a program that provides an interface
between the data stored in the database and the queries received. It is also known as
Database Control System. It maintains the consistency and integrity of the database by
applying the constraints and executing the DCL statements. It is responsible for
updating, storing, deleting, and retrieving data in the database.
It contains the following components –
 Authorization Manager: It ensures role-based access control, i.e,. checks whether
the particular person is privileged to perform the requested operation or not.

 Integrity Manager: It checks the integrity constraints when the database is

modified.

 Transaction Manager: It controls concurrent access by performing the operations

in a scheduled way that it receives the transaction. Thus, it ensures that the
database remains in the consistent state before and after the execution of a
transaction.

 File Manager: It manages the file space and the data structure used to represent
information in the database.

 Buffer Manager: It is responsible for cache memory and the transfer of data
between the secondary storage and main memory.

3. Disk Storage: It contains the following components –

 Data Files: It stores the data.

 Data Dictionary: It contains the information about the structure of any database
object. It is the repository of information that governs the metadata.
 Indices: It provides faster retrieval of data item.
The structure of a Database Management System (DBMS) can be divided into three
main components: the Internal Level, the Conceptual Level, and the External Level.
1. Internal Level: This level represents the physical storage of data in the database. It
is responsible for storing and retrieving data from the storage devices, such as hard
drives or solid-state drives. It deals with low-level implementation details such as
data compression, indexing, and storage allocation.
2. Conceptual Level: This level represents the logical view of the database. It deals
with the overall organization of data in the database and the relationships between
 them. It defines the data schema, which includes tables, attributes, and their
relationships. The conceptual level is independent of any specific DBMS and can be
implemented using different DBMSs.
3. External Level: This level represents the user’s view of the database. It deals with
how users access the data in the database. It allows users to view data in a way
that makes sense to them, without worrying about the underlying implementation
details. The external level provides a set of views or interfaces to the database,
which are tailored to meet the needs of specific user groups.
The three levels are connected through a schema mapping process that translates
data from one level to another. The schema mapping process ensures that changes
made at one level are reflected in the other levels.
In addition to these three levels, a DBMS also includes a Database Administrator
(DBA) component, which is responsible for managing the database system. The DBA
is responsible for tasks such as database design, security management, backup and
recovery, and performance tuning.
Overall, the structure of a DBMS is designed to provide a high level of abstraction to
users, while still allowing low-level implementation details to be managed effectively.
This allows users to focus on the logical organization of data in the database, without
worrying about the physical storage or implementation details.