The diagram shows a glass prism.

1.

(i) Explain why refraction has not occurred at point X.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) (A) Give the full name for the process which has occurred at point Y.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(B) Explain why this process has occurred.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

The diagram shows the image IC formed by a lens, of an object OB a long way from it. The
2. points F mark the focal points of the lens.

(a) Describe, either by writing below or drawing on the diagram, how the size and position of
the image changes:
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 (i) when the object OB is moved towards the focal point F.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) when the object OB is moved past F to a point nearer the lens than the focal point.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Explain how a converging lens in a camera is used to produce sharp images on the film
when the object is a long distance away from the camera, and when it is close to
the camera.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) The diagram shows a lens used as a magnifying glass. The position of the eye is shown
3. and the size and position of an object standing at point O.

(i) What type of lens is shown in the diagram?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Two points are marked as F. What are these points?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) What is the name of the straight line which goes through the point F, through the
point L at the centre of the lens, and through the point F on the other side?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (iv) On the diagram, use a ruler to construct accurately the position of the image. You
should show how you construct your ray diagram and how light appears to come
from this image to enter the eye.

(5)

(v) The image is virtual. What is a virtual image?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The lens shown in the diagram in part (a)(iv) can be used in a camera to produce a real
image.

Explain why a real image must be produced in a camera and how the object and the lens
are positioned to produce a real image which is smaller than the object.

Do not draw a ray diagram as part of your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

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 A student investigated how the nature of the image depends on the position of the object in front
4. of a large converging lens.

The diagram shows one position for the object.

(a) Use a ruler to complete a ray diagram to show how the image of the object is formed.

(4)

(b) Describe the nature of this image relative to the object.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

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 The diagram shows a model used to demonstrate an illusion known as ‘Pepper’s Ghost’.
5.
A small light bulb and thin sheet of glass are put inside a box. The thin sheet of glass acts as a
mirror. Although the light bulb is switched on, a student looking into the box cannot see the bulb.
What the student does see is a virtual image of the bulb.

(a) Use a ruler to complete a ray diagram to show how the image of the light bulb is formed.
Mark and label the position of the image.
(4)

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 (b) The image seen by the student is virtual.

Why?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

(a) The diagram shows a converging lens being used as a magnifying glass.
6.
(i) On the diagram, use a ruler to draw two rays from the top of the object which show
how and where the image is formed. Represent the image by an arrow drawn at the
correct position.

(3)

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 (ii) Use the equation in the box to calculate the magnification produced by the lens.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Magnification = ____________________
(2)

(b) A camera also uses a converging lens to form an image.

Describe how the image formed by the lens in a camera is different from the image formed
by a lens used as a magnifying glass.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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Mark schemes
(i) (incident) ray along the normal
1.
or (incident) ray at 90 ° ( t o t h e s u r f a c e )
1

(ii) (A) total internal reflection

all three words required do not credit total internal refraction
1

(B) EITHER
angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
or angle of incidence is greater than 42°
2

OR
angle of incidence is 45°
1
[4]

(a) (i) Image distance increases

2. Image size increases
Remains inverted
Remains real
for 1 mark each
2

(ii) Image distance decreases

Image size decreases
Becomes upright
Becomes virtual
for 1 mark each
2

(b) Move lens with respect to film

Closer for distant objects
Further for near objects
for 1 mark each
3
[7]

(a) (i) converging / convex / biconvex

3. 1

(ii) focal (points) or foci

accept focuses or focus (point)
1

(iii) (principal) axis

1

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(iv)

all lines drawn with a ruler for full marks

no ruler, penalise 1 mark from first four

last mark can still be awarded

double refraction drawn could get 4 out of 5 marks

ray that continues from the top of the object through L
to the eye
1
horizontal ray from the top of the object, refracted by the lens
and continued through F on the r.h.s. to the eye
1
back projections of these rays (shown as dotted lines)
1
image 25 mm high at 61 mm left of L
(tolerance 1 mm ± vertically, 2 mm ± horizontally)
1
at least one arrow shown on real ray and towards the eye
but do not credit if contradicted by other arrow(s)
1

(v) formed where imaginary rays intersect / cross or not formed by real rays
accept (virtual image) is imaginary
accept cannot be put on screen
do not credit just ‘… is not real’
1

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(b) (the image) needs to fall on film / sensors / LDRs / CCDs
accept just ‘charged couples’
do not credit ‘… solar cells’
do not accept virtual image cannot be stored
1

either to cause a (chemical) reaction or to be digitalised

for credit response must be appropriate to camera type
1

object (should be) on the far side of F / the focus (from the lens)
or … more than the focal length (away from the lens)
allow ‘beyond the focus’

or object should be more than twice the distance / 2F (from the lens) (2 marks)
or … more than twice the focal length (away from the lens)
(2 marks)
1
[12]

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 (a) any two for 1 mark each
4.
deduct (1) from the first two marks if a ruler has not been used but
the intention is clear

ray from the object's arrowhead

• through centre of lens

• parallel to the axis then, when it reaches the lens, through F on the right

• through F on the left then, when it reaches the lens parallel to the axis
example of a 4 mark response

if more than two construction lines have been drawn all must be
correct to gain 2 marks
construction lines drawn as dashed lines do not score credit
2

image shown as vertical line from axis to where their rays intersect
image need not be marked with an arrowhead but, if it is, it must be
correct
1

ray direction shown

only one correct direction
arrow needed but there must not be any contradiction
1

(b) any two from:

• inverted
accept ‘upside down’

• magnified
accept ‘bigger’

• real
accept ‘not virtual / not imaginary’
one correct feature gains 1 mark
ignore any reference to position
an incorrect feature negates a correct response
2
[6]
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 (a) two rays drawn from the bulb and reflected by the glass
5.
angle I = angle R judged by eye
allow 1 mark for one incident and reflected ray even if angle I
doesn’t equal angle R
2

at least one arrow drawn in correct direction

any conflicting arrows negate this mark
ignore any arrows drawn on construction lines behind the glass
1

position of image correct

judged by eye
1

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 (b) image is formed by virtual / imaginary rays crossing
accept construction lines only show where the light seems
to come from
accept the image is behind the glass / mirror
accept image is seen through the glass / mirror
accept (real) rays of light do not pass through the image
accept (real) rays do not cross
accept the image is a reflection (of the object)
accept the image is formed by reflection
do not accept a virtual image can’t be formed on a screen
do not accept the object / image is reflected
1
[5]

(a) (i) two correct rays drawn

6.
1 mark for each correct ray

• ray parallel to axis from top of object and refracted through focus
and traced back beyond object

• ray through centre of lens and traced back beyond object

• ray joining top of object to focus on left of lens taken to the lens
refracted parallel to axis and traced back parallel to axis beyond object

an arrow showing the position and correct orientation of the image for their rays
to gain this mark, the arrow must go from the intersection of the
traced-back rays to the axis and the image must be on the same
side of the lens as the object and above the axis
1

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 (ii) (x) 3.0
accept 3.0 to 3.5 inclusive
or

correctly calculated
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into equation using their figures
ignore any units
2

(b) any two from:

in a camera the image is:

• real not virtual

• inverted and not upright

accept upside down for inverted

• diminished and not magnified

accept smaller and bigger
accept converse answers but it must be clear the direction of the
comparison
both parts of each marking point are required
2
[7]

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