Problem Statement

Develop a program to Compute the correlation matrix to understand the relationships between pairs of features. Visualize the correlation matrix
using a heatmap to know which variables have strong positive/negative correlations. Create a pair plot to visualize pairwise relationships between
features. Use California Housing dataset.

In [3]: import numpy as np

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_california_housing
import ssl
import urllib.request
​
ssl._create_default_https_context=ssl._create_unverified_context
​
# Load California Housing dataset
data = fetch_california_housing()
​
# Convert to DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data.data, columns=data.feature_names)
df['Target'] = data.target # Adding the target variable (median house value)
​
​
In [11]: # Table of Meaning of Each Variable
variable_meaning = {
"MedInc": "Median income in block group",
"HouseAge": "Median house age in block group",
"AveRooms": "Average number of rooms per household",
"AveBedrms": "Average number of bedrooms per household",
"Population": "Population of block group",
"AveOccup": "Average number of household members",
"Latitude": "Latitude of block group",
"Longitude": "Longitude of block group",
"Target": "Median house value (in $100,000s)"
}
​
variable_df = pd.DataFrame(list(variable_meaning.items()), columns=["Feature", "Description"])
print("\nVariable Meaning Table:")
print(variable_df)

Variable Meaning Table:

Feature Description
0 MedInc Median income in block group
1 HouseAge Median house age in block group
2 AveRooms Average number of rooms per household
3 AveBedrms Average number of bedrooms per household
4 Population Population of block group
5 AveOccup Average number of household members
6 Latitude Latitude of block group
7 Longitude Longitude of block group
8 Target Median house value (in $100,000s)
In [4]: # Basic Data Exploration
print("\nBasic Information about Dataset:")
print(df.info()) # Overview of dataset
print("\nFirst Five Rows of Dataset:")
print(df.head()) # Display first few rows

Basic Information about Dataset:

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 20640 entries, 0 to 20639
Data columns (total 9 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 MedInc 20640 non-null float64
1 HouseAge 20640 non-null float64
2 AveRooms 20640 non-null float64
3 AveBedrms 20640 non-null float64
4 Population 20640 non-null float64
5 AveOccup 20640 non-null float64
6 Latitude 20640 non-null float64
7 Longitude 20640 non-null float64
8 Target 20640 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(9)
memory usage: 1.4 MB
None

First Five Rows of Dataset:

MedInc HouseAge AveRooms AveBedrms Population AveOccup Latitude \
0 8.3252 41.0 6.984127 1.023810 322.0 2.555556 37.88
1 8.3014 21.0 6.238137 0.971880 2401.0 2.109842 37.86
2 7.2574 52.0 8.288136 1.073446 496.0 2.802260 37.85
3 5.6431 52.0 5.817352 1.073059 558.0 2.547945 37.85
4 3.8462 52.0 6.281853 1.081081 565.0 2.181467 37.85

Longitude Target
0 -122.23 4.526
1 -122.22 3.585
2 -122.24 3.521
3 -122.25 3.413
4 -122.25 3.422
In [5]: # Summary Statistics
print("\nSummary Statistics:")
print(df.describe()) # Summary statistics of dataset
​
​

Summary Statistics:
MedInc HouseAge AveRooms AveBedrms Population \
count 20640.000000 20640.000000 20640.000000 20640.000000 20640.000000
mean 3.870671 28.639486 5.429000 1.096675 1425.476744
std 1.899822 12.585558 2.474173 0.473911 1132.462122
min 0.499900 1.000000 0.846154 0.333333 3.000000
25% 2.563400 18.000000 4.440716 1.006079 787.000000
50% 3.534800 29.000000 5.229129 1.048780 1166.000000
75% 4.743250 37.000000 6.052381 1.099526 1725.000000
max 15.000100 52.000000 141.909091 34.066667 35682.000000

AveOccup Latitude Longitude Target

count 20640.000000 20640.000000 20640.000000 20640.000000
mean 3.070655 35.631861 -119.569704 2.068558
std 10.386050 2.135952 2.003532 1.153956
min 0.692308 32.540000 -124.350000 0.149990
25% 2.429741 33.930000 -121.800000 1.196000
50% 2.818116 34.260000 -118.490000 1.797000
75% 3.282261 37.710000 -118.010000 2.647250
max 1243.333333 41.950000 -114.310000 5.000010
In [12]: # Explanation of Summary Statistics
summary_explanation = """
The summary statistics table provides key percentiles and other descriptive metrics for each numerical feature:
- **25% (First Quartile - Q1):** This represents the value below which 25% of the data falls. It helps in understanding
- **50% (Median - Q2):** This is the middle value when the data is sorted. It provides the central tendency of the data
- **75% (Third Quartile - Q3):** This represents the value below which 75% of the data falls. It helps in identifying t
- These percentiles are useful for detecting skewness, data distribution, and identifying potential outliers (values be
"""
print("\nSummary Statistics Explanation:")
print(summary_explanation)

Summary Statistics Explanation:

The summary statistics table provides key percentiles and other descriptive metrics for each numerical feature:
- **25% (First Quartile - Q1):** This represents the value below which 25% of the data falls. It helps in understandi
ng the lower bound of typical data values.
- **50% (Median - Q2):** This is the middle value when the data is sorted. It provides the central tendency of the da
taset.
- **75% (Third Quartile - Q3):** This represents the value below which 75% of the data falls. It helps in identifying
the upper bound of typical values in the dataset.
- These percentiles are useful for detecting skewness, data distribution, and identifying potential outliers (values
beyond Q1 - 1.5*IQR or Q3 + 1.5*IQR).
In [6]: # Check for missing values
print("\nMissing Values in Each Column:")
print(df.isnull().sum()) # Count of missing values
​
​

Missing Values in Each Column:

MedInc 0
HouseAge 0
AveRooms 0
AveBedrms 0
Population 0
AveOccup 0
Latitude 0
Longitude 0
Target 0
dtype: int64
In [7]: # Histograms for distribution of features
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
df.hist(figsize=(12, 8), bins=30, edgecolor='black')
plt.suptitle("Feature Distributions", fontsize=16)
plt.show()
​
​

<Figure size 864x576 with 0 Axes>

In [8]: # Boxplots for outlier detection
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
sns.boxplot(data=df)
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
plt.title("Boxplots of Features to Identify Outliers")
plt.show()
​
​
In [9]: # Correlation Matrix
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
corr_matrix = df.corr()
sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, annot=True, cmap='coolwarm', fmt='.2f')
plt.title("Feature Correlation Heatmap")
plt.show()
​
​
​
In [10]: # Pairplot to analyze feature relationships (only a subset for clarity)
sns.pairplot(df[['MedInc', 'HouseAge', 'AveRooms', 'Target']], diag_kind='kde')
plt.show()
​
# Insights from Data Exploration
print("\nKey Insights:")
print("1. The dataset has", df.shape[0], "rows and", df.shape[1], "columns.")
print("2. No missing values were found in the dataset.")
print("3. Histograms show skewed distributions in some features like 'MedInc'.")
print("4. Boxplots indicate potential outliers in 'AveRooms' and 'AveOccup'.")
print("5. Correlation heatmap shows 'MedInc' has the highest correlation with house prices.")
Key Insights:
1. The dataset has 20640 rows and 9 columns.
2. No missing values were found in the dataset.
3. Histograms show skewed distributions in some features like 'MedInc'.
4. Boxplots indicate potential outliers in 'AveRooms' and 'AveOccup'.
5. Correlation heatmap shows 'MedInc' has the highest correlation with house prices.