Basic Statistics for the Natural Sciences (STAT2013)

June Exam

University of the Witwatersrand

School of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences

Time: 2 hours

Total Marks: 80

Instructions:

1. Answer all questions in the answer booklet provided.

2. Label each question clearly and start each question on a new page.

3. Write legibly.

4. You may answer in blue or black ink only. No pencil work will be marked.

5. Tippex or any other correctional fluid may not be used. Incorrect answers must
be crossed out with a pen.

6. All graphs, plots and diagrams must be well labelled and annotated.

7. Show all required working. Marks will not be given for final answers only.

8. If your final answer is not exact, you must round off to 2 decimal places.

9. Write your student number clearly on your examination booklet.

10. Switch off your cell phone during the entire examination period.

11. Ensure that you have 17 printed pages of this question paper, including this one.

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

QUESTION 1 [9 Marks]
Diagnostic tests of medical conditions can have several types of results. The test
result can be positive or negative, whether or not a patient has the condition.
Consider a random sample of 200 patients, some of whom have a medical condition
and some of whom do not. Results of a new diagnostic test for the condition are
shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Diagnostic test results

Condition present Condition absent Total
Test result + 100 20 120
Test result - 30 50 80
Total 130 70 200

Assume that the sample is representative of the entire population.

1.1 For a person selected at random, compute the following probabilities:
1.1.1 (1 Mark) the test result is positive,
1.1.2 (1 Mark) the test result is negative and the condition is absent,
1.1.3 (2 Marks) the test result is positive or the condition is present,
1.1.4 (1 Mark) sensitivity of the test (P (Test result + | condition present)),
1.1.5 (1 Mark) false positive rate (P (Test result + | condition absent)),
1.1.6 (1 Mark) predictive value positive (P (condition absent | Test result+)).
1.2 (2 Marks) What is the relative risk of positive test result given that the
condition is absent?

QUESTION 2 [8 Marks]
Researchers claim that a new treatment for chronic bronchitis is 80% effective in
reducing symptoms. If the new treatment is given to 15 patients suffering from
bronchitis,
2.1 (2 Marks) what is the probability that the treatment is effective in 13 patients?
2.2 (3 Marks) what is the probability that the treatment is effective in at most
12 patients?
2.3 (3 Marks) how many patients are expected not to have reduced symptoms
and what is the standard deviation?

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

QUESTION 3 [15 Marks]

Porphyrin is a pigment in blood protoplasm and other fluids that is significant
in body energy and body storage. Let Y be a random variable that represents
milligrams of porphyrin per deciliter of blood. In healthy adults, Y is assumed to
be approximately normally distributed with mean of 38 and standard deviation of
12. A value of Y > 60 may indicate an infection, anemia or another type of illness.
3.1 What is the probability that
3.1.1 (2 Marks) Y is at least 25?
3.1.2 (3 Marks) Y lies between 20 and 60?
3.1.3 (2 Marks) a healthy adult may have an infection, anemia or another type
of illness?
3.2 (4 Marks) The value of Y that corresponds to the 90th percentile.
3.3 (4 Marks) If there are 5 healthy adults, what is the probability that the
average number of milligrams of pophyrin per deciliter of blood is between
35 and 45?

QUESTION 4 [16 Marks]

The following data shows the pH of a number of cans of different brands of Soda.
3.9, 3.7, 4.0, 4.1, 4.3, 3.9, 4.4, 4.2, 3.9, 4.1, 3.9, 3.8, 4.1, 3.9, 4.0, 3.8,
3.2, 3.6, 4.0
4.1 (4 Marks) Calculate the mean and the coefficient of variation of the pH.
4.2 (1 Mark) By how much should the largest data value be increased in order
for the median to increase by 1 unit?
4.3 (3 Marks) Calculate the 90th percentile of the pH.
4.4 (4 Marks) Calculate the inter-quartile range of the pH.
4.5 (4 Marks) Identify all the outliers in the data if any. Justify your answer.

QUESTION 5 [8 Marks]
In order to compare the levels of mercury concentration in two brands of canned
tuna, mercury concentration is measured on 45 cans of each brand. A hypothesis
test was carried out and the R output for the test is given below.

> var(B1)
0.08336364
> var(B2)
0.04452525

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

> var.test(B1,B2)

F test to compare two variances

data: B1 and B2
F = 1.8723, num df = 44, denom df = 44, p-value = 0.04019
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
1.028890 3.406997
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
1.872278

> t.test(B1,B2,alternative = "two.sided",var.equal = T)

Two Sample t-test

data: B1 and B2
t = 1.0838, df = 88, p-value = 0.2814
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.0481650 0.1637206
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
0.7733333 0.7155556

5.1 (4 Marks) Show all the calculations that led to the test statistic value and
the p-value of the two sample t-test in the R output.
5.2 (2 Marks) What is the conclusion of the test? Justify.
5.3 (2 Marks) Considering the output of the test to compare the two variances,
what could have been done differently?

QUESTION 6 [17 Marks]

In order to compare the effectiveness of two catalysts in a chemical process, experiments
were carried out at different temperatures and the yield of the chemical process is
recorded. It is assumed that yield is approximately normally distributed.

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

Temperature Yield with catalyst 1 Yield with catalyst 2

55 95 87
56 94 86
57 90 86
58 89 87
59 90 89
60 85 90
61 87 91
62 86 89
63 84 94
64 86 96

> yield1=c(95, 94, 90, 89, 90, 85, 87, 86, 84, 86)

> yield2=c(87, 86, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 89, 94, 96)

> temp = c(55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64)

> mean(yield1)
[1] 88.6
> mean(yield2)
[1] 89.5
> sd(yield1)
[1] 3.717825
> sd(yield2)
[1] 3.374743

> linear.fit = lm(yield1~temp)

> summary(linear.fit)

Call:
lm(formula = yield1 ~ temp)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-3.0485 -1.1258 0.1061 1.2894 2.3636

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 154.2303 11.3652 13.570 8.36e-07 ***
temp -1.1030 0.1908 -5.781 0.000414 ***
---

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

Signif. codes:
0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1

Residual standard error: 1.733 on 8 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.8069,Adjusted R-squared: 0.7827
F-statistic: 33.42 on 1 and 8 DF, p-value: 0.0004138

Use the R output given above, and your own calculations, to answer the following
questions.
6.1 (3 Marks) Fit the least squares regression line of yield with catalyst 1 on
temperature.
6.2 (2 Marks) Is the slope parameter significant? Justify.
6.3 (2 Marks) With catalyst 1, what is the expected impact on yield, of a 2◦ C
increase in temperature.
6.4 (1 Mark) What is the percentage of variation in yield with catalyst 1 explained
by the variation in temperature?
6.5 (2 Marks) Calculate the predicted yield with catalyst 1 for a temperature of
60◦ C.
6.6 (7 Marks) Test at 5% significance level whether the mean yield differs for the
two catalysts.

QUESTION 7 [7 Marks]
Table 2 shows the age distribution (Calf : Yearling : Adult) and the location of a
random sample of 150 buffalo in Kruger national park.

Table 2: Age and location of buffalo in Kruger national park

Age location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Total
Calf 11 11 12 34
Yearling 9 11 12 32
Adult 31 26 27 84
Total 51 48 51 150

Use output from R below, to test whether the age distribution is dependent on the
location, at the 10% significance level (show all calculations).

> Calf=c(11,11,12)
> Yearling=c(9,11,12)
> Adult=c(31,26,27)
> Age.Location=rbind(Calf,Yearling,Adult)

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> colnames(Age.Location)=c("Location 1","Location 2","Location 3")

> AL=chisq.test(Age.Location)
> AL$expected
Location 1 Location 2 Location 3
Calf 11.56 10.88 11.56
Yearling 10.88 10.24 10.88
Adult 28.56 26.88 28.56
> AL

Pearson’s Chi-squared test

data: Age.Location
X-squared = 0.86423, df = 4, p-value = 0.9296

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

FORMULAE SHEET

1. Height = Frequency × Current Width

r
2. (a) Position for ungrouped/discrete data for a percentile is: (n + 1)
100
(b) Percentile value is Pr = x(k) + d[x(k+1) − x(k) ] where x(k) is the is the value at
position k and x(k+1) is the value at the next position and d is the fraction
proportion from the positional value.
r
3. (a) Position for grouped continuous data for a percentile is: (n + 1)
100
w
(b) Percentile value is Pr = lower boundary + (position − c) Where
m
c = cumulative frequency position above,
w = width of class boundary of the class containing the required percentile
and m = class frequency of the class containing the required percentile.
n
1X
4. x̄ = xi , the mean of all observations
n i=1

5. Range = xmax − xmin

1 1
6. IQR = Q3 − Q1 and SIQR = IQR = (Q3 − Q1 )
2 2
7. LF = Q1 − 1.5 × IQR and RF = Q3 + 1.5 × IQR
n n
!
2 1 X 1
X
8. s = (xi − x̄)2 = x2i − n(x̄)2 for ungrouped raw data
n − 1 i=1 n − 1 i=1
sample variance.
√
9. s = s2
s
10. CV =
x̄
Pk Pk
i=1 fi xi f i xi
11. x̄ = = Pi=1 k
for grouped discrete/continuous data
n i=1 f i
 P 2 
k
i=1 fi xi
k
1 X 2
12. s2 = f x −  for grouped discrete and continuous data

i i Pk
n − 1 i=1

i=1 f i

SSXY
13. Pearson Correlation Coefficient rXY = √
SSXX SSY Y

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

n n n
! n
!
X X 1 X X
(a) SSXY = (Xi − X̄)(Yi − Ȳ ) = Xi Yi − Xi Yi
i=1 i=1
n i=1 i=1
n n n
! 2
X X 1 X
(b) SSXX = (Xi − X̄)2 = Xi2 − Xi
i=1 i=1
n i=1
n n n
!2
X X 1 X
(c) SSY Y = (Yi − Ȳ )2 = Yi2 − Yi
i=1 i=1
n i=1

SSXY
14. ŷ = β̂0 + β̂1 x, where β̂0 = ȳ − β̂1 x̄ and β̂1 = , ri = yi − ŷi
SSXX
 
n n! n n n!
15. n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · (1), Px = , Cx = =
(n − x)! x x!(n − x)!
Number of outcomes in A
16. For an event A with equi-probable outcomes, P (A) =
Total number of possible outcomes
17. P (S) = 1, P (∅) = 0 and P (Ac ) = 1 − P (A)

18. P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)

19. For mutually exclusive events A and B, P (A ∩ B) = 0.

Thus P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B)

20. For independent events A and B, P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B)

21.
P (A ∩ B)
P (A|B) =
P (B)

22. Let {B1 , B2 } be a set of events forming a partition of the sample space S, where
P (B1 ) 6= 0 and P (B2 ) 6= 0. Let A be any event of S such that P (A) 6= 0. Then,

P (B2 ∩ A) P (B2 )P (A|B2 )

P (B2 |A) = =
P (B1 ∩ A) + P (B2 ∩ A) P (B1 )P (A|B1 ) + P (B2 )P (A|B2 )

P (A|B)
23. Relative risk of A given B: RR(A|B) =
P (A|B c )
n
X
24. E(X) = xi P (X = xi )
i=1

n
X n
X
2 2 2
25. σX = E[(X − µ) ] = (xi − µ) P (X = xi ) = x2i P (X = xi ) − µ2
i=1 i=1

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam
p
26. σX = E(X − µ)2

27. Binomial distribution:

 
n r n!
P r(X = r) = p (1 − p)n−r = pr (1 − p)n−r
r r!(n − r)!

for r = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n

(a) Expected value of a binomially distributed random variable:

E(X) = np = µ
(b) Variance of a binomially distributed random variable:
V ar(X) = np(1 − p) = σ 2
Pk
x̄ ri fi
(c) p̂ = where x̄ = Pi=1k
n i=1 fi

28. Normal distribution: If X ∼ N (µ, σ 2 ), then the normal probability distribution

function is
(xi − µ)2
 
1
f (x) = √ exp −
2πσ 2 2σ 2
for −∞ < X < +∞, and σ 2 > 0, where exp(a) = ea
1 (xi )2
(a) Standard normal distribution function: f (x) = √ e− 2
2π
x−µ
(b) z =
σ
(c) Normal distribution as an approximation:
i. Continuity correction:
1 1
• P (X = c) = P (c − <X <c+ )
2 2
1
• P (X ≥ c) = P (X > c − )
2
1
• P (X ≤ c) = P (X < c + )
2
ii. Binomial distributed random variable: X ∼ N (np, np(1 − p));
• Conditions for approximation
a) The sample size is sufficiently large.i.e. n ≥ 30
b) np > 5 OR n(1 − p) > 5

29.
x̄ − µ0 σ
z= √ ; x̄ ± z α2 √
σ/ n n

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STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

30.
x̄ − µ0 d¯ − µ0 s
tn−1 = √ and tn−1 = √ ; x̄ ± t(n−1, α2 ) × √
s/ n sd / n n
31. s
x̄1 − x̄2 − (µ1 − µ2 ) σ12 σ22
z= q 2 ; x̄1 − x̄2 ± z α2 × +
σ1 σ22 n1 n2
n1
+ n2

32.
r
x̄1 − x̄2 − (µ1 − µ2 ) 1 1
tn1 +n2 −2 = q ; x̄1 − x̄2 ± t(n1 +n2 −2, α2 ) × sp × +
sp × n11 + n12 n1 n2

33. s
(n1 − 1)s21 + (n2 − 1)s22
sp =
n1 + n2 − 2
34. r
p − π0 p(1 − p)
z=q ; p ± z α2 ×
π0 (1−π0 ) n
n

35.
s
px − py − (πx − πy ) px (1 − px ) py (1 − py )
z=q ; px − py ± z α2 × +
px (1−px )
+ py (1−p y) nx ny
nx ny

s21 s22
36. ≥ 1 then F(n −1, n −1), α and if ≥ 1 then F(n2 −1, n1 −1), α
s22 1 2
s21
37. Equality of proportions:
k
X (Oi − Ei )2
χ2cal = ∼ χ2k−1; α
i=1
Ei

d.f. = number of classes - 1 = k - 1

38. Independence or association:
(a)
r X c
X (Oij − Eij )2
χ2cal = ∼ χ2(r−1)(c−1)
i=1 j=1
Eij

row total × column total Oi· × O·j

Eij = =
grand total O··
d.f. = (number of rows - 1)(number of columns - 1)= (r - 1)(c - 1)

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(b) For a 2 × 2 Contingency Table:

n(ad − bc)2
χ2cal = ∼ χ21
(a + b)(a + c)(b + d)(c + d)

where n = a + b + c + d

39. Goodness of fit:

k
X (Oi − Ei )2
χ2cal =
i=1
Ei
d.f = k - 1 - number of parameters estimated.

40. ANOVA Table

Source Degrees of freedom Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Statistic

B−A B−A C −B
Between k−1 B−A /
k−1 k−1 N −k
C −B
Within N −k C −B
N −k
Total N −1 C −A

where:
A = ȳ.. (Σj Σi yij ) Grand mean multiplied by the grand total,
B = Σi ȳi (Σyij ) Multiply each treatment mean by the total for that treatment
and then sum,
C = Σi Σj yij2 ,
k is the number of treatments.

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Table 3: Standard Normal Table: Values of z, the standard normal variable, from 0.0 by steps of 0.01 to
3.99, showing the cumulative probability up to z. (Probability correct to four decimal places).
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7703 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
.5 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998 .9998
.6 .9998 .9998 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999
.7 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999
.8 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999 .9999
.9 1.0000

0 z

The curve is N (0, 1), the standard normal variable. The table entry is the shaded area Φ(z) = P r(Z < z). For
example, when z = 1.96 the shaded area is 0.9750.

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Table 4: t-distribution critical values

One tailed probability, α
df 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.0025
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 15.89 31.82 63.66 127.3
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.09
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971
50 0.679 0.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937
60 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915
80 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887
100 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871
∞ 0.674 0.841 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807

Page 14 of 17
STAT2013 June 2018 Exam

Chi-square distribution Table

Values of the χ2 distribution exceeded with probability P

ν\P 0.999 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.828
2 0.002 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597 13.816
3 0.024 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838 16.266
4 0.091 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860 18.467
5 0.210 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750 20.515
6 0.381 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548 22.458
7 0.598 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278 24.322
8 0.857 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955 26.125
9 1.152 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589 27.877
10 1.479 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188 29.588
11 1.834 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757 31.264
12 2.214 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300 32.910
13 2.617 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819 34.528
14 3.041 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319 36.123
15 3.483 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801 37.697
16 3.942 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267 39.252
17 4.416 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718 40.790
18 4.905 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156 42.312
19 5.407 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582 43.820
20 5.921 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997 45.315
21 6.447 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401 46.797
22 6.983 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796 48.268
23 7.529 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181 49.728
24 8.085 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559 51.179
25 8.649 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928 52.620
26 9.222 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290 54.052
27 9.803 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645 55.476
28 10.391 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993 56.892
29 10.986 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336 58.301
30 11.588 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672 59.703
35 14.688 17.192 18.509 20.569 22.465 24.797 46.059 49.802 53.203 57.342 60.275 66.619
40 17.916 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766 73.402
45 21.251 24.311 25.901 28.366 30.612 33.350 57.505 61.656 65.410 69.957 73.166 80.077
50 24.674 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490 86.661
55 28.173 31.735 33.570 36.398 38.958 42.060 68.796 73.311 77.380 82.292 85.749 93.168
60 31.738 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952 99.607

Page 15 of 17
 Table of F distribution, Upper 5% points
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
PP ν1
ν2 PP
P
1 161 199 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 248 248 249 249 249 250 251 252 253 254
STAT2013

2 19.0 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 9.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5
3 10.1 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.73 8.71 8.70 8.69 8.68 8.67 8.67 8.66 8.65 8.65 8.64 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.89 5.87 5.86 5.84 5.83 5.82 5.81 5.80 5.79 5.79 5.78 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 8.53
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.66 4.64 4.62 4.60 4.59 4.58 4.57 4.56 4.55 4.54 4.53 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90 3.88 3.87 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.55 3.53 3.51 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.46 3.44 3.43 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.14 3.13 3.12 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.77 2.76 2.75 2.75 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.67 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.56 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.50 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.44 2.43 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.26 2.25 2.24 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.20 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76

Page 16 of 17
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.01 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.95 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25
∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00
June 2018 Exam
 Table of F distribution, Upper 2.5% points
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
PP ν1
ν2 PP
P
1 648 800 864 900 922 937 948 957 963 969 973 977 980 983 985 987 989 990 992 993 994 995 996 997 1001 1006 1010 1014 1018
2 38.5 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.3 39.3 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5
3 17.4 16.0 15.4 15.1 14.9 14.7 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.9
STAT2013

4 12.2 10.7 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.79 8.75 8.71 8.68 8.66 8.63 8.61 8.59 8.58 8.56 8.55 8.53 8.52 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31 8.26
5 10.0 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.57 6.52 6.49 6.46 6.43 6.40 6.38 6.36 6.34 6.33 6.31 6.30 6.29 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07 6.02
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.41 5.37 5.33 5.30 5.27 5.24 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.17 5.15 5.14 5.13 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90 4.85
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.71 4.67 4.63 4.60 4.57 4.54 4.52 4.50 4.48 4.47 4.45 4.44 4.43 4.41 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.14
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.24 4.20 4.16 4.13 4.10 4.08 4.05 4.03 4.02 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.96 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.67
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.91 3.87 3.83 3.80 3.77 3.74 3.72 3.70 3.68 3.67 3.65 3.64 3.63 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39 3.33
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.66 3.62 3.58 3.55 3.52 3.50 3.47 3.45 3.44 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.38 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14 3.08
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.47 3.43 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.23 3.21 3.20 3.18 3.17 3.12 3.06 3.00 2.94 2.88
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.32 3.28 3.24 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.11 3.09 3.07 3.06 3.04 3.03 3.02 2.96 2.91 2.85 2.79 2.72
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.60
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.09 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.95 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.49
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.81 2.79 2.77 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.40
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.67 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.79 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.65 2.63 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.25
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.19
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.76 2.72 2.68 2.65 2.62 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.52 2.50 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.09
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.04
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.00
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.97
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01 1.94

Page 17 of 17
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.56 2.51 2.48 2.44 2.41 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98 1.91
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.26 2.24 2.23 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95 1.88
27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.13 2.07 2.00 1.93 1.85
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.83
29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89 1.81
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.79
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.64
60 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58 1.48
120 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.94 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.76 1.69 1.61 1.53 1.43 1.31
∞ 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.27 1.00
June 2018 Exam