1

CHAPTER 2
2.1
A=
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 2 1
A=
1 2 3
2 4 2
3 6 1
A=
1 2
2 4
3 6
A=
1 4 2
2 5 4
3 7 6
A=
12

2.2 (a) y=(6*t.^3-3*t-4)./(8*sin(5*t))

2.3
x=y.*(a+b*z).^1.8./(z.*(1-y))

2.4
(a)
ans =
3
4
(b)
y=
0
1.5
3
4.5
6
(c)
ans =
4

2.5
clc,clf,format compact
x=[0:1/256:2];
y=1./((x-0.3).^2+0.01)+1./((x-0.9).^2+0.04)-6;
plot(x,y)

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 2

100

80

60

40

20

-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

2.6 (a)
>> t = linspace(4,34,6)
t=
4 10 16 22 28 34
(b)
>> x = linspace(-4,2,7)
x=
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

2.7 (a)
>> v = -2:0.5:1.5
v=
-2.0000 -1.5000 -1.0000 -0.5000 0 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000
(b)
>> r = 8:-0.5:4.5
r=
8.0000 7.5000 7.0000 6.5000 6.0000 5.5000 5.0000 4.5000

2.8 The command linspace(a,b,n) is equivalent to the colon notation

>> a:(b-a)/(n-1):b

Test case:
>> a=-3;b=5;n=6;
>> linspace(a,b,n)
ans =
-3.0000 -1.4000 0.2000 1.8000 3.4000 5.0000

>> a:(b-a)/(n-1):b
ans =
-3.0000 -1.4000 0.2000 1.8000 3.4000 5.0000

2.9 (a)
>> A=[3 2 1;0:0.5:1;linspace(6, 8, 3)]
A=
3.0000 2.0000 1.0000
0 0.5000 1.0000
6.0000 7.0000 8.0000
(b)
>> C=A(2,:)*A(:,3)
C=

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8.5

2.10
format short g
a=2;b=5;
x=0:pi/40:pi/2;
y=b*exp(-a*x).*sin(b*x).*(0.012*x.^4-0.15*x.^3+0.075*x.^2+2.5*x);
z=y.^2;
w = [x' y' z']
plot(x,y,'-.pr','LineWidth',1.5,'MarkerSize',14,...
'MarkerEdgeColor','r','MarkerFaceColor','w')
hold on
plot(x,z,'-sb','MarkerFaceColor','g')
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y, z'); legend('y','z')
hold off

Output:
w=
0 0 0
0.07854 0.32172 0.10351
0.15708 1.0174 1.0351
0.23562 1.705 2.9071
0.31416 2.1027 4.4212
0.3927 2.0735 4.2996
0.47124 1.6252 2.6411
0.54978 0.87506 0.76573
0.62832 2.7275e-16 7.4392e-32
0.70686 -0.81663 0.66689
0.7854 -1.427 2.0365
0.86394 -1.7446 3.0437
0.94248 -1.7512 3.0667
1.021 -1.4891 2.2173
1.0996 -1.0421 1.0859
1.1781 -0.51272 0.26288
1.2566 -2.9683e-16 8.811e-32
1.3352 0.41762 0.1744
1.4137 0.69202 0.4789
1.4923 0.80787 0.65265
1.5708 0.77866 0.60631

5
y
z
4

2
y, z

-1

-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
x
2.11
>> q0 = 10;R = 60;L = 9;C = 0.00005;
>> t = linspace(0,.8);

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>> q = q0*exp(-R*t/(2*L)).*cos(sqrt(1/(L*C)-(R/(2*L))^2)*t);
>> plot(t,q)
10

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

2.12
>> z = linspace(-5,5);
>> f = 1/sqrt(2*pi)*exp(-z.^2/2);
>> plot(z,f)
>> xlabel('z')
>> ylabel('frequency')
0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
frequency

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
z

2.13
>> F = [14 18 8 9 13];
>> x = [0.013 0.020 0.009 0.010 0.012];
>> k = F./x

k=
1.0e+003 *
1.0769 0.9000 0.8889 0.9000 1.0833

>> U = .5*k.*x.^2

U=
0.0910 0.1800 0.0360 0.0450 0.0780

>> max(U)

ans =
0.1800

2.14

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>> TF = 32:3.6:93.2;
>> TC = 5/9*(TF-32);
>> rho = 5.5289e-8*TC.^3-8.5016e-6*TC.^2+6.5622e-5*TC+0.99987;
>> plot(TC,rho)
1.001

0.999

0.998

0.997

0.996

0.995

0.994
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

2.15 Script:
clear, clc
format compact
A = [.035 .0001 10 2;
0.02 0.0002 8 1;
0.015 0.001 20 1.5;
0.03 0.0007 24 3;
0.022 0.0003 15 2.5]
U = sqrt(A(:,2))./A(:,1).*(A(:,3).*A(:,4)./(A(:,3)+2*A(:,4))).^(2/3)

Results:
A=
0.035 0.0001 10 2
0.02 0.0002 8 1
0.015 0.001 20 1.5
0.03 0.0007 24 3
0.022 0.0003 15 2.5
U=
0.36241
0.60937
2.5167
1.5809
1.1971

2.16
clear, clc
t = 10:10:60;
c = [3.4 2.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.5];
tf = 0:70;
cf = 4.84*exp(-0.034*tf);
plot(t,c,'d','MarkerEdgeColor','r','MarkerFaceColor','r')
hold on
plot(tf,cf,'--g')
xlim([0 75])
hold off

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4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2.17
clear, clc
t = 10:10:60;
c = [3.4 2.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.5];
tf = 0:70;
cf = 4.84*exp(-0.034*tf);
plot(t,c,'d','MarkerEdgeColor','r','MarkerFaceColor','r')
hold on
plot(tf,cf,'--g')
xlim([0 75])
hold off

clear, clc
t = 10:10:60;
c = [3.4 2.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.5];
tf = 0:70;
cf = 4.84*exp(-0.034*tf);
semilogy(tf,cf,'--g',t,c,'d','MarkerEdgeColor','r','MarkerFaceColor','r')

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

The result is a straight line. The reason for this outcome can be understood by taking
the natural (Naperian or base-e) logarithm of the function to give,

or because ln e-0.034t = –0.034t,

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Thus, on a semi-log plot, the relationship is a straight line with an intercept of ln 4.84
and a slope of –0.034.

2.18 Script:
clear, clc
format compact
v = 10:10:80;
F = [25 70 380 550 610 1220 830 1450];
vf = 0:100;
Ff = 0.2741*vf.^1.9842;
plot(v,F,'om',vf,Ff,'-.k')
xlabel('v');ylabel('F');

Results:
3000

2500

2000

1500
F

1000

500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
v
2.19
clear, clc, format compact
v = 10:10:80;
F = [25 70 380 550 610 1220 830 1450];
vf=logspace(1,2);
Ff = 0.2741*vf.^1.9842;
loglog(v,F,'om',vf,Ff,'-.k')
xlabel('v');ylabel('F');

104

103
F

102

101
101 102
v
The result is a straight line. The reason for this outcome can be understood by taking
the common logarithm of the function to give,

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Thus, on a log-log plot, the slope would be 1.9842 and the intercept would be
log10(0.2741).

2.20 Script:
clear, clc, format compact
x = linspace(0,3*pi/2);
c = cos(x);
cf = 1-x.^2/2+x.^4/factorial(4)-x.^6/factorial(6)+x.^8/factorial(8);
plot(x,c,x,cf,'--')

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

2.21 (a)
>> m=[83.6 60.2 72.1 91.1 92.9 65.3 80.9];
>> vt=[53.4 48.5 50.9 55.7 54 47.7 51.1];
>> g=9.81; rho=1.223;
>> A=[0.455 0.402 0.452 0.486 0.531 0.475 0.487];
>> cd=g*m./vt.^2;
>> CD=2*cd/rho./A
CD =
1.0337 1.0213 0.9877 0.9693 0.9625 0.9693 1.0206
(b)
>> CDmin=min(CD),CDmax=max(CD),CDavg=mean(CD)
CDmin =
0.9625
CDmax =
1.0337
CDavg =
0.9949
(c)
subplot(2,1,1);plot(m,A,'o')
ylabel('area (m^2)')
title('area versus mass')
subplot(2,1,2);plot(m,CD,'o')
xlabel('mass (kg)')ylabel('CD')
title('dimensionless drag versus mass')

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 9

area versus mass

area (m2) 0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

dimensionless drag versus mass

0.95
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
mass (kg)

2.22 (a)
t = 0:pi/64:6*pi;
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t.*cos(6*t),t.*sin(6*t),'r')
title('(a)');xlabel('t cos(6t)');ylabel('t sin(6t)')
subplot(2,1,2);plot3(t.*cos(6*t),t.*sin(6*t),t,'c')
title('(b)');xlabel('t cos(6t)');ylabel('t sin(6t)');zlabel('t')
(a)
20

10
t sin(6t)

-10

-20
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
t cos(6t)
(b)

20

10
t

0
20
10 10 20
0 0
-10 -10
-20 -20
t sin(6t) t cos(6t)

2.23 (a) Script:

(b) Script:
clear, clc, format compact
q = 4:2:12;
r = [7 8 4; 3 6 -5];
sum(q) * r(2, 3)
Results:
ans =

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 10

-200

2.24
clear, clc, format compact
y0=0;v0=28;g=9.81;
x=0:5:80;
theta0=15*pi/180;
y1=tan(theta0)*x-g/(2*v0^2*cos(theta0)^2)*x.^2+y0;
theta0=30*pi/180;
y2=tan(theta0)*x-g/(2*v0^2*cos(theta0)^2)*x.^2+y0;
theta0=45*pi/180;
y3=tan(theta0)*x-g/(2*v0^2*cos(theta0)^2)*x.^2+y0;
theta0=60*pi/180;
y4=tan(theta0)*x-g/(2*v0^2*cos(theta0)^2)*x.^2+y0;
theta0=75*pi/180;
y5=tan(theta0)*x-g/(2*v0^2*cos(theta0)^2)*x.^2+y0;
y=[y1' y2' y3' y4' y5'];
plot(x,y);axis([0 80 0 40])
legend('\it\theta_0 = 15^o','\it\theta_0 =30^o', ...
'\it\theta_0 = 45^o','\it\theta_0 = 60^o','\it\theta_0 = 75^o')

40
 = 15o
0
35
 =30o
0

30
 = 45o
0
 = 60o
0
25
 = 75o
0

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2.25
clear, clc, format compact
R=8.314;E=1e5;A=7E16;
Ta=253:8:325;
k=A*exp(-E./(R*Ta));
subplot(1,2,1);plot(Ta,k,'g')
xlabel('Ta');ylabel('k');title('(a) k versus Ta')
subplot(1,2,2);semilogy(1./Ta,k,'r')
xlabel('Ta');ylabel('log(k)');title('(b) log k versus Ta')

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(a) k versus Ta (b) log k versus Ta

5
100

4
10-1

log(k)
3
k

10-2
2

10-3
1

0 10-4
250 300 350 3 3.5 4
Ta Ta 10-3
The result in (b) is a straight line. The reason for this outcome can be understood by
taking the common logarithm of the function to give,

Thus, a plot of log10k versus 1/Ta is linear with a slope of –(E/R)log10e and an intercept
of log10A.

2.26 The equations to generate the plots are

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

The following MATLAB script can be developed to generate the plot:

format short g
E=50000*1e3*1e4;I=0.0003;w0=2.5e3*100;L=600/100;dx=10/100;
x=[0:dx:L];
clf
y=w0/(120*E*I*L)*(-x.^5+2*L^2*x.^3-L^4.*x);
theta=w0/(120*E*I*L)*(-5*x.^4+6*L^2*x.^2-L^4);
M=w0/(120*L)*(-20*x.^3+12*L^2*x);

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V=w0/(120*L)*(-60*x.^2+12*L^2);
w=w0/L*x;
subplot(5,1,1)
plot(x,y);grid;ylabel('\ity(x)')
subplot(5,1,2)
plot(x,theta);grid;ylabel('\it\theta(x)')
subplot(5,1,3)
plot(x,M);grid;ylabel('\itM(x)')
subplot(5,1,4)
plot(x,V);grid;ylabel('\itV(x)')
subplot(5,1,5)
plot(x,w);grid;ylabel('\itw(x)')
xlabel('\itx (m)')

The resulting plot is

0
y(x)

-0.005

-0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-3
x 10
5
(x)

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6
x 10
1
M(x)

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6
x 10
1
V(x)

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5
x 10
4
w(x)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x (m)

2.27
clear, clc, format compact
t=[0:1/16:100];
x=sin(t).*(exp(cos(t))-2*cos(4*t)-sin(t/12).^5);
y=cos(t).*(exp(cos(t))-2*cos(4*t)-sin(t/12).^5);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,x,t,y,':');title('(a)');xlabel('t');ylabel('x, y');legend('x','y')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(x,y);axis square;title('(b)');xlabel('x');ylabel('y')

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(a)
4
x
x, y 2 y

-2

-4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t
(b)
4

0
y

-2

-4
-5 0 5
x
2.28
clf
t = 0:pi/32:8*pi;
polar(t,exp(sin(t))-2*cos(4*t)+sin((2*t-pi)/24).^5,'--r')

90 6
120 60

150 30
2

180 0

210 330

240 300
270

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