PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING
1.1 Computer
• A computer is an electronic data processing device that accepts and stores data input, processes the data
input, and generates the output in a required format.
• A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on
instructions provided by a software or hardware program.
• A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining integrated
hardware and software components.

1.2 Computer Program

• A computer program is a set of instructions written in a
programming language that tells a computer how to perform
specific tasks.
• Programs can range from simple scripts that automate repetitive
tasks to complex applications like operating systems, word
processors, or video games.
• Programs can be compiled or interpreted, depending on how the
computer executes them.

1.3 Computer Programmer

• A computer programmer is an individual who writes, tests and
maintains computer programs.
• Programmers use various programming languages (such as
Python, Java, C++, etc.) to create software applications, tools, and
systems.
• Computer Programmers solve problems, design algorithms, and
ensure that programs function correctly and efficiently.

1.4 Computer Instructions

• An instruction in a computer program is a single, specific operation that the computer executes as part of
a larger set of tasks.
• Instructions tell the computer what to do, such as performing calculations, moving data, or controlling
hardware.
• In programming, instructions are typically written in a programming language and can include:
a. Arithmetic operations (e.g., adding two numbers)
b. Control flow commands (e.g., if statements, loops)
c. Data manipulation (e.g., reading or writing data)
d. Function calls (e.g., invoking a predefined procedure)

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 1

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
1.5 Programming Language
• A programming language is a formal set of rules and syntax used to communicate instructions to a
computer.
• It allows programmers to write code that the computer can understand and execute to perform various
tasks.
• Programming languages can vary widely in their capabilities, paradigms, and levels of abstraction.

Examples of Programming Languages:

• BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, Cobol, C, C++, Java, Python, JavaScript, Ruby, Swift, PHP, R, etc.

1.6 Data Processing

1.6.1 Data
• Data refers to raw facts and figures that can be processed or analyzed to derive insights or conclusions.
• Data can come in various forms, such as numbers, text, images, audio, or video.

1.6.2 Examples of Data

• The ages of students in a classroom (e.g., 15, 16, 17).
• A list of names (e.g., Alice, Bob, Carol).
• Types of fruits (e.g., apple, banana, orange).
• Yes/No answers (e.g., Is the sky blue? Yes).
• Appointment dates (e.g., March 1, 2024).

1.6.3 Data Processing and Steps

• Data processing is the series of actions or operations performed
on data to convert it into useful information. This process can
involve various steps, including:
1. Input: Entering the collected data into a computer system for
processing.
2. Processing: Performing operations on the data, such as
calculations, sorting, filtering, or transforming it according to
specific rules or algorithms.
3. Storage: Saving the processed data for future use or reference.
4. Output: Generating results from the processed data, which can be presented in various formats (e.g.,
reports, charts, graphs).

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE #1

Challenge 1: Identify the programming Languages based on the clue given:

a. An early programming language is known for its simplicity. __________________________
b. A language used for business applications, developed in the 1960s. __________________
c. A popular scripting language for web development. _______________________________
d. An object-oriented language developed by Sun Microsystems. ______________________
e. A high-level programming language often used for scientific computing. ______________
f. Known for its use in mathematics and education. _________________________________
g. A general-purpose programming language often used for system software. _____________

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 2

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
h. An object-oriented version of C that is widely used in game development. ______________
i. A versatile language often used for data analysis and machine learning. ________________
j. A popular language for web development that enables dynamic content. _______________

Challenge 2: Programming Languages Word Search Challenge

O D C Y B A S I C X
P H P O B A C L A Y
Y W R B S R O C D Q
T R U P Y T H O N R
H C S W I F T I O Z
C A R U B Y F D E M
J A V A S C R I P T
F O R T R A N P L N
P A S C A L B M T K
C + + O D E W I Z U

Short Answer Questions

1. What is a computer?
2. What is a computer program?
3. Who is a computer programmer?
4. What is an instruction in a computer program?
5. What defines a programming language?
6. What is data?
7. List three forms of data.
8. What are the main steps in data processing?

Long Answer Questions

1. Explain the functions and components of a computer.
2. Describe the role of a computer programmer and the skills required for the job.
3. What is data processing, and what are its key steps?
4. Discuss the importance of programming languages in computing.

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 3

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
2. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

2.1 Computer System

A computer system refers to a complete set of hardware and
software components that work together to perform computing
tasks.

2.2 Components of a Computer System

• A computer system consists of several key components that
work together to perform various tasks.
• The main components of a Computer System are:

Component Description Image

a. Central Processing Unit The brain of the computer performs

(CPU) calculations and executes instructions.

b. RAM (Random Access Temporary storage for data and programs

Memory) currently in use.

Permanent storage for critical system

c. ROM (Read-Only Memory)
instructions.

Hard Disk Drives (HDD) are a type of

d. Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
storage device used in computers to store
and retrieve digital information.

SSDs are a type of storage device that uses

e. Solid State Drives (SSD) flash memory to store data. Unlike HDDs,
SSDs have no moving parts.

The main circuit board connects all

f. Motherboard components of the computer.

Converts electrical power from an outlet

g. Power Supply Unit (PSU) into usable power for the computer.

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 4

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Tools for user input, such as keyboards and

h. Input Devices
mice

Tools for displaying or producing output,

i. Output Devices
like monitors and printers.

j. Network Interface Card Hardware that connects the computer to a

(NIC) network.

2.3 Block diagram of a computer

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions. It
includes the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for calculations and the Control Unit (CU) for managing
operations.
2. Memory: Divided into primary (RAM) and secondary storage (like hard drives or SSDs). RAM
temporarily holds data and instructions for quick access, while secondary storage retains data long-term.
3. Input Devices: Tools for user interaction, such as a keyboard, mouse, and scanner, allowing data to be
entered into the computer.
4. Output Devices: Components that convey information from the computer to the user, such as monitors,
printers, and speakers.

2.4 Computer Memory

• Computer memory refers to the component of a computer system that stores data and instructions either
temporarily or permanently. There are two different types of computers, as shown below.

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 5

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
2.4.1 Primary Memory
• This type of memory is directly accessible by the CPU and is used for temporary data storage. It is
volatile, meaning it loses its contents when the power is off.
• RAM (Random Access Memory): A type of volatile memory that stores data and instructions currently
being used by the CPU. It allows for fast read and write operations, which enhances system performance
during tasks.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): A type of non-volatile memory that permanently stores essential
instructions needed for booting the computer. Its contents cannot be easily modified or erased.

2.4.2 Secondary Memory

This memory is used for long-term data storage. It retains information even when the computer is turned off
and typically has a larger capacity than primary memory.
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A mechanical storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve
digital information. It has a large capacity and is commonly used for permanent storage of files and
applications.
• Optical Disk (CD): A disc used for storing data using laser technology. CDs are often used for music,
software distribution, and data backup.
• Flash Disk: A portable storage device that uses flash memory to store data. Flash disks (like USB drives)
are compact, durable, and widely used for transferring files between devices.
• Magnetic Tape: A storage medium that uses magnetic material to store data. It is primarily used for
archival and backup purposes due to its high capacity and low cost.
• Floppy Disk: An older storage medium that consists of a thin, flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a
square or rectangular plastic shell. Floppy disks were once commonly used for data transfer but have
largely been replaced by more modern storage devices.

2.5 Advantages of Computers

• High Speed: A high-speed device that can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds.
• Accuracy: Calculations are 100% error-free, and all jobs are performed with 100% accuracy.
• Storage Capability: Can store large amounts of data, such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.
• Diligence: Free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration, work continuously without any
errors or boredom.
• Versatility: A very versatile machine that solves a complex scientific problem.
• Reliability: Designed to make maintenance easy.
• Automation: Perform tasks automatically and execute the program without human interaction.
• Reduction in Paperwork & Cost: Reduction in paperwork and results in speeding up the process.

2.6 Disadvantages of Computers

• No IQ: A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction must be
given to the computer. A computer cannot make any decisions on its own.
• Dependency: It functions as per the user's instruction; thus, it is entirely dependent on humans.
• Environment: The operating environment of the computer should be dust-free and suitable.
• No Feeling: Computers have no feelings or emotions and cannot make judgments based on feeling,
taste, experience, and knowledge, unlike humans.

2.7 Hardware
• Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system, the tangible parts that you
can see and touch.

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 6

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

• These components work together to execute tasks and processes, running software that allows users to
perform a wide range of operations.

2.7.1 Examples of Hardware

• Central Processing Unit (CPU):
• Random Access Memory (RAM):
• Hard Drive / Solid State Drive (HDD/SSD):
• Motherboard:
• Power Supply Unit (PSU):
• Input Devices (Keyboard, mouse, scanner)
• Output Devices (Monitor, Printer, Speakers)

2.8 Software
• Software refers to a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and execute specific
tasks.
• Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions.
• Software is a set of programs designed to perform a well-defined function.
• A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.

2.8.1 Types of Software

Operating System

System Software Language Processor

Software

Utility Software

General Purpose Software

Application Software
Specific Purpose Application Software

a. System Software
• System software is responsible for managing and operating the computer hardware and providing a
platform for application software to run. It includes:
• Operating System (OS): This is the core software that manages computer hardware and software
resources, providing services for other programs. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, and
Android.
• Language Processor: These are programs that translate high-level programming languages (like C++,
and Python) into machine language that the computer's hardware can execute. Examples include
Compilers, Interpreters, and Assemblers.
• Utility Software: These are programs that perform maintenance tasks to keep the system running
smoothly, such as antivirus software, disk cleanup, backup utilities, and file compression tools.

b. Application Software
• Application software is designed for end-users to perform specific tasks. It can be categorized into two
types:

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 7

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

• General Purpose Software: This is software used by a wide range of users for everyday tasks. It
includes: Word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word), Spreadsheet applications (e.g., Excel), Presentation
software (e.g., PowerPoint), and Web browsers (e.g., Google Chrome).
• Specific Purpose Application Software: This software is designed to carry out a specific task for
specialized fields or industries. Examples includes: Accounting software (e.g., Tally, QuickBooks), CAD
software for design and architecture (e.g., AutoCAD), and Medical billing software used in healthcare.

2.9 Types of Computers

S.No. Type Specifications

PC (Personal • It is a single-user computer system with a
1
Computer) moderately powerful microprocessor.

• It is also a single-user computer system, similar to

2 Workstation a personal computer; however, it has a more
powerful microprocessor.

• It is a multi-user computer system capable of

3 Minicomputer
supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.

• It is a multi-user computer system capable of

supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
4 Main Frame
Software technology is different from
minicomputer.

• It is an extremely fast computer that can execute

5 Supercomputer
hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

2.10 Generation of Computers

Generation
Description Images
of Computers
• The first generation of computers was from 1946 to 1959.
• Vacuum tubes were used as the primary components for
First
memory and CPU circuitry.
Generation
• Vacuum tubes produced more heat and frequent failures.
• The computers were very expensive.
• The second generation of computers from 1959 to 1965.
Second • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers
Generation cheaper, more compact, reliable, power-efficient, and
faster.

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 8

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

• The third generation of computers from 1965 to 1971.

• Integrated Circuits (ICs) replaced transistors.
Third • A single IC contained multiple transistors, resistors, and
Generation capacitors, along with associated circuitry.
• ICs made computers smaller, more reliable, and more
efficient.
• The fourth generation of computers from 1971 to 1980.
• Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were used,
containing about 5000 transistors and other elements on a
Fourth
single chip.
Generation
• VLSI makes computers more powerful, compact, reliable,
and affordable.
• The rise of the PC occurred during this period.
• The fifth generation of computers is from 1980 to till
now.
• VLSI technology evolved into ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale
Fifth
Integration) technology, enabling microprocessor chips
Generation
with ten million electronic components.
• The fifth generation includes High-level programming
languages and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

2.11 Applications of Computers

a. Entertainment: It can be used to make cartoon movies, animation and special effects in movies, games,
etc.
b. Day-to-day life: Collages, hospitals, railway and airline booking systems, shops, banks, ATM centres,
etc., to carry out day-to-day work. For example, train, flight, and bus ticket bookings can be made with
the help of a computer.
c. Communication: Nowadays, the Internet is becoming an integral part of life for gathering information
about different topics or sending and receiving information, etc.
d. Scientist: Use computers for research purposes, space programs, nuclear programs, etc.
e. Business: Computer is used in business organizations for payroll calculations, budgeting, sales analysis,
financial forecasting, managing employee databases, maintaining stocks, etc.
f. Healthcare: Computers have become an essential part of hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are used
in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. Computerized machines also do ECG, ultrasound and CT
scans.
g. Military: Computers are used mainly in defence. Some military areas where a computer has been used
are Missile Control, Military Communication, and the usage of smart weapons, etc.
h. Banking: The banking system is almost totally dependent on computers. Banks provide online
accounting facilities, which include checking current balances and making deposits and overdrafts.
ATMs, which are entirely automated, are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 9

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE #2

Challenge 1: Identify the programming Languages based on the clue given:

Component/ Component/
Image Image
Device Device

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 10

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 11

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Challenge 2: Identify the following memory devices.

1. Type of memory that is non-volatile and stores boot instructions (3 letters): ____________
2. A disc used for storing data with laser technology (2 letters): ____________
3. Type of memory for long-term data storage (8 letters): ____________
4. A mechanical storage device (4 words): ____________
5. An older storage medium (6 letters): ____________
6. Portable storage device using flash memory (4 letters): ____________
7. Type of volatile memory used by the CPU (3 letters): ____________
8. Storage medium using magnetic material (7 letters): ____________

Challenge 3: True or False

1. Software refers exclusively to hardware components of a computer.

2. System software manages computer hardware and provides a platform for application software to run.
3. Operating systems like Windows and macOS are examples of application software.
4. A program is a sequence of instructions that can solve various problems.
5. Utility software is designed to perform specific tasks for end-users, such as word processing.
6. Language processors translate high-level programming languages into machine language.
7. General-purpose software is designed for specialized fields or industries.
8. Examples of specific-purpose application software include accounting and medical billing software.
9. Application software is primarily responsible for managing hardware resources.
10. Examples of utility software include antivirus programs and disk cleanup tools.

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 12

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
Short Answer Questions:

1. What is a computer system?

2. What are the key components of a computer system?
3. What is the role of the CPU in a computer system?
4. Define RAM.
5. What is ROM used for?
6. What is the difference between HDD and SSD?
7. What is the function of the motherboard?
8. What are input and output devices?
9. What is primary memory?
10. List types of secondary memory.
11. What is the main disadvantage of computers in terms of intelligence?
12. What are the two types of software?
13. What is the difference between system software and application software?
14. What are the five generations of computers?

Long Answer Questions:

1. Explain the key components of a computer system and their roles

2. Describe the block diagram of a computer system.
3. Differentiate between primary and secondary memory in a computer system.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using computers?
5. Explain the different types of software with examples.
6. Describe the evolution of computer generations.
7. Discuss the different types of computers and their specifications.
8. What are the applications of computers in various fields?

Notes

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 13

PGP College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

GE3151 Problem Solving and Python Programming 14