ENGINEERING ES a aa aad eS PE mca) Petter ene f me dae ee bycrey ray a ee es ee a 42+b2+c2-Qab+ 2be-2Qea yzax+bx+e ee ose ee x Apes as Seu 2© Table of Contents 1, Z-Transform 2. Properties of Z-Transform 3. Inverse Z-Transform 4. Solutions of Differential Equation© Z-Transform Laplace Transform - is used in Analog System as: 1. The Laplace transform definition involves an integral 2. Applying the Laplace transform to certain ordinary differential equations turns them into simpler algebraic equations 3. Use of the Laplace transform gives rise to the basic concept of the transfer function of a continuous or analog system. Z-transform - plays a similar role for discrete systems to that played by the Laplace transform for systems where the basic variable t is continuous. Specifically: 1, The z-transform definition involves a summation 2. The z-transform converts certain difference equations to algebraic equations 3. Use of the z-transform gives rise to the concept of the transfer function of discrete or digital systems.© Z-Transform Definition: For a sequence x(n) the z-transform denoted by X(z) is given by the infinite series: X(z) = x(0) + x(1)272 + x(2)2-2 + . X(z) = > x(n)z-" n=0 Note: 1. The z-transform only involves the causal terms y(n), n = 0, 1, 2, ... of the sequence. Noncausal terms are not involved. 2. The infinite series must converge for X(z) to be defined as a precise function of z. 3. The precise significance of the quantity z need not concern us except to note that it is complex and, unlike n, is continuous.© Z-Transform Example 1: Given the sequence below, Find the z-transform of x(n). x(n) = u(n) Solution: From the definition, the z-transform is, X(z) = ¥ u(njz" = > (4) =14(@4)4(21)?+..4+ (21) n=0 n=0 This is an infinite geometric series that converges to, 1 t-r 1-277 X(Z= > with a condition |z~*| < 1. Thus, the region of convergence for all values of z is given as |z| > 1© Z-Transform Example 2: Considering the exponential sequence below, find the z- transform of the sequence x(n). x(n) = a™u(n) Solution: From the definition, the z-transform is, X(z) = > a™u(n)z-" = (az~1)" = 1+ (az~1) + (az“1)* +... n=0 n=0 Since this is a geometric series which will converge for |az~*| < 1, itis further expressed as, a oe @ = 7 Trart with a condition |z| > |a|© Z-Transform 1. d(n) 2. au(n) 3. nu(n) 4. a™u(n) 5. na"u(n) 6. asin (bn) u(n) 7. a”cos (bn) u(n) 8. 2|A||P|" cos (nd + #) u(n) Gay? zasin (b) —Dazeos (y+? z[z—acos (b)] P—2azcos (a)+a Az + Az z—P_| 2—P*© Z-Transform Example 3: Find the z-transform for each of the following sequences: a) x(n) = 10u(n) b) x(n) = 10sin (0.252n)u(n) c) x(n) = (0.5)"u(n) d) x(n) = (0.5)"sin (0.257n)u(n) e) x(n) = e°'"cos (0.257) u(n) Solution: (a) From the table, we can get the Z-transform as, X(z) = Z{10u(n)} (b) From the table, we can get the Z-transform as, X(z) = 10Z{sin (0.257n)u(n) } 10sin (0.257)z X(z) = =—_——— (2) = 2 —Fac0s (025m) +1© Z-Transform Solution: (c) From the table, we can get the Z-transform as, X(@) = 1{(0.5)"u(n)} (d) From the table, we can get the Z-transform as, X(z) = Z{(0.5)" sin (0.257n)u(n) } x@ == (0.5)sin (0.252)z . z° — 2(0.5)cos (0.257) z + 0.5) 1.4142z + 0.25 (e) From the table, we can get the Z-transform as, X(z) = Z{(e~+) cos (0.257) u(n)} 2(z — e~©1 cos (0.2571) ) z* — 2e-1 cos (0.25) z + e- 9? X(z) =© Table of Contents 1, Z-Transform 2. Properties of Z-Transform 3. Inverse Z-Transform 4. Solutions of Differential Equation© Properties of Z-Transform Linearity Property - z-transform is a linear transformation, implies Zax, (n) + bx2(n)} = aZ{x1(n)} + b2{x2(n)} where x,(n) and x(n) denote the sampled sequences, while a and b are the arbitrary constants. Example 1: Find the z-transform of the sequence defined by, x(n) = u(n) — (0.5)"u(n) Solution: Applying the linearity of the z-transform previously discussed, we have, X(@) = ZL{x(n)} = Z{u(n)} — Z{(0.5)"u(n)} Using the table, we have, X(2)© Properties of Z-Transform Example 2: Find the z transform of the sequence x(n) =cosh (Bn), Solution: Using the property of hyperbolic function, fn + phn ne From the linearity property of the Z-transform, we have, cosh (Bn) = Bn 4 o-Bn X(z) = Z{cosh (fn) } = fa From the Z-transform table, where a” > (e?)” x0) ~7(=a) +(e) ¥@ <2 2z—(e8 +e#) @= 2 ls —z(e8 + eF) + ql 1 1 a Bn a —pn } = 56 }+7Afe 3© Properties of Z-Transform Example 3: Find the z transform of the sequence x(n) =cos (wn), Solution: Using the property of hyperbolic function, gion 4 g-iwn 2 From the linearity property of the Z-transform, we have, cos (wn) = elon + emion 1 ; 1 X(z) = Z{cos(wn)} =Z ae } = Zntee"} + 5 He} From the Z-transform table, where a” > (e!)" x) =3( 3a) +7(—s) @=>5 z—e] 2\z— ele x)= z[ 2z— (el + el) @ = 2|22 -— (el +e) 2 41© Properties of Z-Transform Right Shift - the general right shift theorem, also called as delays is, Z{x(n — 1)} = x(-1) + 271 X(z) Z{x(n — 2)} = x(—2) + x(—1)z71 + 27? X(z) Z{x(n — m)} = x(—m) + x(—m $+ 12h +... #x(-1) 2-1 + 2 ™X(z) For causal sequences where x(—1) = x(—2) = ... = 0 results toa particularly simple z-transform as: Z{x(n — m)} = z-™X(z) Note: in a digital system the right shift corresponds to a delay, and is represented symbolically as: x(n) x(n 1) x(n ~2)© Properties of Z-Transform Example 1: Obtain the z-transform of the sequence w(n) = y(n — 2) using the right shift method. Solution: the z-transform of w(n) is, W(z) = w(0) + w(1)z7! + w(2)z7? + w(3)z3 +... F(z Since w(n) = y(n — 2), we have W(z) = y(—2) + y(—1)z71 + y(0)z-? + y(1)z3 +. t y(n — 2)z™ W(z) = y(-2) + (-Dz +27 [yO) + yz 7+. + ¥M)z"] W(z) = y(—2) + y(-1)z-1 + z-?Y(z)© Properties of Z-Transform Example 2: Determine the z-transform of the following sequence: y(n) = (0.5) u(n — 5) where u(n — 5) = 1 forn = 5 and u(n— 5) = 0 forn <5, Solution: We first use the shift theorem to have, Y(z) = Z{(0.5)-u(n — 5)} = z-5Z{(0.5)"u(n)} Using the table, we have,© Properties of Z-Transform Example 3: Write the following sequence f(n) as a difference of two unit step sequences and obtain its z-transform. f(n) Solution: The sequence can be represented as, 1 n=0,1,2,3,4 fay= { 0 otherwise In terms of step response, we have, fm) = u(n) — u(n— 5)© Properties of Z-Transform Left Shift - the general left shift theorem, also called as advance is, Z{x(n + 1)} = zX(z) — zx(0) Z{x(n + 2)} = z?X(z) — 2?x(0) — zx(1) Z{x(n + m)} = z™X(z) — 2™x(0) — z™-1x(1) — ... — zx(m— 1) These left shift theorems have simple forms in special cases: Ifx(0) =0, Z{x(n + 1)} = 2X(2), Ifx(0) = x(1) = 0, Zf{x(n + 2)} = z?X(z), Ifx(0) =x(1) =..x(m—1)=0, Z{x(n+2)}=2z™X(z), Note carefully the occurrence of positive powers of z in the left shift theorems and of negative powers of z in the right shift theorems.© Properties of Z-Transform Example 1: Obtain the z-transform of the sequence y(n + 2) using the left shift method. Solution: Z{y(n + 2)} = y(2) + y(3)2z71 + y(4)z-7 +... Hy(n t+ 2)z™ = y(2) + 2?[y(3)2F + yA)e4 + + yz] = y(2) + 27[¥(z) — y(0) — yz" — y(2)2-7] = y@)+ 27Y(z) — y(0)z* — y(1)z- ye) Zy(n + 2)} = 2¥(z) — y(0)z? — y(1)z© Properties of Z-Transform Multiplication of a sequence by a”: Suppose f(n) is an arbitrary sequence with z-transform F(z). Consider the sequence v(n) where, v(n) = a"f(n) By the z-transform definition, Z{v(n)} = f(0) + af (Iz + a f(2)z-7 +... — y a" f(n)z" n=0 => re(2)" n=0 Thus, we have aa" f(n)} = F (=)© Properties of Z-Transform Example 1: Write down the z-transform of the sequence v(n) where, v(n) =e?" sin 3n Solution: From the z-transform table, zsin3 Msin3n} = 7a 7c0s3 +1 Using the property, with a = e~?, we replace z by ze* to obtain, Z{v(n)} = Zf{e~2" sin 3n} 4 _ ze’ sin 3 e ~ (ze*)? — 2ze?cos3 +1 e4© Properties of Z-Transform Example 2: Using the property just discussed write down the z- transform of the sequence w(n) where, w(n) = e-“"coswn Solution: Using the z-transform table, we have, z* — zcoswn Zz —2zcos3+1 Z{cos wn } Using the property, with a = e~®, we replace z by ze® to obtain, Z{v(n)} = Z{e~*" cos wn} _ Ge)? — ze*cos wn ~ (ze%)? — 2ze*cos3 +1© Properties of Z-Transform Multiplication of a sequence by n - the sequence n can be represented as a unit ramp as, 0 n=-1,-2,... r= tn n=0,1,3,.. The z-transform is, Z{r(n)} = 0+ 1271 + 2277 +... Thus, the z-transform is, Z{r(n)} = Z{n} = aay with |z|>1 In general, dF(z) Unf (n)} =—z—© Properties of Z-Transform Example 1: By differentiating the z-transform R(z) of the unit ramp sequence obtain the z-transform of the causal sequence r(n) = nu(n), Solution: Using the table, Z _ Zz {u(n)} = Using the property, Z{nu(n)} =— 20) _ dp zy_ _@-1)@) - 20) 7 ZG a i) “~ 2 (z-1)?© Properties of Z-Transform Example 2: By differentiating the z-transform R(z) of the unit ramp sequence obtain the z-transform of the causal sequence nu(n), Solution: From the previous example, Z{nu(n)} = eae Using the property, dR Z{n2u(n)} = Z{n-r(n)} =— 2 _ af 2 ]__, @ ata) -2@-1) “CIE fe mal ~~ 4 (@—1* o (@-T[z-1- 22] _ -z-1 Z{n2u(n)} =- —G-pr =- 7G© Properties of Z-Transform Convolution and z-transforms - Consider a discrete system with transfer function H(z), —>—__ X(z) Y(z) In z-domain, at zero initial conditions, we can get the output Y(z), as, Y(@) = X(2)H(Z) = Z{x(n) * h(n} In time-domain, we can get the output y(n), as, y(n) = x(n) * h(n) Thus, we can get the convolution of x(n) and h(n) as, y(n) = x(n) * h(n) = Z{X(@)H(@)}© Properties of Z-Transform Convolution - given two sequences x,(n) and x2(n), their convolution can be determined as follows: x(n) = (2) #20 = Yan x2 k=0 where z designates the linear convolution. In z-transform domain, X(Z) = X1(@)X2(@) where, X(z) = Z{x(n)}, X1 (2) = Z{xy(n)}, and X2(z) = Z{x2(n)},© Properties of Z-Transform Example 1: Given two sequences below. x(n) = 36(n) + 26(n — 1) X2(n) = 26(n) — 6(n — 1) (a) Find the z-transform of their convolution: X(z) = Z{x,(n) * x2(n)}, (b) Determine the convolution sum using the z-transform: 00 x(n) = 24(n) #x2(n) = Y's OOxa(n = 1) k=0 Solution: Applying z-transform to x,(n) and x,(n), respectively, it follows that X,(z) =3 +2271 X2(z) =2-z1© Properties of Z-Transform Solution: Using the convolution property, we have X(2) = X1@)X2@) = B+ 2272-274) X(z) =6+271-22? Applying the inverse z-transform and using the shift theorem from the table, leads to x(n) = Z-1{6 + 271 — 2277} x(n) = 66(n) + 6(n — 1) — 26(n — 2)© Properties of Z-Transform Example 2: Calculate the convolution y(n) of the sequences, v(n) =a", w(n) = b” a) using the definition of convolution b) using z-transform Solution: From the formula of convolution, we have, n n y(n) = > v(k)w(n — k) = ¥ akpn-k rg bn [2 + ; + () tat (|© Properties of Z-Transform Solution: The bracketed sum is a geometric series of common ratio a/b, ayntt - G) pe y(n) = a b (b) Using z-transform, Zz Viz) =—, W@= z-a z—b n+1 y(n) = ZV (Z)W(2)} = 24 (= a - 5} y(n) =z {saa} (@—a@—b)© Properties of Z-Transform Initial Value Theorem - If f(1) is a sequence with z-transform F(z) then the initial value f (0) is given by, f (0) = lim F(z) z0 provided, that this limit exists. Final Value Theorem - If f(n) is a sequence with z-transform F(z) then the final value f (0) is given by, Fo) =lim (1 = 2-F@) Note: the final value theorem does not hold for z-transform poles outside the unit circle.© Properties of Z-Transform Example 1: Obtain the z-transform of the sequence below, and verify the initial value theorem for the z-transform pair you obtain, fm =1-a’, O ©, f(n) is, f(~) =1-a"=1-0© Table of Contents 1, Z-Transform 2. Properties of Z-Transform 3. Inverse Z-Transform 4. Solutions of Differential Equation© Inverse Z-Transform Inverse Z-Transform: The z-transform of the sequence x(n) and the inverse z-transform of the function X(z) are defined as, respectively, X(z) = Z{x(n)} x(n) = Z-"{X(z)} where Z{} is the z-transform operator, while Z~1{} is the inverse z- transform operator. The inverse z-transform may be obtained by at least three methods: 1. Partial fraction expansion and look-up table 2. Power series expansion 3. Residue method.© Inverse Z-Transform Example 1: Find the inverse z-transform for each of the following functions: Az Zz 2 X@) = 2+ 77-05 Pane 5z 2z = Grn G05" 10z c) X(z)= Forel 4 zw d) X(z) =a +2%+ Te© Inverse Z-Transform Solution: (a) From linearity principle, x(n) = 20-*{1} — 42-7 5) -a & =a) Using z-transform the table, x(n) = 26(n) + 4u(n) — (0.5)"u(n) (b) From linearity principle, x(n) = 5072 {=a} — 20-1 {=} (z-1) (z— 0.5) xy =sa*{—7 Zz 2} - at 0.52 7} @—-bJ 05° l@—05) Using z-transform the table, x(n) = 5nu(n) — 4n(0.5)"u(n)© Inverse Z-Transform Solution: (c) Since, X@) = = (22) (St _) -—zt+1. \sina/\z? — 2zcosat+1 By coefficient matching, we have, —2cosa=—1 Hence, cos a = 0.5, and a = 60°. Substituting a = 60° into the sine function leads to: sina =sin 60° = 0,866 Finally, we have, 10 zsina x(n) = saat f 0 ——sin (60°n) 1 sina z* — 2zcosa + d= 0.866© Inverse Z-Transform Solution: (d) By linearity principle, x(n) = 21 {-5—} FO 6 +0 {e4*— } Using the z-transform table, we have,© Inverse Z-Transform Inverse Z-Transform with Partial Fraction Decomposition: 1. Partial fraction with the first-order real pole: A= R=e-py 2) zZ—p z=) 2. Partial fraction with the first-order complex poles: Ae AZ ga PX Zz-P z—-P* Z |ep 3. Partial fraction with mth-order real poles: Rn Rm-1 Ry zp @-pe Gp _ 1 dk mX(2) = Gale] Z=p© Inverse Z-Transform Residue Method - has its basis in a branch of mathematics called complex integration. In many cases inversion using residues is easier than using partial fractions. + For First Order Pole: R = Res[G(2),p] = (@ — p)G@) | z=p + For Nth Order Pole: 1 Kk=1 (k- Diaz real Ry, = Res|G(2), pli = @-ry" | |© Inverse Z-Transform Example 1: Find the inverse of the following z-transform: 1 X(z) = ———————— @ = G=-pja ose) Solution: Eliminating the negative power of z by multiplying the numerator and denominator by z? yields: 2 2 X@ = 2G=7DG-082) — @=DE-05) Dividing both sides by z leads to, X(z) = lea = [A+] (z-1)(@- 0.5). z-1 2-05. By residue method, we have, X(z Zz 1 A= Res © |- “T7057© Inverse Z-Transform Solution: Continuation, B=R x@) 0:5 |= = 05 _ 1 Nes TT Teos 05-1 22 Zz z-1 2-05 + x(n) = 2u(n) — (0.5)"u(n)© Inverse Z-Transform Example 2: Find y(n) if Y(z) is given as, 2(z+1) ’@) = G-pe-2 405) Solution: Dividing Y(z) by z, we have, 2(z +1) ¥@) = le —D(@—z+t 05) Applying the partial fraction expansion leads to, yi [ot A A* @ =z) 4+ 7-05-j05 'z—-054)05 We first find B as: Y(z) 1|= 2(z +1) z’ | 2-2+05 _— 1041) a1 127-1405 B= Res|© Inverse Z-Transform Solution: Notice that A and A* form a complex conjugate pair. We determine A as follows: Y(z A= es| @ Zz z(z+1) ,0.5 + j0.$| = ————__-__ (@-1D@-05 + j05)I_5 ne (0.5 + j0.5)(0.5 + 0.5 + 1) (0.5 + j0.5)(1.5 + j0.5) ~(5+j05—-105+j05—05+j05) (-05+j05)j Using the polar form, we get, _ 0.707/45°)(1.58114/18,43°) _ 5 4=—anoT ssa 90) = 158114/= 161.57 A* = 1.58114/161.57° Assume that a first-order complex pole has the form, P=0.5 +0.5j =|P|/@ = 0.707/45° and P* = 0.707/— 45°© Inverse Z-Transform Solution: Thus, we have, Az Az A‘z z—-1 2—-P\z—P* Using the linearity principle, we have, = 47-1 Zz oa AZ A‘z y(n) = {—}+ (otal Y@) = Subsequent simplification yields to, y(n) = 4u(n) + 2|A||P|"cos (nd + ) u(n)© Inverse Z-Transform Example 3: Find x(n) if X(z) is given as: Zz X(z) = ———__—— @=G-pe-05 Solution: Dividing both sides of the previous z-transform by z yields, X(z) Zz A B Cc 2 = + + 2 z (2-12-05)? z-1 z-05° (z-0.5) where, _ X(z) _ Zz A= res| Zz | ~@=05)",_, Using the formulas for mth-order real poles in Table 5.3, where m = 2 and p = 0.5, to determine B and C yields @ o<| - 1 08) aay wale"... Xx | z= B= Ry = Res |=© Inverse Z-Transform Solution: Continuation... d Zz -1 =D" =A, a C=R,=— 0.5)? 2 =-1 Hh = GT sale- ) fe oe Thus, we have, —4z —1z +7 ep z-1 z-05 (z—0.5) Taking the inverse z-transform, we have, Gee tat oe { Z =a } ~ age {=} x(n) ) X(z) = u(n) — 4(0.5)"u(n) — 2n(0.5)"u(;© Table of Contents 1, Z-Transform 2. Properties of Z-Transform 3. Inverse Z-Transform 4. Solutions of Difference Equation© Solution of Difference Equations Solution of Difference Equation Using Z-Transform: Using the shift theorem of the z-transform, where, Right Shift Theorem: Z{x(n — m)} = x(—m) + x(—m + Iz) +... + x(-1) 2-1 + 2 ™X(z) + Left Shift Theorem: Z{x(n + m)} = 2™X(z) — 2™x(0) — 2z™1x(1) — ... — zx(m — 1) Procedure for the Solution: 1. Apply z-transform to the difference equation. Substitute the initial conditions. Solve for the difference equation in z-transform domain. - Y N Find the solution in time domain by applying the inverse z- transform.© Solution of Difference Equations Example 1: Solve the difference equation, y(n+1)-y(m) =4d, n=0,1,2,.. y(0)=a where a and d are constants. Solution: Applying z-transform for both side of the equation, we have, dz 2¥(2) ~ zy(0) — ¥(@) == Substituting the initial condition y(0) = 0 and solving for Y(z), we got, (Z-DY@= a +az Zils dz az YO= Groat zai Then, we take the inverse z-transform to get y(n),© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: Applying inverse z-transform for both sides, yen) = IY ay) = dt fh 4 at f=} y(n) = dnu(n) + au(n) y(n) = [a + dnju(n) y(n) =at+dn n=0,1,2,... Note: This solution give the nth term of an arithmetic sequence with a constant difference d and initial term a.© Solution of Difference Equations Example 2: Solve the difference equation, ym) -ym-1)=d n=0,1,2,... y(-1) =a where a and d are constants. Solution: Start by taking the z-transform of the equation as, dz ¥(@) - e*¥@) + x) = 1 Y(2)Q-z74)-a= = ¥(2) &G = *) = — +a dz? az Y(z) = sy Ss (2-1)? z-1© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: Taking the inverse z-transform, we have, y(n) = Z{Y(z)} = dz* {z . am} +aZ* { = 1 } y(m) = d(n + 1)u(n) + au(n) y(n) = [a+ (r+ 1)dJu(n)© Solution of Difference Equations Example 3: A digital signal processing (DSP) system is described by the difference equation below. Determine the solution when the initial condition is given by y(—1) = 1. y(n) — 0.5y(n — 1) = 5(0.2)"u(n) Solution: Applying the z-transform on both sides of the difference equation, we have Y¥(z) — 0.5[y(-1) + 2-1¥(z)] = 5Z{0.2"u(n)} Substituting the initial condition and Z{0.2"u(n)} = z/(z — 0.2), we got, Y(z) — 0.5[1 + 2-1Y(z)] = 52/(z — 0.2) Y(z) — 0.5271Y(z) = 0.5 + 5z/(z — 0.2) Factoring out Y(z) and combining the right-hand side of the equation, it follows that 5.5z—-0.1 ¥(2)(1— 0.5271) = =© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: Then we obtain, 5.5z—0.1 2(5.5z — 0.1) Y@) = ooo ooo (1-052 (¢-0.2) (z—0.5)(z—0.2) Using the partial fraction expansion method leads to, Y@) = 5.5z—-0.1 |= f A i B @=2\G-o5G@-02)~*lz-05 +202 where, ¥(2) 5.5z—0.1 A= Res ,0.5|=-——"| = 8.8333 z—0.2 I-05 Y(z) 5.5z — 0.1 B= Res 0.2) =" | = 3.3333 Z-0.5 |z=0.2 8.8333 —3.3333] 8.8333z —3.3333z Y(a)= + = esas 0128 are eee 02© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: Taking the inverse z-transform, we have, y(n) = ZY (2)} = 8.83332-2 {—_} — 3.33332 { ; = 3} Zz — 0.5. y(n) = 8.3333(0.5)"u(n) — 3.3333(0.2)"u(n) y(n) = [8.3333(0.5)" — 3.3333(0.2)"]u(n) y(n) = 8.3333(0.5)" — 3.3333(0.2)"” n=0,1,2,© Solution of Difference Equations Example 4: By solving the second order difference equation below, obtain the general term y(n) of the Fibonacci sequence. y(n +2) =y(n+ 1) + ym) y@) =y@)=1 Solution: Taking the z-transform for both equation, 2Y(z) — z?y(0) — zy(1) = z¥(z) — zy(0) + Y@) PY (2) — 2? 5/4 = 2Y(z) 2+ Y(2) Y(2)(z* -z-1) = 2? Y(z) = a @= z—z-1 Next, solve the quadratic equation z* — z — 1 = 0 and hence factorize the denominator of Y(z):© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: Solving for z* — z—1=0, a=05+V5/2, b=0.5—V5/2 Thus, we have, 2 2 Z—z-1 (@-ae-b) By partial fraction decomposition, Y@= B De «le-aezpl =? Lats] Y(z) _ 2 _ a A= res| z l= o-s5 (z) Zz re) Be res| | zaalep "ba© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: By taking the inverse z-transform, we have, y(n) = £4¥(@)} = az {—_} + Ba i) Z— a y(n) = Aa” + Bb” = (+) a+ (-) bn nti — pnt WO = 5 Substituting the values of a = 0.5 + v5/2, and b = 0.5 — v5/2, where, a- b= (0.5 + V5/2) — (0.5 — V5/2) = V5© Solution of Difference Equations Example 5: A relaxed (zero initial conditions) DSP system is described by the difference equation, y(n) + 0.1y(n — 1) — 0.2y(n — 2) = x(n) + x(n — 1) a) Determine the impulse response y(n) due to the impulse sequence x(n) = 6(n) b) Determine system response y(n) due to the unit step function excitation, where u(n) = 1 forn > 0. Solution: Applying the z-transform on both sides of the difference equations, we yield, Y(z) + 0.1¥(z)z~4 — 0.2Y(z)z~* = X(z) + X(z)z Factoring out Y(z) on the left side and substituting X(z) = Z{5(n)} = 1, Y(z)(1 + 0.1271 — 0.2277) =14+271 1+z1 Y(z) = @ = Ty0ar* oar© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: To obtain the impulse response, which is the inverse z- transform of the transfer function, we multiply the numerator and denominator by z?, +z z(z+1) Y@) == = z*+01z-0.2 (z—0.4)(z+0.5) Using the partial fraction expansion method leads to, Y _ zt+1 | _ A a B @ =e =p HG +05) ~7lz—-04 77405 where, Y(z) zt+1 A= Res 0.4) = = 1.5556 Z+05l220.4 Y(z) zt+i1 B= Res 0.5] = =— 0.5556 4 Z+0Al,--0.5© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: Thus, 1.5556z —0.5556z 7-04) 2405 which gives the impulse response, y(n) = 1.5556(0.4)"u(n) — 0.5556(—0.5)"u(n) (b) To obtain the response due to a unit step function, the input sequence is set to be x(n) = u(n), and the z-transform is then, Zz Y(z) = X@Z= z-1 Thus, taking the z-transform, Y(z)(1 + 0.1274 — 0.2272) = sa +27) Wee 1+z7 _ 2(z+1) QT (; +0427 — a=) @—DE—04(z +05)© Solution of Difference Equations Solution: Using the partial fraction expansion method as before gives, 2.2222z -—1.0370z —0.1852z "@= 7 +04 + 7405 and the system response is found by using the z-transform table as, y(n) = 2.2222u(n) — 1.0370(0.4)"u(n) — 0.1852(—0.5)"u(n) y(n) = [2.2222 — 1.0370(0.4)" — 0.1852(—0.5)"]u(n)