Scribd
Upload
7 views

Spectrogram

The document provides a detailed explanation of the 'spectrogram' function, which computes and visualizes the short-time Fourier transform of a signal. It outlines various syntax options for using the function, including parameters for windowing, overlap, FFT length, and sampling frequency. Additionally, it includes examples of how to compute and display power spectral density for different types of chirp signals.

Uploaded by

bittor jauregi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Spectrogram

The document provides a detailed explanation of the 'spectrogram' function, which computes and visualizes the short-time Fourier transform of a signal. It outlines various syntax options for using the function, including parameters for windowing, overlap, FFT length, and sampling frequency. Additionally, it includes examples of how to compute and display power spectral density for different types of chirp signals.

Uploaded by

bittor jauregi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

spectrogram Página 1 de 6

Contents

spectrogram
Spectrogram using short-time Fourier transform

Syntax
S=spectrogram(x)
S=spectrogram(x,window)
S=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap)
S=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft)
S=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft,fs)
[S,F,T] = spectrogram(...)
[S,F,T]=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F)
[S,F,T]=spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F,fs)
[S,F,T,P]=spectrogram(...)
spectrogram(...,FREQLOCATION)
spectrogram(...)

Description
spectrogram, when used without any outputs, plots a spectrogram or, when
used with an S output, returns the short-time Fourier transform of the input signal.
To create a spectrogram from the returned short-time Fourier transform data, refer
to the [S,F,T,P] syntax described below.

S = spectrogram(x) returns S, the short time Fourier transform of the


input signal vector x. By default, x is divided into eight segments. If x cannot be
divided exactly into eight segments, it is truncated. These default values are used.

◾ window is a Hamming window of length nfft.


◾ noverlap is the number of samples that each segment overlaps. The default
value is the number producing 50% overlap between segments.

file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 2 de 6

◾ nfft is the FFT length and is the maximum of 256 or the next power of 2
greater than the length of each segment of x. Instead of nfft, you can specify
a vector of frequencies, F. See below for more information.

◾ fs is the sampling frequency, which defaults to normalized frequency.

Each column of S contains an estimate of the short-term, time-localized frequency


content of x. Time increases across the columns of S and frequency increases
down the rows.

If x is a length Nx complex signal, S is a complex matrix with nfft rows and k


columns, where for a scalar window

k = fix((Nx-noverlap)/(window-noverlap))

or if window is a vector

k = fix((Nx-noverlap)/(length(window)-noverlap))

For real x, the output S has (nfft/2+1) rows if nfft is even, and (nfft+1)/2
rows if nfft is odd.

S = spectrogram(x,window) uses the window specified. If window


is an integer, x is divided into segments equal to that integer value and a Hamming
window is used. If window is a vector, x is divided into segments equal to the
length of window and then the segments are windowed using the window
functions specified in the window vector. For a list of available windows see
Windows.

Note: To obtain the same results for the removed specgram function,
specify a 'Hann' window of length 256.

S = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap) overlaps noverlap


samples of each segment. noverlap must be an integer smaller than window
or if window is a vector, smaller than the length of window.

file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 3 de 6

S = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft) uses the nfft


number of sampling points to calculate the discrete Fourier transform. nfft must
be a scalar.

S = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,nfft,fs) uses fs
sampling frequency in Hz. If fs is specified as empty [], it defaults to 1 Hz.

[S,F,T] = spectrogram(...) returns a vector of frequencies, F, and a


vector of times, T, at which the spectrogram is computed. F has length equal to the
number of rows of S. T has length k (defined above) and the values in T
correspond to the center of each segment.

[S,F,T] = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F) uses a vector


F of frequencies in Hz. F must be a vector with at least two elements. This case
computes the spectrogram at the frequencies in F using the Goertzel algorithm.
The specified frequencies are rounded to the nearest DFT bin commensurate with
the signal's resolution. In all other syntax cases where nfft or a default for
nfft is used, the short-time Fourier transform is used. The F vector returned is a
vector of the rounded frequencies. T is a vector of times at which the spectrogram
is computed. The length of F is equal to the number of rows of S. The length of T
is equal to k, as defined above and each value corresponds to the center of each
segment.

[S,F,T] = spectrogram(x,window,noverlap,F,fs) uses a


vector F of frequencies in Hz as above and uses the fs sampling frequency in Hz.
If fs is specified as empty [], it defaults to 1 Hz.

[S,F,T,P] = spectrogram(...) returns a matrix P containing the


power spectral density (PSD) of each segment. For real x, P contains the one-
sided modified periodogram estimate of the PSD of each segment. For complex x
and when you specify a vector of frequencies F, P contains the two-sided PSD.

spectrogram(...,FREQLOCATION) specifies which axis to use as the


frequency axis in displaying the spectrogram. Specify FREQLOCATION as a
trailing string argument. Valid options are 'xaxis' or 'yaxis'. The strings

file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 4 de 6

are not case sensitive. If you do not specify FREQLOCATION, spectrogram


uses the x-axis as the frequency axis by default.

The elements of the PSD matrix P are given by where is a real-


valued scalar defined as follows

◾ For the one-sided PSD,

where denotes the window function (Hamming by default) and is the


sampling frequency. At zero and the Nyquist frequencies, the factor of 2 in the
numerator is replaced by 1.

◾ For the two-sided PSD,

at all frequencies.

◾ If the sampling frequency is not specified, is replaced in the denominator by


.

spectrogram(...) plots the PSD estimate for each segment on a surface in


a figure window. The plot is created using

surf(T,F,10*log10(abs(P)));
axis tight;
view(0,90);

Using spectrogram(...,'freqloc') syntax and adding a 'freqloc'


string (either 'xaxis' or 'yaxis') controls where the frequency axis is
displayed. Using 'xaxis' displays the frequency on the x-axis. Using
'yaxis' displays frequency on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. The default is
'xaxis'. If you specify both a 'freqloc' string and output arguments,
'freqloc' is ignored.

file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 5 de 6

Examples
Compute and display the PSD of each segment of a quadratic chirp, which starts at
100 Hz and crosses 200 Hz at t = 1 sec.

T = 0:0.001:2;
X = chirp(T,100,1,200,'q');
spectrogram(X,128,120,128,1E3);
title('Quadratic Chirp');

Compute and display the PSD of each segment of a linear chirp, which starts at DC
and crosses 150 Hz at t = 1 sec.

T = 0:0.001:2;
X = chirp(T,0,1,150);
[S,F,T,P] = spectrogram(X,256,250,256,1E3);
surf(T,F,10*log10(P),'edgecolor','none'); axis
tight;
view(0,90);
xlabel('Time (Seconds)'); ylabel('Hz');

file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014
spectrogram Página 6 de 6

More About
◾ Windows

References
[1] Oppenheim, A.V., and R.W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989, pp.713-718.

[2] Rabiner, L.R., and R.W. Schafer, Digital Processing of Speech Signals,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978.

See Also
goertzel | periodogram | pwelch | spectrum.periodogram |
spectrum.welch

Was this topic helpful? Yes No

file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013a/help/signal/ref/spectrogram.html 21/01/2014

You might also like