A SMART FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN ELECTRICAL GRID

USING IOT

Dr.G.TIRUPATI NAIDU, Associate Professor, Department of EEE, Satya Institute of

Technology and Management
Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: - [email protected]

NARLA GOWTHAMI, B Tech Student, Department of EEE, Satya Institute of Technology and
Management, Vizianagaram,
Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: - [email protected]
VALLE RANI, B Tech Student, Department of EEE, Satya Institute of Technology and
Management
Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: - [email protected]

MAJJI HARISH, B Tech Student, Department of EEE, Satya Institute of Technology and
Management
Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: - [email protected]
PATHINA AKANKSHA, B Tech Student, Department of EEE, Satya Institute of Technology
and Management
Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: - [email protected]
VEMALA CHANDRASEKHAR, B Tech Student, Department of EEE, Satya Institute of
Technology and Management, Vizianagaram,
Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: - [email protected]

SATYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT GAJULAREGA,

VIZIANAGARAM, Andhra Pradesh-535002.

ABSTRACT enhance the grid reliability, transformer health

Electrical power demands have increased check, and maintenance practices, we propose a
significantly over the last years due to rapid remote condition Internet of Things monitoring
increase in air conditioning units and home and fault prediction system that is based on a
appliances per domestic unit. Having an customized software-defined networking (SDN)
uninterrupted power supply is essential for the technology.
continuity of power-generated home services and In order to enhance the grid reliability,
industrial platforms. Therefore, in order to transformer health check, and maintenance
practices, we propose a remote condition Internet the processor for meeting that specific
of Things monitoring and fault prediction system requirement. The embedded software is also
that is based on a customized software defined called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer
networking (SDN) technology. This approach is is a general purpose computer. You can use it for
approach is a transition to smart grid a variety of applications such as playing games,
implementation by fusing the power grid with word processing, accounting, software
effi- cient and real-time wireless communication development and so on. In contrast, the software
architecture. The SDN implementation is in the embedded systems is always fixed listed
considered in two phases: one is controller below:
installed per local zone and the other is the main Embedded systems do a very specific task, they
controller that is installed between zones and cannot be programmed to do different things. .
connected to the core network. The core network Embedded systems have very limited resources,
consists of redundant links to recover from any particularly the memory. Generally, they do not
future fails. Furthermore, we propose a have secondary storage devices such as the
prediction system based on an artificial neural CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems
network algorithm, called distribution have to work against some deadlines. A specific
transformer fault prediction, that is installed in job has to be completed within a specific time. In
the management plane for periodic prediction some embedded systems, called real-time
based on real-time sensor traffic to our proposed systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a
cloud. Moreover, we propose a communication deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or
protocol in the local zone called local SDN- damage to property. Embedded systems are
sense. The SDN-sense ensures a reliable constrained for power. As many embedded
communication and local node selection to relay systems operate through a battery, the power
DT sensor data to the main controller. consumption has to be very low.
Some embedded systems have to operate in
Our proposed architecture showcases an effi- extreme environmental conditions such as very
cient approach to handle future interruption and high temperatures and humidity.
faults in power grid using cost-effective and 1.2 Brief History :
reliable infrastructure that can predict and Colombian student Hernando Barragán created
provide real-time health monitoring indices for the development platform Wiring as his Master's
the Iraqi grid network with minimal power thesis project in 2004 at the Interaction Design
interruptions. Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy. Massimo Banzi and
I. INTRODUCTION Casey Reas (known for his work on Processing)
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED were supervisors for his thesis. The goal was to
SYSTEMS: create low cost, simple tools for non- engineers
An embedded system can be defined as a to create digital projects. The Wiring platform
computing device that does a specific focused consisted of a hardware PCB with an
job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD ATmega128 microcontroller, an integrated
player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, development environment (IDE) based on
mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded Processing and library functions to easily
systems. Each of these appliances will have a program the microcontroller.
processor and special hardware to meet the In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis
specific requirement of the application along (then an IDII student) and David Cuartielles,
with the embedded software that is executed by added support for the cheaper ATmega8
microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of Fig:1.3 Building blocks of the hardware of an
continuing the work on Wiring, they forked (or embedded system
copied) the Wiring source code and started 1.4 PERIPHERALS:
running it as a separate project, called Arduino. Peripherals are the various devices that are
[4] connected to the CPU, for performing various
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, functions. Embedded systems talk with the
where some of the founders of the project used outside world via peripherals, such as:
to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Serialcommunication interfaces (SCI): RS-232,
Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of RS-422, RS-458 etc.
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014. • Synchronous Serial communication
1.3 Overview of Embedded System interfaces (SSCI): I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC
Architecture: and ESSI
Every embedded system consists of custom-built • Universal Serial Bus (USB)
hardware built around a Central Processing Unit • Networks: Controller Area Network, etc.
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory • Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and
chips onto which the software is loaded. The Time Processing units.
software residing on the memory chip is also • Discrete I/O: General Purpose
called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system Input/Output (GPIO).
architecture can be represented as a layered 1.5 PROCCESORS:
architecture as shown in Fig. Processors are the key elements in any
The operating system runs above the hardware, embedded system. They interact with the
and the application software runs above the memory, where the various instructions of useful
operating system. The same architecture is functions into a single IC package.
applicable to any computer including a desktop These functions are:
computer. However, there are significant • The ability to execute a stored set of
differences. It is not compulsory to have an instructions to carry out user defined tasks.
operating system in every embedded system. For • The ability to be able to access external
small appliances such as remote control units, air memory chips to both read and writes data
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an from and to the memory.
operating system and you can write only the 1.6 RELIABILITY:
software specific to that application the memory Embedded systems often reside in machines that
chip. Once the software is transferred to the are expected to run continuously for years
memory chip, the software will continue to run without errors and in some cases recover by
for a long time you don’t need to reload new themselves if any error occurs. Therefore the
software. software is usually developed and tested more
carefully than that for PC, and unreliable
mechanical moving parts such as Disk drives,
switches or buttons are avoided.
Specific reliability issues may include:
The system cannot safely be shut down for
repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair.
Solutions may involve subsystems with
redundant spares that can be switched over to, or
software “limp modes” that provide partial
function or software “limp modes” that provide Grid
3 IoT systems
partial function. (2022)
Examples include space systems, undersea
Provides a
cables, navigational beacons, borehole systems comprehensiv
and automobiles. Very simple with a single S. K. Faults
e survey of
Singh, in
microcontroller chip to very complex with faults in smart
A. K. Smart
multiple units peripherals and networks inside grid systems,
Singh, Grid
including
large chassis or enclosure. and Syste
monitoring,
LITERATURE SURVEY ms
detection, and
(2022)

AUT R. K.
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importance of , and Detect fault detection
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2
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R. K. Smart smart 3.1 OVERVIEW:
Sharm Optim optimization The electrical grid is a complex and critical
a, A. ization of fault infrastructure that requires efficient and reliable
K. of diagnosis in
Singh, Fault electrical operation to meet the ever-growing demand for
and S. Diagn grids using electricity.
K. osis in distributed However, faults and failures in the grid can lead
Singh Electri software- to power outages, equipment damage, and even
cal defined
safety risks. Traditional fault diagnosis methods,
which rely on centralized monitoring and manual The DHT-11 is used to Measures the
analysis, are often time- consuming, prone to temperature of the environment that detect
errors, and insufficient for real-time decision- overheating or other temperature-related issues.
making. Ultra sonic Measures distance, which can be
Recent advances in Internet of Things (IoT) used for detecting the physical presence of
technologies and software-defined networking components or for monitoring conditions like oil
(SDN) have paved the way for the development levels in certain scenarios . The ESP8266 Wi- Fi
of distributed and smart fault diagnosis systems. module sends this information to the internet so
By leveraging IoT sensors, edge computing, and that you can monitor the system on your phone
machine learning algorithms, it is possible to or computer from anywhere.
detect and diagnose faults in real-time, reducing • For that we are using a platform called
the likelihood of power outages and improving "Thing Speak" for real time monitoring. The
the overall reliability of the electrical grid. ACS 712 current sensor measures the flow of
This paper proposes a novel smart optimization electricity to detect overloads or short circuits.
approach for fault diagnosis in electrical grids • If any of the sensors detect abnormal
using a distributed software-defined IoT system. readings e.g., over-voltage, temperature too high,
The proposed approach integrates IoT sensors, abnormal distance, the system will Activate the
SDN, and machine learning algorithms to enable Buzzer to alert the users to the fault.
real-time fault detection, diagnosis, and • Display the status on the LCD, showing
response. the fault type.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM: • Activate the Relay to disconnect the load
or shut down the system to prevent further
damage.
RESULT:

Fig:3.2 Block diagram for a smart fault diagnosis

in electrical grid using iot
3.3 OPERATION:
The goal is to detect faults such as over-voltage,
under-voltage, temperature fluctuations, and Fig:4.1 Hardware setup for A smart fault
distance-based issues using various sensors and diagnosis in electrical grid using IOT
devices, while alerting the user to the problem. • Continuous Monitoring: Voltage,
In this Arduino board inserting some sensors and current, oil level, and temperature are constantly
it gathers all this information from the monitored.
sensors.and The voltage sensor Used to measure • Fault Detection: Sensors send signals to
the voltage in the electrical grids and it Helps in Arduino Uno when a fault occurs.
detecting over-voltage or under-voltage • Alert System: Arduino Uno triggers
conditions, If it goes beyond a safe threshold buzzer and LCD display.
(either high or low), a fault is triggered.
• Alarm and Display: Buzzer sounds and
LCD shows fault condition.
• Protection: Relay trips, disconnecting
circuit and safeguarding equipment.

Fig:6.3.4 The Real-time Monitoring of Voltage

and Current Readings in ThingSpeak Website
Fig:4.1.1 The Operation for A smart fault 5.1 CONCLUSION:
diagnosis in electrical grid using IOT It provides an efficient and reliable way to
monitor and detect faults in real-time. By using
Thing Speak platform the system continuously
tracks critical parameters such as voltage,
current, temperature, and other environmental
factors. the ThingSpeak app provides an
innovative and efficient way to monitor and
detect faults in real-time, By collecting data from
Fig:4.1.2 The Real-time Monitoring of Oil Level sensors. When abnormal conditions or faults are
Readings in ThingSpeak Website detected, the system sends instant alerts through
the IoT platform, allowing for quick response
and minimizing damage. This improves the
safety, reliability, and efficiency of the electrical
grid. The use of IoT also makes remote
monitoring possible, reducing manual efforts and
maintenance costs. Overall, this smart fault
diagnosis system is a step toward smarter and
more sustainable energy management.
For example, imagine the voltage suddenly drops
in a certain area. The voltage sensor quickly
notices this change and sends the information to
the central system through the ThingSpeak app.
Fig:4.2.3 Real-time Monitoring of Voltage and The system then triggers an alarm to alert the
Current Readings in ThingSpeak Website technician. The technician can check the issue,
such as a broken wire or an overloaded circuit,
and fix it before it causes bigger problems. This
helps in quickly finding and solving faults to
keep the electrical grid running smoothly.
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