Artificial intelligence and robotics

Rahul Bhosale and Sushil Dhote 19th march 2012

Abstract:
This document gives a short introduction to the basics of artificial intelligence robotics in the context. We described the what is artificial intelligence, type of A.i What is artificial intelligence? History of A .I, and other information without going deeply into theory. Application of artificial intelligence, Like computer science, medicine, telecommunication and heavy industry Etc. Then also the robotics information, ROBOTICSwhat does is means? History of robot, application etc. .Our power point presentation include all pt above mention, And our main topic is Artificial Intelligence and robotics. We are student of Government Polytechnic gondia.

The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligencethe sapience of Homo sapienscan be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[5] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[6] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,[7] but has also suffered setbacks[8] and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.[9]

What is Artificial intelligence?

When it comes to making complex judgement calls, computers cant replace people. But with artificial intelligence, computers could be trained to think like humans do. Artificial intelligence allows computers to learn from experience, recognize patterns in large amounts of complex data and make complex decisions based on human knowledge and reasoning skills. Artificial intelligence has become an important field of study with a wide spread of applications in fields ranging from medicine to agriculture. AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail in the task of communicating with each other.[10] Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, and the solution of specific problems, resulting

Introduction:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4]

in longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.[12]

History:
The history of artificial intelligence began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen; as Pamela McCorduck writes, AI began with "an ancient wish to forge the gods. The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols. This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning. This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain. The field of artificial intelligence research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956. Those who attended would become the leaders of AI research for decades. Many of them predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human being would exist in no more than a generation and they were given millions of dollars to make this vision come true. Eventually it became obvious that they had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project. In 1973, in response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthsl and ongoing pressure from congress, the U.S. and British Governments stopped funding undirected research into artificial intelligence. Seven years later, a visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to provide AI with billions of dollars, but by the late 80s the investors became disillusioned and withdrew funding again. This cycle of boom and bust, of "AI winters" and summers, continues to haunt the field. Undaunted, there are those who make extraordinary predictions even now. Progress in AI has continued, despite the rise and fall of its reputation in the eyes of government bureaucrats and venture capitalists. Problems that had begun to seem impossible in 1970 have been solved and the solutions are now

Types of A .i :
Strong AI is artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence the intelligence of a machine that can successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can.[1] It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and an important topic for science fiction writers and futurists. Strong AI is also referred to as "artificial general intelligence"[2] or as the ability to perform "general intelligent action".[3] Science fiction associates strong AI with such human traits as consciousness, sentience, sapience and selfawareness. Some references emphasize a distinction between strong AI and "applied AI"[4] (also called "narrow AI"[1] or "weak AI"[5]): the use of software to study or accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks that do not encompass (or in some cases are completely outside of) the full range of human cognitive abilities An artificial intelligence system which is not intended to match or exceed the capabilities of human beings, as opposed to strong AI, which is. Also known as applied AI or narrow AI. (See strong AI) The weak AI hypothesis: the philosophical position that machines can demonstrate intelligence, but do not necessarily have a mind, mental states or consciousness.

used in successful commercial products. However, no machine has been built with a human level of intelligence, contrary to the optimistic predictions of the first generation of AI researchers. "We can only see a short distance ahead," admitted Alan Turing, in a famous 1950 paper that catalyzed the modern search for machines that think. "But," he added, "we can see much that must be done."

computer mouse, rapid development environments, the linked list data structure, automatic storage management, symbolic programming, functional programming, dynamic programming and object-oriented programming.

Finance:
Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition. Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. Creative Virtual has deployed artificial intelligence customer support systems, or automated online assistants, at E*TRADE, HSBC, Intuit and Lloyds Banking Group, to assist financial services customers with services such as checking an account balance, signing up for a new credit card or retrieving a forgotten password.

What Is Intelligence?
Beyond the Flynn Effect is a book by psychologist James R. Flynn which outlines his model for an explanation of the eponymous Flynn effect. The book summarizes much of the work of Flynn in this area as well as that of his colleague William Dickens of the Brookings Institution Likely fictional, the Iliad illustrates the concept of robotics by stating that the god Hephaestus made talking mechanical handmaidens out of gold.[1] Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum is reputed to have built a mechanical pigeon around 400 BC, possibly powered by steam, capable of flying. The clepsydra was made in 250 BC by Ctesibius of Alexandria, a physicist and inventor from Ptolemaic Egypt. Heron of Alexandria (1070 AD) created some mechanical devices in the late 1st century AD, including one that allegedly could speak.

Hospitals
A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide medical information. Artificial neural networks are used as clinical decision support systems for medical diagnosis, such as in Concept Processing technology in EMR software.

Application of artificial intelligence:

Computer science AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and are no longer considered a part of AI. (See AI effect). According to Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 15), all of the following were originally developed in AI laboratories: time sharing, interactive interpreters, graphical user interfaces and the

Heavy industry
Robots have become common in many industries.. They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which

humans may find degrading. Japan is the leader in using and producing robots in the world. In 1999, 1,700,000 robots were in use worldwide. For more information, see survey[5] about artificial intelligence in business. Online and telephone customer service An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page. Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online assistants that can be seen as avatars on web pages.[6] It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operating and training cost.[6] A major underlying technology to such systems is natural language processing.[6] Similar techniques may be used in answering machines of call centres, such as speech recognition software to allow computers to handle first level of customer support, text mining and natural language processing to allow better customer handling, agent training by automatic mining of best practices from past interactions, support automation and many other technologies to improve agent productivity and customer satisfaction.[7]

that provides the work schedules of 20,000 engineers.

Toys and games

The 1990s saw some of the first attempts to mass-produce domestically aimed types of basic Artificial Intelligence for education, or leisure. This prospered greatly with the Digital Revolution, and helped introduce people, especially children, to a life of dealing with various types of AI, specifically in the form of Tamagotchis and Giga Pets, the Internet (example: basic search engine interfaces are one simple form), and the first widely released robot, Furby. A mere year later an improved type of domestic robot was released in the form of Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy. AI has also been applied to video games.

Music
The evolution of music has always been affected by technology. With AI, scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the activities of the skillful musician. Composition, performance, music theory, sound processing are some of the major areas on which research in Music and Artificial Intelligence are focusing.

Transportation
Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic gearboxes in automobiles (the 2006 Audi TT, VW Toureg[citation needed] and VW Caravell feature the DSP transmission which utilizes Fuzzy logic, a number of koda variants (koda Fabia) also currently include a Fuzzy Logic based controller).

Other
Various tools of artificial intelligence are also being widely deployed in homeland security, speech and text recognition, data mining, and email spam filtering. Applications are also being developed for gesture recognition (understanding of sign language by machines), individual voice recognition, global voice recognition (from a variety of people in a noisy room), facial expression recognition for interpretation of emotion and non verbal queues. Other applications are robot navigation, obstacle avoidance, and object recognition.[citation needed]

Telecommunications
Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search in the management of their workforces, for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search[8] in a scheduling application

Introduction of robotics:
Word robot was coined by a Czech novelist Karel Capek in a 1920 play titled Rassums Universal Robots (RUR) Robot in Czech is a word for worker or servant _Definition of robot: Any machine made by by one our members: Robot Institute of America _ A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks: Robot Institute of America, 1979

"A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks"

History of robots
The history of robots has its roots as far back as ancient myths and legends. Modern concepts were begun to be developed when the Industrial Revolution allowed the use of more complex mechanics and the subsequent introduction of electricity made it possible to power machines with small compact motors. After the 1920s the modern formulation of a humanoid machine was developed to the stage where it was possible to envisage human sized robots with the capacity for near human thoughts and movements, first envisaged millennia before. The first uses of modern robots were in factories as industrial robots - simple fixed machines capable of manufacturing tasks which allowed production without the need for human assistance. Digitally controlled industrial robots and robots making use of artificial intelligence have been built since the 1960s. Chinese accounts relate a history of automata back to the 10th century BC when Yan Shi is credited with making an automaton resembling a human in an account from the Lie Zi text. Western and Eastern civilisations have concepts of artificial servants and companions with a long history. Many ancient mythologies include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus (Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend.

So what is a robot?
Well it is a system that contains sensors, control systems, manipulators, power supplies and software all working together to perform a task. Designing, building, programming and testing a robots is a combination of physics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, structural engineering, mathematics and computing. In some cases biology, medicine, chemistry might also be involved. A study of robotics means that students are actively engaged with all of these disciplines in a deeply problem-posing problemsolving environment. The word 'robot' was coined by the Czech playwright Karel Capek (pronounced "chop'ek") from the Czech word for forced labor or serf. Capek was reportedly several times a candidate for the Nobel prize for his works and very influential and prolific as a writer and playwright. Mercifully, he died before the Gestapo got to him for his anti-Nazi sympathies in 1938. Define:

Application of robotics:
Military robots:

Military robots include the SWORDS robot which is currently used in ground-based combat. It can use a variety of weapons and there is some discussion of giving it some degree of autonomy in battleground situations.[90][91][92] Unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs), which are an upgraded form of UAVs, can do a wide variety of missions, including combat. UCAVs are being designed such as the Mantis UCAV which would have the ability to fly themselves, to pick their own course and target, and to make most decisions on their own.[93] The BAE Taranis is a UCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection.[94] Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011.[95][96] The AAAI has studied this topic in depth[53] and its president has commissioned a study to look at this issue.[97]

stop and wait for signal from Earth to help it proceed.

WHY ROBOTICS?
Compared with humans, robots are quicker to train, cheaper to maintain, easier to refuel and repair and less prone to be bored by repetitive tasks. They could help the elderly and chronically ill to remain independent, reducing the need for careers and the demand for care homes.

WHY HEALTHCARE ROBOTICS :

Medical Robotics is an emerging sub-discipline of robotics in which humans are the focal point of its creation. Humans interact with medical robotics either as health providers such as physicians or as the healthcare recipients - the patients. Introducing a medical robot at the interface between a physician and a patient is based on an understanding of the medical treatment itself and its related biology, physiology and anatomy. Inherent to the field of medical robotics is a unique synergy between medicine, life and health sciences, and many sub-disciplines of engineering.

Space Exploration:
Robotic spacecraft are especially useful in space exploration where distances are too long and environments too hostile and dangerous to send humans. Before astronauts were sent to the Moon, a series of Surveyor spacecraft softlanded on the lunar surface between 1966 and 1968. Triggered by electronic signals from Earthbound humans, four Surveyors transmitted thousands of images back to Earth and analyzed solid samples gathered with an extendible claw. Based on this information, the United States was able to plan its manned Apollo Moon missions. The Soviet Lunokhod 1 lunar rover can be called the first mobile robot to explore an extraterrestrial body. In 1970 it rolled out onto the Moon's surface from the Luna 17 spacecraft and was remotely controlled by Soviet scientists through television viewers. One of its autonomous functions was the ability to sense when it was going to tip over and automatically

Domestic:
A domestic is a robot used for household chores. Thus far, there are only a few limited models, though science fiction writers and other speculators have suggested that they could become more common in the future. In 2006, Bill Gates wrote an article for Scientific American titled "A Robot in Every Home".[1] Many domestic robots are used for basic household chores, such as the Electrolux Trilobite, Roomba and the SLAM based Neato Robotics vacuum cleaner robot. Others are educational or entertainment robots, such as the HERO line of the 1980s or the AIBO. While most domestic robots are simplistic, some are

connected to WiFi home networks or smart environments and are autonomous to a high degree. There were an estimated 3,540,000 service robots in use in 2006, compared with an estimated 950,000 industrial robots.[2]

sources to control the movement of the robot in order to accomplish a task The idea of applying robotics technology in agriculture is very new. The main area of application of robots in agriculture is at the harvesting stage. Fruit picking robot and sheep shearing robot are designed to replace human labour. The agricultural industry is behind other industries in using robots because the sort of jobs involved in agriculture are not straight forward and many repetitive tasks are not exactly the same everytime. In most cases, a lot of factors have to be considered(ie: size and colour of the fruit to be picked) before the commencement of a task.

Social robotics:
The definition states that a social robot should communicate and interact with humans and embodied agents. These are likely to be cooperative, but the definition is not limited to this situation. Moreover, uncooperative behavior can be considered social in certain situations. The robot could, for example, exhibit competitive behavior within the framework of a game. The robot could also interact with a minimum or no communication

Robots in Recreations and Sports:

Sports and recreations is one of the main areas of robotics industry. One of the main areas of robots in to make it look like humans . those robots are called humanoid robot which a robot with its overall appearance, based on that of the human body, allowing interaction with madefor-human tools or environments. examples of those are toys used for kids. Robots in sports are also another important issue like what is happening in soccer fields robots .where teams used to play real matches using just robots.

Advantages of Robotics in Business:

Quality and Accuracy of Work Robotic systems have the capability of impressively meliorating the quality of work. They don't make any mistakes and errors as humans do. This saves a lot of important output and production time. They provide optimum output in regards to quality as well as quantity. In the medical field, they are used to carry out complicated surgeries which are very difficult for doctors and surgeons to perform. In the industrial sector they prevent any errors in the production of goods. Quantity of Production If robots are used for production purposes, the throughput speed rises, which directly has an effect on production. They have the capability to work at a constant speed without the need to take short breaks, sleeps, vacations, and some other time-spending factors. Moreover, they have the potential to produce considerably more than a human worker

Agriculture:
Robotics is one of the fastest growing engineering fields of today. Millions of dollars have been spent in the developments of robots to be used in all sorts of field. The use of robots is more common today than ever before and it is no longer exclusively used by the heavy production industries. Robots are designed to remove the human factor from labour intensive or dangerous work. The computer is the brain of the robot which receives data from various

The Disadvantages of Robots:

Expense: The initial investment of robots is significant, especially when business owners are limiting their purchases to new robotic equipment. The cost of automation should be calculated in light of a business' greater financial budget. Regular maintenance needs can have a financial toll as well. ROI: Incorporating industrial robots does not guarantee results. Without planning, companies can have difficulty achieving their goals. Expertise: Employees will require training in programming and interacting with the new robotic equipment. This normally takestime and financial output. Safety: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15529850 Robots may protect workers from some hazards, but in the meantime, their very presence can create other safety problems. These new dangers must be taken into consideration. Roboticstechnologycenter.com/artificialintelligence wwwformal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html www.melbpc.org.au/pcupdate/2205/2205arti cle10.htm

References:
www.robotics.technion.ac.il/courses en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence smart-machines.blogspot.com www.princetonreview.com robotics.stanford.edu

www.existor.com
www.adept.com/products/mobile-robots United States