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First&follow

The document contains Python code for computing FIRST and FOLLOW sets in a context-free grammar. It defines two helper functions, `compute_first` and `compute_follow`, which recursively calculate the FIRST and FOLLOW sets for non-terminals in the grammar. An example grammar is provided, and the code outputs the computed FIRST and FOLLOW sets.

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23 views2 pages

First&follow

The document contains Python code for computing FIRST and FOLLOW sets in a context-free grammar. It defines two helper functions, `compute_first` and `compute_follow`, which recursively calculate the FIRST and FOLLOW sets for non-terminals in the grammar. An example grammar is provided, and the code outputs the computed FIRST and FOLLOW sets.

Uploaded by

gazalgg11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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from collections import defaultdict

# Helper function to compute FIRST sets


def compute_first(grammar):
first = defaultdict(set) # Stores FIRST sets for each non-terminal

def first_of(symbol):
# If FIRST(symbol) is already computed, return it
if symbol in first and first[symbol]:
return first[symbol]
# If symbol is a terminal (e.g., 'a'), its FIRST is itself
if not symbol.isupper():
return {symbol}
# For non-terminals (e.g., 'A'), compute recursively
result = set()
for production in grammar[symbol]: # Loop through all productions of the
symbol
for char in production: # Check each character in the production
char_first = first_of(char) # Recursive call to compute FIRST of
the character
result.update(char_first - {'ε'}) # Add all except epsilon
if 'ε' not in char_first: # Stop if epsilon is not present
break
else: # If all characters can produce epsilon, add epsilon
result.add('ε')
first[symbol] = result
return result

# Compute FIRST for all non-terminals in the grammar


for non_terminal in grammar:
first_of(non_terminal)
return first

# Helper function to compute FOLLOW sets


def compute_follow(grammar, start_symbol, first_sets):
follow = defaultdict(set) # Stores FOLLOW sets
follow[start_symbol].add('$') # Rule 1: Start symbol has $ in FOLLOW

# Repeat until no changes occur


while True:
updated = False
# Loop through all productions (A -> α)
for non_terminal, productions in grammar.items():
for production in productions:
trailer = follow[non_terminal].copy() # Initialize trailer with
FOLLOW(A)
# Traverse the production from right to left
for i in reversed(range(len(production))):
symbol = production[i]
if symbol.isupper(): # Only process non-terminals
# If FOLLOW(symbol) changes, mark as updated
if trailer - follow[symbol]:
follow[symbol].update(trailer)
updated = True
# Update trailer based on FIRST of current symbol
if 'ε' in first_sets[symbol]:
trailer.update(first_sets[symbol] - {'ε'})
else:
trailer = first_sets[symbol].copy()
else: # Terminal symbol resets the trailer
trailer = {symbol}
if not updated:
break
return follow

# Example Grammar
grammar = {
'E': ['T+E', 'T'],
'T': ['F*T', 'F'],
'F': ['(E)', 'id']
}

# Compute FIRST and FOLLOW


first_sets = compute_first(grammar)
follow_sets = compute_follow(grammar, 'E', first_sets)

# Print results
print("FIRST Sets:")
for nt in grammar:
print(f"FIRST({nt}) = {first_sets[nt]}")

print("\nFOLLOW Sets:")
for nt in grammar:
print(f"FOLLOW({nt}) = {follow_sets[nt]}")

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