GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ECE 2026 — Summer 2024

Final Exam
July 29, 2024

NAME: GT username:
(FIRST) (LAST) (e.g., gtxyz123)

Important Notes:
◦ Closed book, except for three double-sided pages (8.5”×11”) of hand-written notes.
◦ No calculators or other electronics (no smartphones/readers/watches/tablets/laptops/etc.)
◦ JUSTIFY your reasoning CLEARLY to receive partial credit.
◦ Express all angles as a fraction of π. For example, write 0.1π as opposed to 18° or 0.3142 radians.
◦ You must write your answer in the space provided on the exam paper itself.
Only these answers will be graded. Write your answers in the provided answer boxes.
◦ Do not write on the backs of pages, only the fronts will be graded.

Problem Points Score

1 10

2 10

3 10

4 15

5 10

6 15

7 10

8 10

9 10

TOTAL: 100

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

θ π π π π
0 --- --- --- ---
6 4 3 2
1---
sin( θ ) 0 ------2- ------3- 1
2 2 2
1---
cos( θ ) 1 ------3- ------2- 0
2 2 2
PROB. Su24-F.1. (The two parts of this problem are unrelated.)

(a) Find values for A > 0, F > 0, and t0 ∈[ 0, 0.01) so that:

x( t ) = Acos(120π(t – t0)) + 26cos(2πFt)cos(86πt)
is periodic with a fundamental frequency of 26 Hz.

A= ,
>0

F= Hz,
>0

t0 = sec.
∈[ 0, 0.01)

(b) Find the smallest positive integer M and the corresponding value of B so that
the following is true for all time t:

M w W
Bsin(πt) = k=0
cos π(t – k--- ) .
4

M= ,
>0

B= .
PROB. Su24-F.2. Consider the MATLAB code:

fsamp = ;

T = ;

D = ;

E = ;

F = ;

t = 0:(1/fsamp):T;
x = T*sin(D*t + E*cos(2*pi*F*t) + T);
spectrogram(x,300,[],1e4,fsamp,'yaxis');

Specify numerical values for the unspecified parameters so that

running the above code produces the following spectrogram:

4500

4000

3500

3000
FREQUENCY (Hz)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

TIME (SECONDS)
PROB. Su24-F.3. Consider the signal x( t ) whose spectrum is shown below:

1 1 1 1 1 1

–17 –15 –12 12 15 17 f [Hz]

Suppose we sample this signal with x( t ) IDEAL x[ n ] IDEAL y( t )

sampling rate fs, and then feed the C-to-D D-to-C
CONVERTER CONVERTER
samples to an ideal D-to-C converter
(with the same fs parameter), producing a fs = 1/Ts
continuous-time output y( t ):

(a) In order for y( t ) = x( t ), the sampling rate must satisfy fs > Hz.

(b) The largest sampling rate for which y( t ) is a constant is fs = Hz.

(c) When fs = 5 Hz, the output has the form y( t ) = B + Acos(2πf0t + ϕ)

where (in standard form):

B= ,

A= ,
>0

f0 = ,
>0

ϕ= ,
∈(–π, π]
PROB. Su24-F.4. Consider the following cascade of six first-difference filters:

x[ n ] FIRST FIRST FIRST FIRST FIRST FIRST

y[ n ]
DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE

(a) The dc gain of the overall system (indicated by the dashed box) is Hz. .

(b) Which of the following best describes the overall filter? [ LPF ][ HPF ][ BPF ][ NOTCH ][ ALL-PASS ].
(circle one)

(c) The impulse response of the overall system (indicated by the dashed box) satisfies:

h[ 0 ] = ,

h[ 1 ] = ,

h[ 2 ] = ,

h[ 3 ] = ,

h[ 4 ] = ,

h[ 5 ] = ,

h[ 6 ] = .

(d) If the output satisfies satisfies y[ n ] = 0 for n < 0 and y[ 0 ] = y[ 1 ] = y[ 2 ] = 1,

then the input at time 2 must be:

x[ 2 ] = .
PROB. Su24-F.5. Consider an LTI filter defined by the difference equation:

y[ n ] = x[ n ] + x[n – 1 ] + βx[n – 2 ] + x[n – 3 ] + x[n – 4 ].

If the output in response to the sum of sinusoids x[ n ] = cos(0.5πn) + cos(2πn/3)

is y[ n ] = 0 (for all n), then it must be that:

β= .
PROB. Su24-F.6. Shown below is the real-valued frequency response of an LTI filter:
H(e jω̂ )
1

–π 0.1π 0.3π 0.5π 0.7π π ω̂

TRUE FALSE
(a) The filter is FIR.

(b) Give an expression for the filter output y[ n ] when the filter input is x[ n ] = (cos(0.2πn))2:
y[ n ] = .
(simplify as much as possible)

Specify numerical values for the constants {A, B, ... Q} so that the impulse
response h[ n ] can be written in any of the following four different ways:
A= ,

B= ,
sin ( Bπn)D i
(c) h[ n ] = A ------------------------- cos(Cπn) + cos(Dπn) :
πn
C= ,

D= ,

FE= ,
sin ( Fπn)
(d) h[ n ] = E ------------------------- cos(0.2πn)cos(0.4πn):
πn
F= ,

G= ,

H= ,
sin ( Gπn) sin ( Hπn) sin ( Jπn) sin ( Kπn)
(e) h[ n ] = -------------------------
- + -------------------------- – ------------------------ – -------------------------- :
πn πn πn πn
J = ,

K= ,

F L= ,

D sin ( Pπn) sin ( Qπn) i

(f) h[ n ] = L ------------------------- – -------------------------
- cos(0.4πn): P = ,
πn πn

Q= .
PROB. Su24-F.7. Let {X[ 0 ], X[ 1 ], ... X[15]} be the 16-point DFT of
a length-four signal segment {x[ 0 ], x[ 1 ], x[ 2 ], x[ 3 ]}.

Find x[ 0 ] through x[ 3 ] if the locations of the DFT coefficients

in the complex plane are as indicated below, all on a circle of radius 2,
satisfying X[ k ]16 = 216 for all k:
Hint: Direct brute-force calculation not recommended without a calculator!

Im{ . }

X[ 4 ]
X[ 9 ] X[15]

X[14]
X[10]

S 2 X[ 5 ]
X[ 3 ] DIU
RA

X[ 8 ] X[ 0 ]
Re{ . }

)
le
rc
ci
X[13] X[11]
t
ni
(u

X[ 2 ] X[ 6 ]

X[ 7 ] X[ 1 ]
X[12]

Hint: All are real,

all are integers.

x[ 0 ] = ,

x[ 1 ] = ,

x[ 2 ] = ,

x[ 3 ] = .
PROB. Su24-F.8. Consider the following serial cascade of a pair of LTI systems:

x[ n ] LTI y1[ n ] = x2[ n ] LTI y[ n ]

SYSTEM #1 SYSTEM #2

h1 [ n ] H2( e jω̂ )

• The first system has impulse response h1[ n ] = 0.2n – 1u[ n – 1].
• The second system has frequency response H2( e jω̂ ) = 15 + Ae – jω̂ + Be – 2jω̂ ,
where A and B are real but otherwise unspecified.
Let h[ n ] denote the impulse response of the overall system (dashed box),
so that its Z transform H( z ) is the overall system function.

Find A and B so that the pole-zero plot for H( z ) is as shown below,

with two poles at the origin and a single zero at –2/3:

Im{z}

(2)
–2 Re{z}
------
3
)
le
irc
tc
ni
(u

A= ,

B= .
PROB. Su24-F.9. Shown on the right are the pole-zero plots for 15 LTI systems, labeled A through P.
Shown on the left are the corresponding magnitude responses |H( e jω̂ )|, but in a
scrambled order. Match the pole-zero plot to its corresponding magnitude response
by writing a letter (A through P) in each answer box.
|H( e jω̂ )|
(5)

−π π ω̂ Im{z}
A H
(5)

−π π ω̂ Re{z}

−π π ω̂
B I

−π π ω̂ (3)

−π π ω̂
c J
(2)

−π π ω̂

(4)

−π π ω̂ D
K
(5)
−π π ω̂

(5) (5)
−π π ω̂ E
L

−π π ω̂
(5)

−π π ω̂
F M
(5)

−π π ω̂
(2)

−π π ω̂ G N

−π π ω̂
(2)

−π π ω̂ P
 Table of DTFT Pairs

Time-Domain: xŒn Frequency-Domain: X.e j !O /

ıŒn 1

ıŒn n0  e j !n
O 0

sin. 21 L!/
O j !.L
O 1/=2
uŒn uŒn L e
sin. 21 !/
O
(
sin.!O b n/ 1 j!j
O  !O b
u.!O C !O b / u.!O !O b / D
n 0 !O b < j!j
O 
1
an uŒn .jaj < 1/ j !O
1 ae

Table of DTFT Properties

Property Name Time-Domain: xŒn Frequency-Domain: X.e j !O /

Periodic in !O X.e j.!C2/

O / D X.e j !O /

Linearity ax1 Œn C bx2 Œn aX1 .e j !O / C bX2 .e j !O /

Conjugate Symmetry xŒn is real X.e j !O / D X  .e j !O /

Conjugation x  Œn X  .e j !O /

Time-Reversal xŒ n X.e j !O /

j !d
O
Delay (d =integer) xŒn d e X.e j !O /

Frequency Shift xŒne j !O 0 n X.e j.!O !O 0 / /

1 j.!O !O 0 / / C 1 X.e j.!C

O !O 0 / /
Modulation xŒn cos.!O 0 n/ 2 X.e 2

Convolution xŒn  hŒn X.e j !O /H.e j !O /

1 Z 
X 1
Parseval’s Theorem jxŒnj2 jX.e j !O /j2 d !O
nD 1
2 

Date: 28-Apr-2013
 Table of Pairs for N -point DFT

Time-Domain: xŒn; n D 0; 1; 2; : : : ; N 1 Frequency-Domain: XŒk; k D 0; 1; 2; : : : ; N 1

If xŒn is finite length, i.e., ˇ

X Œk D X.e j !O /ˇ
ˇ
xŒn ¤ 0 only when n 2 Œ0; N 1 (frequency sampling the DTFT)
and the DTFT of xŒn is X.e j !O /
ˇ
!D2k=N
O

ıŒn 1

ıŒn n0  e j.2k=N /n0

e j.2 n=N /k0 N ıŒk k0 , when k0 2 Œ0; N 1

sin. 12 L.2k=N // j.2k=N /.L 1/=2

uŒn uŒn L, when L  N e
sin. 21 .2k=N //

sin. 21 L.2 n=N //

e j.2 n=N /.L 1/=2
N.uŒk uŒk L/, when L  N
sin. 12 .2 n=N //

Table of z-Transform Pairs

Signal Name Time-Domain: xŒn z-Domain: X.z/

Impulse ıŒn 1

n0
Shifted impulse ıŒn n0  z

1
Right-sided exponential an uŒn 1
; jaj < 1
1 az
1 r cos.!O 0 /z 1
Decaying cosine r n cos.!O 0 n/uŒn
1 2r cos.!O 0 /z 1 C r 2 z 2

1
cos.'/ r cos.!O 0 '/z
Decaying sinusoid Ar n cos.!O 0 n C '/uŒn A
1 2r cos.!O 0 /z 1 C r 2 z 2

Table of z-Transform Properties

Property Name Time-Domain xŒn z-Domain X.z/

Linearity ax1 Œn C bx2 Œn aX1 .z/ C bX2 .z/

d
Delay (d =integer) xŒn d z X.z/

Convolution xŒn  hŒn X.z/H.z/

Date: 28-April-2013
 GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ECE 2026 — Summer 2024

Final Exam
July 29, 2024

ANSWER KEY
NAME: GT username:
(FIRST) (LAST) (e.g., gtxyz123)

Important Notes:
◦ Closed book, except for three double-sided pages (8.5”×11”) of hand-written notes.
◦ No calculators or other electronics (no smartphones/readers/watches/tablets/laptops/etc.)
◦ JUSTIFY your reasoning CLEARLY to receive partial credit.
◦ Express all angles as a fraction of π. For example, write 0.1π as opposed to 18° or 0.3142 radians.
◦ You must write your answer in the space provided on the exam paper itself.
Only these answers will be graded. Write your answers in the provided answer boxes.
◦ Do not write on the backs of pages, only the fronts will be graded.

Problem Points Score

1 10

2 10

3 10

4 15

5 10

6 15

7 10

8 10

9 10

TOTAL: 100

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

θ π π π π
0 --- --- --- ---
6 4 3 2
1---
sin( θ ) 0 ------2- ------3- 1
2 2 2
1---
cos( θ ) 1 ------3- ------2- 0
2 2 2
PROB. Su24-F.1. (The two parts of this problem are unrelated.)

(a) Find values for A > 0, F > 0, and t0 ∈[ 0, 0.01) so that:

x( t ) = Acos(120π(t – t0)) + 26cos(2πFt)cos(86πt)
is periodic with a fundamental frequency of 26 Hz.

A= 13 ,
>0
x( t ) = Acos(2π(60)t – 120πt0) + 13cos(2π(43 – F)t)
+ 13cos(2π(43 + F)t) F= 17 Hz,
>0

1-
--------
t0 = sec.
120
cancel when F = 17 and A = 13 and 120πt0 = π, ∈[ 0, 0.01)

leaving only a 26-Hz sinusoid

(b) Find the smallest positive integer M and the corresponding value of B so that
the following is true for all time t:

M w W
Bsin(πt) = k=0
cos π(t – k--- ) .
4

M= 4 ,
Corresponding phasor equation: >0

M
–jB = k=0
e–jk0.25π B= 1+ 2 .

Since the LHS phasor for –jB points straight down, we need
M = 4 in order for the RHS sum of phasors to also point straight down:

M = 1: M = 2: M = 3: M = 4:

1 1-
⇒ –jB = 1 + ------- (1 – j) – j + ------ (–1 – j) – 1
2 2

= –(1 + 2 )j
PROB. Su24-F.2. Consider the MATLAB code:

fsamp = 9000 ;

T = 6 ;

D = 6000π ;

E = –4000 ;

F = 0.5 ;

t = 0:(1/fsamp):T;
x = T*sin(D*t + E*cos(2*pi*F*t) + T);
spectrogram(x,300,[],1e4,fsamp,'yaxis');

Specify numerical values for the unspecified parameters so that

running the above code produces the following spectrogram:

4500

4000

3500

3000
FREQUENCY (Hz)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

TIME (SECONDS)
PROB. Su24-F.3. Consider the signal x( t ) whose spectrum is shown below:

1 1 1 1 1 1

–17 –15 –12 12 15 17 f [Hz]

Suppose we sample this signal with x( t ) IDEAL x[ n ] IDEAL y( t )

sampling rate fs, and then feed the C-to-D D-to-C
CONVERTER CONVERTER
samples to an ideal D-to-C converter
(with the same fs parameter), producing a fs = 1/Ts
continuous-time output y( t ):

(a) In order for y( t ) = x( t ), the sampling rate must satisfy fs > 34 Hz.

fmax = 17 Hz

(b) The largest sampling rate for which y( t ) is a constant is fs = 1 Hz.

n 1 m
x( ----
-
f ) = constant ⇒ f = a period =
----- -----
f0
s s
⇒ largest fs is fundamental fs = f0 = gcd{12, 15, 17} = 1

(c) When fs = 5 Hz, the output has the form y( t ) = B + Acos(2πf0t + ϕ)

where (in standard form):

B= 2 ,

y( t ) = 2cos(2π(12 – (2)(5))t)
+ 2cos(2π(15 – (3)(5))t) A= 4 ,
+ 2cos(2π(17 – (3)(5))t) >0

f0 = 2 ,
= 4cos(2π(2)t) + 2 >0

ϕ= 0 ,
∈(–π, π]
PROB. Su24-F.4. Consider the following cascade of six first-difference filters:

x[ n ] FIRST FIRST FIRST FIRST FIRST FIRST

y[ n ]
DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE

(a) The dc gain of the overall system (indicated by the dashed box) is 0 Hz. .

(b) Which of the following best describes the overall filter? [ LPF ][ HPF ][ BPF ][ NOTCH ][ ALL-PASS ].
(circle one)

(c) The impulse response of the overall system (indicated by the dashed box) satisfies:

1 –1 h[ 0 ] = 1 ,

–1 1
h[ 1 ] = -6 ,
1 –2 1
–1 2 –1
h[ 2 ] = 15 ,
1 –3 3 –1
–1 3 –3 1
h[ 3 ] = -20 ,
1 –4 6 –4 1
–1 4 –6 4 –1
h[ 4 ] = 15 ,
1 –5 10 –10 5 –1
–1 5 –10 10 –5 1 h[ 5 ] = ,
-6
1 –6 15 –20 15 –6 1
h[ 6 ] = 1 .

(d) If the output satisfies satisfies y[ n ] = 0 for n < 0 and y[ 0 ] = y[ 1 ] = y[ 2 ] = 1,

then the input at time 2 must be:

Convolving {x[ 0 ] x[ 1 ] x[ 2 ] ... } = {a b c ... } with h[ n ] x[ 2 ] = 28 .

yields {1 1 1 ... }:
a( 1 –6 15 –20 15 –6 1 )
b( 1 –6 15 –20 15 –6 1 )
c( 1 –6 15 –20 15 –6 1)
1 1 1
⇒a=1 ⇒ 1 = c – 6b + 15a
= c – 42 + 15 ⇒ c = 28
⇒ 1 = b – 6a
⇒b=7
PROB. Su24-F.5. Consider an LTI filter defined by the difference equation:

y[ n ] = x[ n ] + x[n – 1 ] + βx[n – 2 ] + x[n – 3 ] + x[n – 4 ].

If the output in response to the sum of sinusoids x[ n ] = cos(0.5πn) + cos(2πn/3)

is y[ n ] = 0 (for all n), then it must be that:

β= 2 .

Null 0.5π ⇒ [ 1 –2cos(0.5π) 1 ] = [1 0 1]

Null 2π/3 ⇒ [ 1 –2cos(2π/3) 1 ] = [1 1 1]

Null both ⇒ convolve: 1 0 1

1 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 2 1 1
PROB. Su24-F.6. Shown below is the real-valued frequency response of an LTI filter:
H(e jω̂ )
1

–π 0.1π 0.3π 0.5π 0.7π π ω̂

TRUE FALSE
(a) The filter is FIR. Both dc and 0.4π are nulled: 0.5 + 0.5cos(0.4πn)

F
(b) Give an expression for the filter output y[ n ] when the filter input is x[ n ] = (cos(0.2πn))2:
y[ n ] = 0 .
(simplify as much as possible)

Specify numerical values for the constants {A, B, ... Q} so that the impulse
response h[ n ] can be written in any of the following four different ways:
A= 2 ,

B= 0.1 ,
sin ( Bπn)D i
(c) h[ n ] = A ------------------------- cos(Cπn) + cos(Dπn) :
πn
C= 0.2 ,
(SWAP OK)

D= 0.6 ,

FE= 4 ,
sin ( Fπn)
(d) h[ n ] = E ------------------------- cos(0.2πn)cos(0.4πn):
πn
F= 0.1 ,

G= 0.7 ,

H= 0.3 ,
sin ( Gπn) sin ( Hπn) sin ( Jπn) sin ( Kπn)
(e) h[ n ] = -------------------------
- + -------------------------- – ------------------------ – -------------------------- :
πn πn πn πn
J = 0.5 ,

K= 0.1 ,

F L= 2 ,

D sin ( Pπn) sin ( Qπn) i

(f) h[ n ] = L ------------------------- – -------------------------
- cos(0.4πn): P = 0.3 ,
πn πn

Q= 0.1 .
PROB. Su24-F.7. Let {X[ 0 ], X[ 1 ], ... X[15]} be the 16-point DFT of
a length-four signal segment {x[ 0 ], x[ 1 ], x[ 2 ], x[ 3 ]}.

Find x[ 0 ] through x[ 3 ] if the locations of the DFT coefficients

in the complex plane are as indicated below, all on a circle of radius 2,
satisfying X[ k ]16 = 216 for all k:
Hint: Direct brute-force calculation not recommended without a calculator!

Im{ . }

X[ 4 ]
X[ 9 ] X[15]

X[14]
X[10]

2 X[ 5 ]
X[ 3 ] DIU
S
RA

X[ 8 ] X[ 0 ]
Re{ . }

)
le
rc
ci
X[13] X[11]
t
ni
(u

X[ 2 ] X[ 6 ]

X[ 7 ] X[ 1 ]
X[12]

X[ k ] = 2e–j(2πk/N)(3) where N = 16
Hint: All are real,
all are integers.

From DFT table: x[ 0 ] = 0 ,

x[ 1 ] = 0 ,

x[ 2 ] = 0 ,
⇒ x[ n ] = 2δ[n – 3]

x[ 3 ] = 2 .
PROB. Su24-F.8. Consider the following serial cascade of a pair of LTI systems:

x[ n ] LTI y1[ n ] = x2[ n ] LTI y[ n ]

SYSTEM #1 SYSTEM #2

h1 [ n ] H2( e jω̂ )
z –1
n–1 ⇒H1( z ) = -------------------------
• The first system has impulse response h1[ n ] = 0.2 u[ n – 1]. 1 – 0.2z –1
• The second system has frequency response H2( e ) = 15 + Ae – jω̂ + Be – 2jω̂ , jω̂

where A and B are real but otherwise unspecified. ⇒H ( z ) = 2 15 + Az–1 + Bz–2

Let h[ n ] denote the impulse response of the overall system (dashed box),
so that its Z transform H( z ) is the overall system function.

Find A and B so that the pole-zero plot for H( z ) is as shown below,

with two poles at the origin and a single zero at –2/3:

Im{z}

(2) D + 2/3 i
Re{z}
⇒H( z ) = G z-------------------
2
-
–2
------
z
3
)
le
irc
tc
ni
(u

But H( z ) = H1( z )H2( z )

D z + 2/3 i z –1
⇒G -------------------- = ------------------------- (15 + Az–1 + Bz–2)
z2 1 – 0.2z – 1

⇒ 15z2 + Az + B = G(z + 2/3)(z – 0.2)

= 15(z + 2/3)(z – 0.2)
= 15z2 + 7z – 2 A= 7 ,

B= –2 .
PROB. Su24-F.9. Shown on the right are the pole-zero plots for 15 LTI systems, labeled A through P.
Shown on the left are the corresponding magnitude responses |H( e jω̂ )|, but in a
scrambled order. Match the pole-zero plot to its corresponding magnitude response
by writing a letter (A through P) in each answer box.
|H( e jω̂ )|
L (5)

−π π ω̂ Im{z}
A H
N (5)

−π π ω̂ Re{z}

M
−π π ω̂
B I
J
−π π ω̂ (3)

I
−π π ω̂
c J
P (2)

−π π ω̂

B (4)

−π π ω̂ D
K
K
(5)
−π π ω̂

F
(5) (5)
−π π ω̂ E
L
G
−π π ω̂
(5)
E
−π π ω̂
F M
(5)
D
−π π ω̂
(2)
A
−π π ω̂ G N
C
−π π ω̂
(2)
H
−π π ω̂ P