MOTORS AND

ENGINES
 ELECTRIC MOTOR
Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Electrical power is manifested by voltage and current as:

P = VICosθ
Where:
P = power
V = voltage
I = current
Cos θ = phase factor
 Sample problem:
1Determine the minimum capacity (KW) of a standby generator if it will be
used to operate the following compost processing equipment: Belt conveyor
– 5Kw, Hammer mill – 8 KW, Siever – 3 KW, Electronic weighing scale – 0.2
KW, lights – 1 KW, and exhaust fans – 0.6 KW. Specify the sequence these
equipment will be turned on.
Assume that the starting power is 3X the running power for each of the
equipment with electric motors and all the equipment have to be operated.
 Sample problem:
Given: Equipment Running Power, KW Starting Power, KW

Belt conveyor 5 15
Hammer mill 8 24
Siever 3 9
Weighing scale 0.2 0.2
Lights 1 1
Exhaust fans 0.6 1.8

Requirement:

Minimum capacity (KW) of the standby generator and the sequence of

turning on the equipment.
Solution:

Arrange the equipment in the order of highest to lowest power

requirement.

Equipment Running Power, Starting Power, Available

KW Kw Power, KW
Hammer mill 8 24 24
Conveyor belt 5 15 16
Siever 3 9 11
Exhaust fans 0.6 1.8 8
Lights 1 1 7.4
Weighing scale 0.2 0.2 6.4
6.2

Therefore, a 24 KW standby generator is the minimum capacity and the

equipment are to be turned on according to the order of the list.
 Sample problem:
2 Suppose the conveyor belt has a rating of 6 KW, what would be the
minimum capacity of the standby generator?
Equipment Running Starting Available Power, KW
Power, KW Power, KW Trial 1 Trial 2
Hammer mill 8 24 24 26
Conveyor belt 6 18 16 18
Siever 3 9 - 12
Exhaust fans 0.6 1.8 - 9
Lights 1 1 - 8.4
Weighing scale 0.2 0.2 - 7.4
7.2

Therefore, a 26 KW standby generator is the minimum is capacity and the

equipment are to be turned according to the order of the list.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Mechanical power is manifested by the rotation and
torque of the output shaft as:

P = 2ΠTN/C
Where:
P = power
N = rpm
T = torque
C = constant
Piston Displacement Compression Ratio
 D2
PD + CV
PD = ----------- L n
CR = -----------------
4
CV

WHERE:
PD – piston displacement, cm3 Where:

Dp – piston diameter, cm CR – compression ratio

L – length of stroke, cm PD – piston displacement, cm3

N – number of cylinders CV – clearance volume, cm3

Indicated Horsepower Brake Horsepower
PLANn
BHP = IHP x m or
IHP = --------------
33000 c
= IHP - FHP

IHP – indicated horsepower, hp

P – mean effective pressure, psi BHP – brake horsepower, hp
L – length of stroke, ft IHP – indicated horsepower, hp
A – area of bore, in2 m – engine mechanical efficiency
N – crankshaft speed, rpm decimal
N – number of cylinder FHP – friction horsepower, hp
c - 2 for four stroke engine and 1 for two
stroke engine
Indicated Horsepower Brake Horsepower
PLANn
BHP = IHP x m or
IHP = --------------
33000 c
= IHP - FHP

IHP – indicated horsepower, hp

P – mean effective pressure, psi BHP – brake horsepower, hp
L – length of stroke, ft IHP – indicated horsepower, hp
A – area of bore, in2 m – engine mechanical efficiency
N – crankshaft speed, rpm decimal
N – number of cylinder FHP – friction horsepower, hp
c - 2 for four stroke engine and 1 for two
stroke engine
 Sample problem:
1 Determine the compression ratio 𝑃𝐷 =
𝜋𝐷 2 𝐿 𝜋(4𝑐𝑚)2 (5𝑐𝑚)
= = 62.83𝑐𝑚3
of the engine with the following 4 4
specifications: Total volume = 70 cc,
CV= 𝑇𝑉 − 𝑃𝐷 = 70𝑐𝑚3 − 62.83𝑐𝑚3 = 7.17𝑐𝑚3
Bore = 4 cm and Stroke = 5 cm.
Given: 𝐶𝑅 =
𝑇𝑉
=
70𝑐𝑚3
=
9.76
= 9.76: 1
𝐶𝑉 7.17𝑐𝑚3 1
TV = 70 cc
D = 4 cm
L = 5 cm
Required: Compression Ratio
 Sample problem:
2 Determine the bore of the 𝑇𝑉
engine if its clearance volume is 𝐶𝑅 =
𝐶𝑉
7.18 cc, compression ratio is 8:1
and stroke is 4 cm. TV= 𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝐶𝑉 = 8 𝑥7.18 = 57.44𝑐𝑐
Given:
CV = 7.18 cc, TV= 𝑃𝐷 + 𝐶𝑉
PD= 𝑇𝑉 − 𝐶𝑉 = 57.44𝑐𝑐 − 7.18𝑐𝑐 = 50.26𝑐𝑐
CR = 8:1
L = 4 cm PD=
𝜋𝐷2 𝐿

Required: Bore = D
4

4𝑃𝐷 4 𝑥 50.26𝑐𝑐
D= = = 16 = 4cm
𝜋𝑙 3.14 𝑥 4 𝑐𝑚
 Sample problem: 𝜋𝐷2 𝐿
PD=
4

3 Determine the size of the engine 𝐶𝑅 =

𝑇𝑉
𝐶𝑉
given the following engine
specifications: Bore = 4. cm, stroke TV= 𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝐶𝑉 equation 1
= 5 cm, and compression ratio = 8:1.
CV= 𝑇𝑉 − 𝑃𝐷 equation 2
Given: Substituting eqn. 2 in eqn. 1:
D = 4 cm
TV = 𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝑇𝑉 − 𝑃𝐷
L = 5 cm = 𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝑇𝑉 − 𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝑃𝐷
CR = 8 (𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝑇𝑉) − 𝑇𝑉 = 𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝑃𝐷
Required: Find TV
42
𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝑃𝐷 8 𝑥 (𝜋 𝑥 4 𝑥 5)
TV= = =71.805 𝑐𝑐
𝐶𝑅−1 8−1
 Sample problem:

4 Suppose a 4-cylinder engine Solution:

has a bore of 3.5 in. and a stroke 𝜋× 3⋅5ⅈ𝑛 2
of 4.0 in, what is the piston 𝑃𝐷 = ×4⋅0×4
displacement of the engine? 4
Given: = 153.9 in3
No. of cylinders= 4
Piston diameter = 3.5 in.
Stroke= 4.0 in.
Required: Piston displacement
 Sample problem:
5Calculate the indicated horsepower of a six- cylinder engine, 4" bore and
4" stroke, 1500 rpm, 80 psi mean effective pressure.

Given: No. of cylinders= 6

1𝑓𝑡
𝐿 = 4ⅈ𝑛. 𝑥 = 0 ⋅ 34𝑓𝑡
12ⅈ𝑛.
Bore, D = 4 in.
Stroke, L = 4 in. 𝜋𝐷 2 𝛱 4 2
𝐴= = = 12 ⋅ 57ⅈ𝑛2
4 4
RPM, N = 1500 rpm
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑛
Pressure, P = 80 psi 𝐼𝐻𝑃 =
33,000 × 2
Required: Indicated horsepower
= (80 x 0.34 x𝟑𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟐
12.57 x 1500 x 6)

= 46.61 hp
Sample problem:
6Suppose that an engine has a piston displacement of 38.4 in3. If the
clearance volume of the cylinder in 2.5 in3, what is its compression
ratio?
Given: PD = 38.4 in3
CV = 2.5 in3
Required: Compression ratio
Solution:
38 ⋅ 4ⅈ𝑛3 + 2 ⋅ 5ⅈ𝑛3
𝐶𝑅 =
2 ⋅ 5ⅈ𝑛3
= 16.4
Sample problem:
6 The indicated power of an engine is 69 horsepower. The brake
horsepower is 54. What is the mechanical or engine efficiency?

Given: IHP = 69 Hp
BHP = 54 Hp
Required: Mechanical Efficiency
Solution:
𝐵𝐻𝑃
Mech Eff =
𝐼𝐻𝑃

54 𝐻𝑝
=
69 𝐻𝑝

= 78.26%