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Lesson 2.1 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Basics

This document serves as an instructional material for a web development course, focusing on the basics of Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). It covers the history, structure, and essential tags of HTML, along with practical examples and applications. The document emphasizes the importance of HTML for web development and provides a foundation for further learning in related technologies.

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3 views

Lesson 2.1 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Basics

This document serves as an instructional material for a web development course, focusing on the basics of Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). It covers the history, structure, and essential tags of HTML, along with practical examples and applications. The document emphasizes the importance of HTML for web development and provides a foundation for further learning in related technologies.

Uploaded by

pint0antips
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Lesson 1. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Basics

Lesson 1.1 HTML Basics

What is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on Web
to develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the
first standard HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version
of HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but
currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version
was published in 2012.

HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer
specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I will list down some of the key
advantages of learning HTML:
• Create Web site - You can create a website or customize an existing web template if you
know HTML well.
• Become a web designer - If you want to start a carrer as a professional web designer,
HTML and CSS designing is a must skill.
• Understand web - If you want to optimize your website, to boost its speed and
performance, it is good to know HTML to yield best results.
• Learn other languages - Once you understands the basic of HTML then other related
technologies like javascript, php, or angular are become easier to understand.

Hello World using HTML.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello, World!</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>

Applications of HTML

As mentioned before, HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to
list few of them here:
• Web pages development - HTML is used to create pages which are rendered over the
web. Almost every page of web is having html tags in it to render its details in browser.
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

• Internet Navigation - HTML provides tags which are used to navigate from one page to
another and is heavily used in internet navigation.
• Responsive UI - HTML pages now-a-days works well on all platform, mobile, tabs,
desktop or laptops owing to responsive design strategy.
• Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available offline on the machine
without any need of internet.
• Game development- HTML5 has native support for rich experience and is now useful in
gaming developent arena as well.

Prerequisites

Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows
or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with −
• Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Edit plus etc.
• How to create directories and files on your computer.
• How to navigate through different directories.
• How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
• Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.

Lesson 1.2 HTML Overview

Basic HTML Document


In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Tags

As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of
the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing tag
</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Tag & Description

<!DOCTYPE...>
This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

<html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is
represented by <head>...</head> and document body which is represented by <body>...</body>
tags.

<head>
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link> etc.

<title>
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.

<body>
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

<h1>
This tag represents the heading.

<p>
This tag represents a paragraph.
To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while
formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of
different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.
HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure –

<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the
HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following
declaration –

<!DOCTYPE html>

There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on
what version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing
<!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other HTML tags.

Lesson 1.3 Basic Tags

1. Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also
has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>.
While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>

</html>

2. Paragraph Tag

The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text
should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example −
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>

</html>
3. Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This tag is
an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is
nothing to go in between them.

The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this
space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>

</html>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

4. Centering Content

You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>

<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>

</html>

5. Horizontal Lines

Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a
line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line
accordingly. For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given
example below −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>

</html>

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and
closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit
this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML

6. Preserve Formatting

Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML
document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting
of the source document.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>

</html>

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags

7. Nonbreaking Spaces

Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to
split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines –

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking
space entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men"
in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code −
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men."</p>
</body>

</html>

Lesson 1.4 Elements

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with
a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few
tags –

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are
some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br />
elements. These are known as void elements.
HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents
should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with
a closing tag.

For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph
but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000
Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Nested HTML Elements


It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>

</html>

Lesson 1.5 Attributes

We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag
<p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can
also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.

An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the
element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value

• The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the
example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the
alignment of paragraph on the page.
• The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within
quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left,
center and right.

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>


<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>

</html>

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all)
are −
• Id
• Title
• Class
• Style

The Id Attribute

The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML
page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element −
• If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that
element and its content.
• If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can
use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish
between two paragraph elements as shown below.

<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>


<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is
similar as explained for id attribute –

The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often
displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

<h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>


</body>

</html>

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever
title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.

The class Attribute

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of
element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading
Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.

The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example
− class = "className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute

The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style = "font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>

</html>

At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about
CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while
formatting content.

Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all)
XHTML elements.
• dir
• lang
• xml:lang
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

The dir Attribute


The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text
should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows
−
Value Meaning

ltr Left to right (the default value)

rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir = "rtl">

<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>

<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>

</html>

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within
the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the
content of that tag.

The lang Attribute

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this
attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This
attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = "en">

<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>

<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>

</html>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Lesson 1.6 HTML Formatting

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below
− Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below
− Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough, which
is a thin line through the text as shown below −
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known
as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter 'm'
is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000
Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same
size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other
characters.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same
as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other
characters.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted
text. Example
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Balocon Instructor 2023
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted
text. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>

Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the
text surrounding it as shown below −
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
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DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of
the text surrounding it as shown below −
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create
sections or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to
indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then
attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
<a href = "/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href = "/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>
<div id = "content" align = "left" >
<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
IM Developed by: COMP 20163 WEB Date Created: Revision Page No.
DEVELOPMENT ___ of ___
Mr. Owen Harvey INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL October 24, No.2023 -
Balocon Instructor 2023
000

Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you
have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the
<span> element as follows.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style = "color:green">span tag</span>
and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>

</html>

Lesson 1.7 HTML - Phrase Tags

The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a
similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous
chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing
them one by one.

Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized
text. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
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Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with yellow
ink. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>

</html>

Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important
text. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
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Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If
present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title = "Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and
</acronym> tags is an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym>
element.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>

</html>
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Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the
current text direction.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir = "rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>

</html>

Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are
introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent
browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>

</html>

Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in between
<blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the
surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>

<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML,following on


from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
</body>
</html>

Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a
sentence. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag
and closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in
italicized text by default.
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Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code>
tags. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the
code in most programming books.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>

</html>

Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can
use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.
Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>

</html>

Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate that
the content of that element is a variable.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>

</html>

Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again,
it is mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>
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Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>

</html>

Lesson 1.8 HTML - Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety
of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of
the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.

The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element
and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.

You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want
to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the
document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the
document which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have following
attributes in addition to core attributes −
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Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these
keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important
keywords about the document.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used
by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose. Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Revision Date


You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was updated.
This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing
automatically.
Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a
duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want
to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5; url = http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>
Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between web
browser and web server to keep track of various information based on your web application
need.
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You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be used by
the Web Server to track a site visitor.

Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want
to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta http-equiv = "cookie" content = "userid = xyz; expires = Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 23:59:59
GMT;" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and
will be deleted when the user exits the browser.

You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below

– Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Specify Character Set


You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.
Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process Web
pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding −
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = UTF-8" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Lesson 1.9 HTML – Comments

Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to add
comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a
document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others
understand your code and increases code readability.
HTML comments are placed in between <!-- ... --> tags. So, any content placed with-in <!-- ...
--> tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head> <!-- Document Header Starts -->


<title>This is document title</title>
</head> <!-- Document Header Ends -->

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

Valid vs Invalid Comments

Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment. Second
the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the closing --
> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-of comment string.
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Example
Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<!-- This is valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>
But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is because
there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>

<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as well. You
can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag --> placed before
the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.
Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>

<body>
<!--
This is a multiline comment and it can
span through as many as lines you like.
-->

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>


</body>

</html>

Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored by
other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them to give
conditional instructions to different versions of IE.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>

<!--[if IE 6]>
Special instructions for IE 6 here
<![endif]-->
</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>
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Lesson 1.10 HTML – Images

Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple
way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your
web pages.

Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax
to use this tag.
<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has
no closing tag.
Example

To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same
directory −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>

You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify
correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.

The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image, if the
image cannot be displayed.

Set Image Location


Usually, we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in our
home directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where we will keep
our image test.png.
Example

Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example −


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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>

Set Image Width/Height


You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height
attributes. You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or percentage
of its actual size.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" width = "150" height = "100"/>
</body>

</html>
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Set Image Border


By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of
pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3"/>
</body>

</html>

Set Image Alignment


By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute to set it in
the center or right.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3" align = "right"/>
</body>

</html>
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Lesson 1.11 HTML Tables

The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc.
into rows and columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table
rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td> are regular and left
aligned by default
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells.
If you do not need a border, then you can use border = "0".

Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is
used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown
below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag
are centered and bold by default.
Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes


There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the white
space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table cells, while
cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes


You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column.
Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
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Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways −
• bgcolor attribute − You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell. •
background attribute − You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell. You
can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Note − The bgcolor, background, and bordercolor attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use
these attributes.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in
/images directory.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" background = "/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
Table Height and Width
You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table
width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
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<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>


<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the
table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>

<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Table Header, Body, and Footer


Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are
rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for
every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −
• <thead> − to create a separate table header.
• <tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.
• <tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But
it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>

<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>

</table>
</body>
</html>
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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
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Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags
inside table data tag <td>.
Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">

<tr>
<td>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>

</table>
</body>

</html>
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Lesson 1.12 HTML Lists

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one
or more list elements. Lists may contain −
• <ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
• <ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items. • <dl>
− A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a
dictionary.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list
is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet. Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

The type Attribute


You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a
disc. Following are the possible options −
<ul type = "square">
<ul type = "disc">
<ul type = "circle">
Example

Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">


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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

HTML Ordered Lists


If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered
list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is
incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch
The type Attribute
You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is
a number. Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
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Balocon Instructor 2023
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

The start Attribute


You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need.
Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
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Polytechnic University of the COMP 20163 WEB DEVELOPMENT


INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Philippines Santa Rosa Branch

HTML Definition Lists


HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed
like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list
of terms, or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.
• <dl> − Defines the start of the list
• <dt> − A term
• <dd> − Term definition
• </dl> − Defines the end of the list
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>

<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>

</html>
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