SR

INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.
18CSS101J – Programming for Problem
Solving Unit II
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

UNIT II
Relational and logical Operators - Condition Operators,
Operator Precedence - Expressions with pre / post increment
Operator - Expression with conditional and assignment
operators - If statement in expression - L value and R value in
expression - Control Statements – if and else - else if and
nested if, switch case - Iterations, Conditional and
Unconditional Branching - For loop - While loop - do while,
goto, break, continue – Array - Initialization and Declaration-
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

UNIT II
- Initialization: one Dimensional Array-Accessing, Indexing one
Dimensional Array Operations - Array Programs – 1D
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C
a) Relational Operators
b) Logical Operators
c) Conditional Operators
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
a) Relational Operators
❑ Binary Operators (or) Boolean Operators
❑ Produces an integer result
❑ Condition True : Integer value is 1
❑ Condition False : Integer value is 0
❑ Compares
❑ Values between two variables
❑ Values between variables and constants
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
a) Relational Operators Contd…
❑ Relational Expression / Boolean Expression :
An expression containing a relational operator
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
a) Relational Operators Contd…
❑ Consider a = 10 and b =4. The relational expression returns
the following integer values

Relational Expression Result Return Values

a<b False 0
a>b True 1
a<=b False 0
a>=b True 1
a==b False 0
a!=b True 1
 /* Program for Relational
Operations*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a,b;
printf("Enter the two Values\n");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
printf(“a>b is %d\n“, (a>b));
printf(“a<b is %d\n“, (a<b));
printf(“a>=b is %d\n“,
(a>=b)); printf(“a<=b is
%d\n“, (a<=b)); printf(“a==b
is %d\n“, (a==b));
printf(“a!=b is %d\n“, (a!=b));
return 0;
Output
4
2
a > b is 1
a < b is 0
a > = b is 1
a < = b is 0
a = = b is 0
a ! = b is 1
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
b) Logical Operators
❑ Combines two or more relations
❑ Used for testing one or more conditions
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
b) Logical Operators Contd…
❑ Logical Expression / Compound Relational Expression :
An expression which combines two or more relational
expression

Op1 Op2 Op1 && Op2 Op1 || Op2

F (0) F (0) F (0) F (0)
F (0) T (1) F (0) T (1)
T (1) F (0) F (0) T (1)
T (1) T (1) T (1) T (1)
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
b) Logical Operators Contd…
❑ Consider a = 10 and b =4. The Logical expression returns
the following integer values

Relational Expression Result Return Values

a < 5 && b > 2 True 1
a < 5 && b < 2 False 0
a >5 && b < 2 False 0
a >5 || b < 2 True 1
a <5 || b < 2 False 0
a > 5 || b < 2 True 1
 /* Program for Logical
Operations*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int age,height;
printf("Enter Age of Candidate:\n");
scanf("%d", &age);
printf(“Enter Height of Candidate:\n“);
scanf("%d", &height);
if ((age>=18) && (height>=5))
printf(“The Candidate is Selected”);
else
printf(“Sorry, Candidate not Selected”);
return 0;
}
Output 1
Enter Age of Candidate: 18
Enter Height of Candidate: 6
The Candidate is Selected

Output 2
Enter Age of Candidate: 19
Enter Height of Candidate: 4
Sorry, Candidate not Selected
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
c) Conditional Operators
❑ ? and are the Conditional Operators
❑ Also called as Ternary Operators
❑ Shorter form of if-then-else statement
❑ Syntax
Expression 1 ? Expression 2 : expression 3
❑ If expression 1 is true then the value returned
willbe expression 2

❑ Otherwise the value returned will be expression 3

 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h> int main( )
int main( ) {
{ int x, y;
int x, y; scanf("%d", &x);
scanf("%d", &x); if(x >5)
y=(x > 5 ? 3 : 4); y=3;
printf(“%d”, else
y); return 0; y=4;
printf(“%d”, y);
}
return 0;
}
 /* Program for Addition (or) Multiplication*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, result, choice;
printf(“Enter first number
\n”); scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(”Enter second number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&b);
printf(“Enter 1 for addition or 2 for
multiplication\n”); scanf(“%d”,&choice);
result =
(choice==1)?a+b:(choice==2)?a*b:printf(“Invalid”);
if(choice==1||choice==2)
printf(“The result is
Output

Enter first number

10
Enter second number
3
Enter 1 for addition or 2 for
multiplication 2
The result is 30
 /* Program to find the maximum of 3 Numbers*/

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )

{
int a, b, c, max;
printf("Enter three numbers: ");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a, &b, &c);
max = (a > b && a > c) ? a : (b > c) ? b : c;
printf("\n Maximum between %d, %d and %d = %d", a, b, c, max);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter three numbers: 30 10 40
Maximum between a, b and c = 40
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Operator Precedence
❑ Operator Precedence is used to determine the order
of
operators evaluated in an expression
❑ Every operator has precedence (Priority)
❑ Operator with higher precedence is evaluated first and the
operator with least precedence is evaluated last
❑ Associativity is used when two operators of same precedence

appear in an expression

❑ Determines the order of evaluation of those operators

 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Operator Precedence Contd…

❑ Operators are listed in descending order of precedence
❑ An Expression can containseveral operators with equal
precedence
❑ Evaluation proceeds according to the associativity of
the operator i.e.,

❑ From Right to Left (or)

❑ From Left to Right
❑ Note: Order of operations is not defined by the language
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 3 Expressions using Pre/Post Increment Operator

❑ Increment operators increase the value of the variable by one
❑ Decrement operators decrease the value of the variable by
one
❑ Syntax
Increment operator: ++var_name; (or) var_name++;
Decrement operator: – -var_name; (or) var_name –
-;

❑ Example
Increment operator : ++ i ; i ++ ;
Decrement operator : – – i ; i – – ;
 /* Expresssions using Pre-Increment Operator*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=++i;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}

Output
x: 11
i: 11
 /* Expresssions using Post-Increment
Operator*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=i++;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}
Output
x: 10
i: 11
 /* Expresssions using Pre-Decrement Operator*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=--i;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}

Output
x: 9
i: 9
 /* Expresssions using Post-Decrement
Operator*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=i--;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}
Output
x: 10
i: 9
 /* Expresssions using Increment / Decrement
Operators*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int p,q,x,y;
printf(“Enter the value of x
\n”);
scanf(“%d” ,&x);
printf(“Enter the value of y
\n”); scanf(“%d” ,&y);
printf(“x=%d\ny=%d\n”,x,y);
p=x++;
q=y++;
printf(“x=%d\ty=%d\n”,x,y);
printf(“x=%d\tq=%d\n”,p,q)
; p=--x;
q=--y;
printf(“x=%d\ty=%d\n”,x,y);
printf(“p=%d\tq=%d\n”,p,q)
; return 0;
}
Output
Enter the value of x 10
Enter the value of y 20
x = 10

y = 20
x = 11 y = 21
p = 10 q = 20
x = 10 y = 20
p = 10 q = 20
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 4 Expressions using Conditional Operator

❑ Any operator is used on three operands or variable is known
as Ternary Operator
❑ It can be represented with ? : . It is also called as conditional

operator
 /* Program for Printing Odd or Even
Number*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )

{
int num;
printf("Enter the Number : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
(num%2==0)?printf("Even\n"):printf("Odd")
;

} Output
Enter the Number : 10
Even
 /* Program for Eligibility to Vote*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int age;
printf(" Please Enter your age here: \n ");
scanf(" %d ", &age);
(age >= 18) ? printf(" You are eligible to Vote ") : printf(" You are not
eligible to Vote
");
return 0;
}

Output
Please Enter your age here:
19 You are eligible to Vote
 /* Program for Finding Biggest of 2 Numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, max;
printf("Enter a and b: ");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
max = a > b ? a : b; printf("Largest of the two numbers = %d\n",
max);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a and b: 10 20
Largest of the two numbers = 20
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 5 Expressions using Assignment Operator

❑ Assignment Operator is used to assign value to an variable
❑ Assignment Operator is denoted by equal to sign
❑ Assignment Operator is binary operator which operates on two

operands

❑ Assignment Operator have Two Values – L-Value and R-Value

❑ Operator = copies R-Value into L-Value
❑ Assignment Operator have lower precedence than all available
operators but has higher precedence than comma Operator
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression

a) L-Value stands for left value
❑ L-Value of Expressions refer to a memory locations
❑ In any assignment statement L-Value of Expression must be a

container(i.e. must have ability to hold the data)

❑ Variable is the only container in C programming thus L Value

must be any Variable.

❑ L Value cannot be a Constant, Function or any of the available

data type in C
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…

❑ Diagram Showing L-Value of Expression :
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
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CHENNAI.

2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main( ) int main( ) int main( )
{ { {
int num; int num; const num;
num = 5; 5 = num; //Error num = 20; //Error
return(0); return(0); return(0);
} } }

Example of L- L-value cannot be L-value cannot be

Value a Constant a Constant
Expression Variable
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
#define MAX 20 enum {JAN,FEB,MARCH};
int main( ) int main( )
{ {
MAX = 20; //Error JAN = 20; //Error
return(0); return(0);
} }

L-value cannot be L-value cannot be

a MACRO a Enum Constant
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…

b) R Value stands for Right value of the expression
❑ In any Assignment statement R-Value of Expression must be
anything which is capable of returning Constant Expression
or Constant Value
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…

Examples of R-Value of Expression
Variable Constant
Function Macro
Enum Constant Any other data type

❑ R value may be a Constant or Constant Expression

❑ R value may be a MACRO
❑ R Value may be a variable
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements
❑ Also called as Conditional Statement
❑ Decides order of execution based on conditions
❑ Helps repeat a group of statements
❑ Modifies control flow of program
❑ Decision Making
❑ Branching
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

❑ Types of Branching Statements
a) if statement
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement
b) switch statement
c) goto statement
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

a) if statement
❑ Condition “True" - Statement block will be executed
❑ Condition “False“ - Statement block will not be
executed.
❑ Variations
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

i. Simple if statement
❑ Basic if statement
❑ What is a condition?
❑ Executes statement block only if condition is true
❑ Syntax if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
 /* Simple if – Program to check whether a number is
Odd*/ #include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number:
”); scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a value :
10342 The
number is Even
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

❑ Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program
to:

1) Check whether the given number is Even

2) To check whether the given number is Greater

3) To check whether the given number is Smaller

4) To check whether the given number is positive

5) To check whether the given number is negative

6) To check whether the given number is zero

 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

ii. If else statement
❑ Extension of basic if statement
❑ Takes care of True and False condition
❑ Number of Statement Blocks - 2
❑ Block 1 – True Condition
❑ Block 2 – False Condition
if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
Else
{
Statements;
}
 /* if else –To check whether a number is Odd or
Even*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number: ”);
scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
else
{
printf(“The Number is Odd”);
}
return 0;
Output 1
Enter the Number : 10341
The number is Odd

Output 2
Enter the Number : 10342
The number is Even
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

❑ Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To check whether the given number is Greater or

Smaller

2) To check whether the given number is +ve or -ve

3) To check whether two numbers are equal or not

 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

iii. Nested if else statement
❑ Used when a series of decisions
are involved
❑ Makes a choice between
several alternatives
❑ New if else statement block is
used within existing if else
statement block
 /*Program for Nested if else */

#include <stdio.h>

void main( )

char username;
int password;

printf("Username:");

scanf("%c",&username);

printf("Password:");

scanf("%d",&password)
if(username=='a')
{
if(password==12345)
{
printf("Login successful");
}
else
{
printf("Password is incorrect, Try
again.");
}
}
else
{
printf("Username is incorrect, Try again.");
}
return 0;
}
Output 1
Username: a
Password:
12345 Login
Successful

Output 2
Username: a
Password:
54321

Password is incorrect, Try again.

Output 3
Username: b
Password:
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

❑ Step 1: First if condition will be true, if the user has typed 'a' as a
username then the program control moves to second if condition
and checks for the password

❑ if it true it will print 'login successful’

❑ else it will execute block statement 'Password is Incorrect,
Try again.‘.
❑ Step 2: If the first if condition is false then it executes last else
block thus printing 'Username is Incorrect, Try again.‘
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

❑ Step 3: In this above example we have use username as single
character to use multiple character username we need to use
string data type
else if Ladder
 /*Program for if else ladder*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter a Number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a > 0)
{
printf("Given Number is Positive");
}
else if(a == 0)
{
printf("Given Number is Zero");
}
else if(a < 0)
{
printf("Given Number is Negative");
}
getch();
}
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

b) Switch statement
❑ Allows to make decisions from a number of choices
❑ Also called as Switch-Case-Default Statement
❑ Faster than nested if else statement
❑ Easier to understand
❑ Rules for writing switch ( ) statement
❑ Expression in switch must be an integer value or
a character constant

❑ No real numbers used in Expression

 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

❑ Each case block anddefault block must endwith
break
statements
❑ Default is optional
❑ Case keyword must end with colon ( : )
❑ Default may be placed anywhere in the switch
❑ No two case constants are identical
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

switch(variable or expression)
{
case constant 1:
statements;
break;
….
case constant N;
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
}
 /* Program for Switch
Case*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, choice;
printf(“\nEnter Two Numbers:
”); scanf(“%d%d”, &a,&b);
printf(“\n Enter 1 for Addition”);
printf(“\n Enter 2 for
Subtraction”);

printf(“\n Enter 3 for Multiplication”);

printf(“\n Enter 4 for
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
printf(“Sum is : %d”,
a+b); break;
case 2:
printf(“Difference is : %d”,
a-b); break;
case 3:
printf(“Multiplication is : %d”,
a*b); break;
case 4:
printf(“Difference is : %d”,
a/b); break;
 default:
printf(“Invalid Choice:”);
}
getch( );
}

Enter two numbers

20
10
Enter 1 for Addition
Enter 2 for Subtraction
Enter 3 for Multiplication
Enter 4 for Division
Enter your Choice: 3
Product is : 200
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

❑ Nested Switch statement
❑ Inner switch( ) can be a part of an outer switch( )
❑ Inner switch( ) and outer switch( ) case constants may be the

same
 /* Program for Nested Switch
Case*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )

{
int square, i, n, fact = 1,choice;
printf(“\n Enter Any Number: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“ 1. Square \n”);
printf(“ 2. Factorial
\n”);

printf(“ 3. Find Odd or Even \n”);

printf(“ 4. Exit \n”);
printf(“ Enter your Choice”);
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
square = n * n;
printf(“TheSquare of the Given number is
%d\n”,
square);
break;
case 2:
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact = fact * i;
}
printf(“The Factorial of a given number is %d\n”, fact);
break;
 switch (n%2)
{
case 0:
printf(“Given Number is
Even\n”); case 1:
printf(“Given Number is Odd\n”);
}
case 3:
exit(0);
default:
printf(“Invalid Choice. Please try
again\n”);
}
return 0;
}
Enter any number
5
1. Square
2. Factorial
3. Find Odd or Even
4. Exit
Enter your choice
2
The factorial of a given number is: 120
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

c) The goto statement
❑ Transfers control from one point to another
❑ Syntax
goto label;
statements;
……………
label
statements;
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements
❑ Loop – A segment of the program that is executed repeatedly
until a condition is satisfied
❑ Classification – Entry Controlled & Exit Controlled
❑ Types
a) while do loop
b) do while loop
c) for loop
i. Nested for loop
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

a) The While Loop
❑ Simplest looping structure in C
❑ Statementsin the program may need to repeat for

many times. e.g., calculate the value of n!

❑ Loop consists of two segments

❑ Control Statement
❑ Body of the Loop
❑ How while loop works?
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

Initialize loop counter variable;

while (condition)
{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}
 /* Program to Add 3
Numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, c, sum;
printf(“\n Enter the Three Numbers: ”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”, &a,&b,&c);
sum = a+b+c;
printf(“The sum of 3 Numbers is %d”,
sum); return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Three Numbers: 10 20 30

The sum of 3 Numbers is: 60

 /* Program to Add n Numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i=1,n, sum=0;
printf(“\n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while (i<=n)
{
sum = sum + i;
i++;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”,
sum); return 0;
}
Output
Enter the value for n: 5
The sum of n Numbers is: 15
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

❑ Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100

2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n

3) To print table for any number

4) To calculate the sum of its digits

5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not

6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.

 SR
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CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

b) The Do While Loop
❑ The body of the loop is executed at least once
❑ Syntax
do
{
statements;
}
while (condition);
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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Initialize loop counter

variable; do

{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}
while (condition)
 SR
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2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

While Do Loop Do While Loop
Entry Controlled Loop Exit Controlled Loop

Test condition is checked Test condition is checked after the

before body of the loop is executed body of the loop is executed
Loop will not be executed if Loop will be executed at least once
condition is false even if condition is false
Top tested loop Bottom tested loop
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2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

 SR
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2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

c) The for loop
❑ Most commonly and popularly used loop structure
❑ Structure of the for loop
❑ Initialize loop counter variable
❑ Check for condition
❑ Increment / Decrement the loop counter variable
❑ Syntax
for(initialization; condition; increment / decrement)
 SR
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CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

 SR
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M SCIENCE AND
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2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

❑ Examples
i. for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
Statements;
}
ii. for(count = 0; count > n; count--)
{
Statements;
}
 /* Program to Add n Numbers using for loop
*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, n, sum=0;
printf(“\n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for (i =1; i<=n; i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the value for n: 5
The sum of n Numbers is: 15
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

❑ Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100

2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n

3) To print table for any number

4) To calculate the sum of its digits

5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not

6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.

 SR
MOF SCIENCE AND
INSTITUTE
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.
break

The break statement ends the loop

immediately when it is encountered.

Its syntax is: break;

The break statement is almost always

used with if...else statement inside the
loop.
 SR
MOF SCIENCE AND
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continue
The continue statement skips the
current iteration of the loop and
continues with the next iteration.

Its syntax is: continue;

The continue statement is almost

always used with the if...else
statement.
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays
❑ Definition
An array is definedas finite ordered collection of
homogenous data, stored in contiguous memory locations.

✔ Array is used to store a collection of data

✔ Array is a collection of variables of the same type.
First Last
Element Element

Numbers[0] Numbers[1] ……. Numbers[n]

 SR
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2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Need for Arrays
❑ Used to represent a list of numbers / names
❑ Used to represent tabular data in 2, 3 or more dimensions
❑ Important Data Structure in any programming language
❑ Definition
❑ Collection of elements of similar data types
❑ Each element is located in separate memory locations
❑ Each Array element share a common name
 SR
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CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Characteristics of Arrays
❑ All elements in the arrays share a common name
❑ Elements distinguished by index number
❑Index (or) element number of an array plays vital role for calling
each element

❑ Specific array elements can be modified

❑ Value of array element can be assigned to variables
❑ Array elements stored in continuous memory locations
 SR
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2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Storage space for array depends on its data type and size
Total bytes = sizeof (Data type) x Size of Array
❑ Example
int a [5];
Total bytes = sizeof (int) x 5 = 2 x 5 = 10 bytes
 SR
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2. 9 Arrays Contd...
a) Array Declaration
❑ Syntax
Datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
❑ Data Type: int, float, double, char, structure, union
❑ Array Name: Name given to the Array variable
❑ Size / Subscript: Number of values an Array can hold
❑ Examples int numbers[5]; float marks[50];
char name[20]; double a[i];
 SR
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2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Illustration

int a[n];
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Static Array: Array size (range) declared in the program
❑ Dynamic Array: Array size given during execution

STATIC ARRAYS DYNAMIC ARRAYS

Range / Size of an array included Range / Size of an array

in the Array definition not included in the Array
definition
Static Arrays cannot be changed Dynamic Arrays can be changed
 SR
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2. 9 Arrays Contd...
b) Array Initialization
❑ Initialization: Assigning values to array elements
❑ Values specified in curly braces separated by
commas
❑ Examples
int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
float b[3] = { 40.5, 59.0, 98.5};
char name[6] = ” SRMIST”;
❑ Array element index start from 0
 SR
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
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CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Array elements are called by array names followed by the
element numbers
❑ int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
a[0] refers to 1st element i.e., 1
a[1] refers to 2nd element i.e., 2
a[2] refers to 3rd element i.e., 3
a[3] refers to 4th element i.e., 4
a[4] refers to 5th element i.e., 5
 SR
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2. 9 Arrays Contd...
c) Getting Input for Arrays
❑ Use for loops to get input in arrays
❑ Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
❑ Input for One Dimensional Arrays – 1 for
loop for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
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TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Input for Two Dimensional Arrays – 2 for loops
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
d) Printing Output in Arrays
❑ Use for loops to print array output
❑ Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
❑ Printing One Dimensional Array Output – 1 for
loop for(i=0;i<5;i++)

{
printf(“%d”,a[i]);
}
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
❑ Printing Two Dimensional Array Output – 2 for loops
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
for(j=0; j < 5; j++)
{
printff(“%d”, a[i][j]);
}
}
 /* Program 1 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, arr[5];
arr[0] = 10;
arr[1] = 20;
arr[2] = 30;
arr[3] = 40;
arr[4] = 50;
for(i=0; i<=n;
i++)
{
printf(“%d”\n, a[i]);
}
Output
10
20
30
40
50
 /* Program 2 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, arr[5];
arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output
10
20
30
40
50
 /* Program 3 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )

{
int i, n, arr[5];
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements of Array\n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
printf(“The Elements of the Array are”\n”);
 for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter the Elements of the

Array 10 20 30 40 50

The Elements of the Array

are 10 20 30 40 50
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
e) Classification of Arrays
i. One-Dimensional Array
ii. Two-Dimensional Array
iii. Multi-Dimensional Array
 SR
INSTITUTE OF
M SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
i. One Dimensional Array
❑ Data stored under a single variable using one subscript
❑ 1-D Array Declaration – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
❑ Example: int a [5];
❑ 1-D Array initialization – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size] = { list of values};
Example: int a [5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
 /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
a
#include<stdio.h> a [10]
40
int main ( ) [0]
22
{ a
34
[1]
int a[10], n, i, sum; 12
a
clrscr( ); [2] 64
printf(“Enter the Number of a
[3]
Elements\n”); scanf(“%d”, &n);
a
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) [4]
a
{
[5] i
scanf(“%d”, & a [i]);
}
5a 0
[6]
sum = 0; a su
[7] m0
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
a
 /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
{ a
sum = sum + a[i]; a [10]
40
[0]
} 22
a
printf(“The Sum is: %d”, 34
[1]
12
sum); return 0; a
[2] 64
} a
[3]
Output a
Enter the Number of Elements [4]
5 a
40 22 34 12 64 [5] i
The Sum is 182 5a 4
[6]
a su
[7] m182
a
 /* Program 2 : 1-D Array for
Sorting*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, j, temp, n, a[10];
printf(“Enter the Number of Elements:”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements to be Sorted\n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d\n”, &a[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
for(j=i+1; j<n; j++)
{
 if(a[i] >a[j])
{
temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = temp;
}
}
}
print(“The Sorted Elements are:
\n”); for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf(“%d\n”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Number of Elements:5
Enter the Elements to be Sorted
25
12
45
68
7
The Sorted Elements are:
7
12
25
45
68
THANK
YOU