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Types of Programming Languages

Programming languages are categorized into low-level and high-level types based on their features and usage. Low-level languages, such as machine and assembly languages, offer high efficiency and direct hardware interaction, while high-level languages, including procedural, object-oriented, functional, scripting, and markup languages, are more user-friendly and closer to human language. Specialized programming languages also exist for specific applications like database management and AI.

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11 views3 pages

Types of Programming Languages

Programming languages are categorized into low-level and high-level types based on their features and usage. Low-level languages, such as machine and assembly languages, offer high efficiency and direct hardware interaction, while high-level languages, including procedural, object-oriented, functional, scripting, and markup languages, are more user-friendly and closer to human language. Specialized programming languages also exist for specific applications like database management and AI.

Uploaded by

Tendai Zulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Types of Programming Languages

1. Introduction
Programming languages are classified based on their features, functionality, and usage. They are
used to give instructions to a computer to perform tasks.

2. Types of Programming Languages

A) Low-Level Languages
Low-level languages are closer to machine code and provide high efficiency and direct hardware
interaction.

1. Machine Language (Binary Language)


- Composed of 0s and 1s.
- Directly understood by the computer.
- Very difficult to write and debug.
Example: 101010 110110

2. Assembly Language
- Uses short, mnemonic codes instead of binary.
- Requires an assembler to convert it into machine code.
- Faster and more efficient than high-level languages.

Example:
MOV AX, 5
ADD AX, 3

B) High-Level Languages
High-level languages are user-friendly and closer to human language.

1. Procedural-Oriented Programming Languages


- Follow step-by-step instructions (procedures).
- Code is structured into functions and procedures.
- Examples: C, Pascal, Fortran.

Example in C:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf('Hello, World!');
return 0;
}

2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Languages


- Based on objects and classes.
- Provides features like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
- Examples: Java, Python, C++.

Example in Python:
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand):
self.brand = brand

def show(self):
print('Car Brand:', self.brand)

my_car = Car('Toyota')
my_car.show()

3. Functional Programming Languages


- Focuses on functions and avoids changing state or mutable data.
- Examples: Haskell, Lisp, Scala.

Example in Python:
def add(x, y):
return x + y
print(add(5, 3))

4. Scripting Languages
- Used for automation and web development.
- Examples: JavaScript, Python, PHP.

Example in JavaScript:
console.log('Hello, World!');

5. Markup Languages
- Define data presentation rather than logic.
- Examples: HTML, XML.

Example in HTML:
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>

3. Specialized Programming Languages


- Database Query Languages: SQL (used for database management).
- AI & Data Science Languages: Python, R.
- Game Development Languages: C++, Unity C#.
- System Programming Languages: C, Rust.

4. Conclusion
Programming languages differ based on use cases and functionality. High-level languages are
easier to use, while low-level languages provide more control over hardware.

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