CH -4 ARRAY & STRING

Need of Array Variable

◻ Suppose we need to store rollno of the student in the
integer variable.
Declaration
int rollno;

◻ Now we need to store rollno of 100 students.

Declaration
int rollno101, rollno102, rollno103, rollno104...;

◻ This is not appropriate to declare these many integer

variables.
e.g. 100 integer variables for rollno.
◻ Solution to declare and store multiple variables of similar
type is an array.
◻ An array is a variable that can store multiple values.
Definition: Array
◻ An array is a fixed size sequential collection of
elements of same data type grouped under single
variable name. [99
[0] [1] [2] … ]
int rollno[100]; [0] [1] [2] … [99]

Fixed Size Sequential Same Data type Single Name

Here, the size of It is indexed to 0 All the elements All the elements
an array is 100 to 99 in (0-99) will be (0-99) will be
(fixed) to store sequence integer variables referred as a
rollno common name
rollno
Declaring an array
◻ By default array index
Syntax
starts with 0.
data-type variable-name[size];◻ If we declare an array of
Integer Array size 5 then its index
int mark[5]; ranges from 0 to 4.
◻ First element will be store
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
at mark[0] and last
element will be stored at
integer mark[4] not mark[5].
Float Array ◻ Like integer and float
float avg[5]; array we can declare array
of type char.
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
float
Initialing and Accessing an Array

Declaring, initializing and accessing single integer

variable
int mark=90; //variable mark is initialized with value 90
printf("%d",mark); //mark value printed

Declaring, initializing and accessing integer array

variable
int mark[5]={85,75,76,55,45};//mark is initialized with 5 values
printf("%d",mark[0]); //prints 85
printf("%d",mark[1]); //prints 75
printf("%d",mark[2]); //prints 65
printf("%d",mark[3]); //prints 55
printf("%d",mark[4]); //prints 45

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

mark[5] 85 75 65 55 45
Read(Scan) Array Elements
Reading array without loop
1 void main()
2 {
3 int mark[5];
printf("Enter array element=");
4
scanf("%d",&mark[0]);
5 printf("Enter array element=");
6 scanf("%d",&mark[1]);
7 printf("Enter array element=");
8 scanf("%d",&mark[2]);
9 printf("Enter array element=");
10 scanf("%d",&mark[3]);
11 printf("Enter array element=");
scanf("%d",&mark[4]);
12
printf("%d",mark[0]);
13 printf("%d",mark[1]);
14 printf("%d",mark[2]);
15 printf("%d",mark[3]);
16 printf("%d",mark[4]); [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
17 } mark[5] 85 75 65 55 45
18
Read(Scan) Array Elements
Reading array using loop
1 void main()
2 {
3 int mark[5],i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
4
{
5 printf("Enter array element=");
6 scanf("%d",&mark[i]);
7 }
8 for(i=0;i<5;i++)
9 {
10 printf("%d",mark[i]);
11 }
}
12

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

mark[5] 85 75 65 55 45
WAP to count number of positive or negative number from an
array of 10 numbers.
Program
1 void main(){
2 int num[10],i,pos,neg; Output
3 pos = 0; Enter array element=1
4 neg = 0; Enter array element=2
5 for(i=0;i<10;i++) Enter array element=3
6 { Enter array element=4
7 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=5
8 scanf("%d",&num[i]); Enter array element=-1
9 } Enter array element=-2
10 for(i=0;i<10;i++) Enter array element=3
11 { Enter array element=4
12 if(num[i]>0) Enter array element=5
13 pos=pos+1; Positive=8,Negative=2
14 else
15 neg=neg+1;
16 }
17 printf("Positive=%d,Negative=%d",pos,neg);
18 }
WAP to read n numbers in an array and print them in reverse order.

Program
1 void main()
2 { Output
3 int num[100],n,i; Enter number of array
4 printf("Enter number of array elements="); elements=5
5 scanf("%d",&n); Enter array element=1
6 //loop will scan n elements only Enter array element=2
7 for(i=0;i<n;i++) Enter array element=3
8 { Enter array element=4
9 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=5
10 scanf("%d",&num[i]); 5
11 } 4
12 //negative loop to print array in reverse order3
13 for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--) 2
14 { 1
15 printf("%d\n",num[i]);
16 }
17 }
Multi Dimensional Array
Declaring 2 Dimensional Array
Syntax ◻ A two
data-type variable-name[x][y];
dimensional array
Declaration can be seen as a
int data[3][3]; //This array can hold 9 elementstable with ‘x’
rows and ‘y’
columns.
int data[3][3];
◻ The row number
Column-0 Column-1 Column-2
ranges from 0 to
Row-0 data[0][0] data[0][1] data[0][2] (x-1) and
Row-1 data[1][0] data[1][1] data[1][2] column number
Row-2 data[2][0] data[2][1] data[2][2]
ranges from 0 to
(y-1).
Initialing and Accessing a 2D Array: Example-1
Program
1 int data[3][3] = {
2 {1,2,3}, //row 0 with 3 elements
3 {4,5,6}, //row 1 with 3 elements
4 {7,8,9} //row 2 with 3 elements
5 };
6 printf("%d",data[0][0]); //1 Column-0 Column-1 Column-2
7 printf("%d",data[0][1]); //2
8 printf("%d\n",data[0][2]); //3 Row-0 1 2 3
9
10 printf("%d",data[1][0]); //4 Row-1 4 5 6
11 printf("%d",data[1][1]); //5
12 printf("%d\n",data[1][2]); //6 Row-2 7 8 9
13
14 printf("%d",data[2][0]);//7
15 printf("%d",data[2][1]); //8
16 printf("%d",data[2][2]); //9
1 // data[3][3] can be initialized like this also
2 int data[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
Initialing and Accessing a 2D Array: Example-2

Program
1 int data[2][4] = {
2 {1,2,3,4}, //row 0 with 4 elements
3 {5,6,7,8}, //row 1 with 4 elements
4 };
5 printf("%d",data[0][0]); //1
6 printf("%d",data[0][1]); //2 Col-0 Col-1 Col-2 Col-3
7 printf("%d",data[0][2]); //3
8 printf("%d\n",data[0][3]); //4 Row-
9
1 2 3 4
0
10 printf("%d",data[1][0]); //5
11 printf("%d",data[1][1]); //6 Row-
5 6 7 8
12 printf("%d",data[1][2]); //7 1
13 printf("%d",data[1][3]); //8

1 // data[2][4] can be initialized like this also

2 int data[2][4]={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};
Read(Scan) 2D Array Elements
Program
void main(){
1 int data[3][3],i,j;
2 for(i=0;i<3;i++)
3 {
4 for(j=0;j<3;j++)
5 {
6 printf("Enter array element=");
7 scanf("%d",&data[i][j]); Output
8 } Enter array element=1
9 } Enter array element=2
10 for(i=0;i<3;i++) Enter array element=3
11 { Enter array element=4
12 for(j=0;j<3;j++) Enter array element=5
13 { Enter array element=6
14 printf("%d",data[i][j]); Enter array element=7
15 } Enter array element=8
16 printf("\n"); Enter array element=9
17 } 123
18} 456
19 789
Develop a program to count number of positive, negative and zero
elements from 3 X 3 matrix
Program
1 void main(){
2 int data[3][3],i,j,pos=0,neg=0,zero=0; Output
3 for(i=0;i<3;i++) Enter array element=9
4 { Enter array element=5
5 for(j=0;j<3;j++) Enter array element=6
6 { Enter array element=-3
7 printf("Enter array element=");Enter array element=-7
8 scanf("%d",&data[i][j]); Enter array element=0
9 if(data[i][j]>0) Enter array element=11
10 pos=pos+1; Enter array element=13
11 else if(data[i][j]<0) Enter array element=8
12 neg=neg+1; positive=6,negative=2,z
13 else ero=1
14 zero=zero+1;
15 }
16 }
17 printf("positive=%d,negative=%d,zero=%d",pos,neg,zero);
18 }
String
(Character Array)
Definition: String
◻ A String is a one-dimensional array of characters
terminated by a null('\0').
char name[10]; [0] [1] [2] … [9]

◻ Each character in the array occupies one byte of

memory, and the last character must always be
null('\0').
◻ The termination character ('\0') is important in a
string to identify where the string ends.
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
name[10]
A J A Y S I N H \0
Declaring & Initializing String

Declaration
char name[10];

Initialization method 1:
char name[10]={'D','A','R','S','H','A','N','\0'};

Initialization method 2:
char name[10]="DARSHAN";
//'\0' will be automatically inserted at the end in this type o
f declaration.

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
name[10] D A R S H A N \0
Read String: scanf()
Program
Output
1 void main()
2 { Enter name: Darshan
3 char name[10]; Name=Darshan
4 printf("Enter name:"); Output
5 scanf("%s",name);
Enter name: CE Darshan
6 printf("Name=%s",name);
Name=CE
7 }

◻ There is no need to use address of (&) operator in scanf to store a

string.
◻ As string name is an array of characters and the name of the array,
i.e., name indicates the base address of the string (character array).
◻ scanf() terminates its input on the first whitespace(space, tab,
newline etc.) encountered.
Read String: gets()
Progra
m
1 #include<stdio.h> Output
2 void main() Enter name:Darshan
3 { Institute
4 char name[10]; Name=Darshan
5 printf("Enter name:"); Institute
6 gets(name); //read string including
7 white spaces
8 printf("Name=%s",name);
}
◻ gets(): Reads characters from the standard input and stores them as a
string.
◻ puts(): Prints characters from the standard.
◻ scanf(): Reads input until it encounters whitespace, newline or End
Of File(EOF) whereas gets() reads input until it encounters newline
or End Of File(EOF).
◻ gets(): Does not stop reading input when it encounters whitespace
instead it takes whitespace as a string.
String Handling Functions : strlen()
◻ C has several inbuilt functions to operate on string.
These functions are known as string handling functions.
◻ strlen(s1): returns length of a string in integer
Program
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #include <string.h> //header file for string functions
3 void main()
4 {
5 char s1[10];
6 printf("Enter string:");
7 gets(s1);
8 printf("%d",strlen(s1)); // returns length of s1 in integer
9 }
Output
Enter string: CE Darshan
10
String Handling Functions: strcmp()
◻ strcmp(s1,s2): Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same.
◻ Returns less than 0 if s1<s2.
◻ Returns greater than 0 if s1>s2.
Program
1 void main() Output
2 { Enter string-1:Computer
3 char s1[10],s2[10]; Enter string-2:Computer
4 printf("Enter string-1:"); Strings are same
5 gets(s1);
6 printf("Enter string-2:"); Output
7 gets(s2); Enter string-1:Computer
8 if(strcmp(s1,s2)==0) Enter string-2:Computer
9 printf("Strings are same"); Strings are same
10 else
11 printf("Strings are not same");
12 }
String Handling Functions
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description
strcpy(s1,s2 Copies 2nd string to 1st string.
) strcpy(s1,s2) copies the string s2 in to string s1 so s1
is now “There”. s2 remains unchanged.

strcat(s1,s2 Appends 2nd string at the end of 1st string.

) strcat(s1,s2); a copy of string s2 is appended at the
end of string s1. Now s1 becomes “TheirThere”

strchr(s1,c) Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given

character in the string s1.
printf("%s",strchr(s1,'i'));
Output : ir
strstr(s1,s2 Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given string
) s2 in string s1. printf("%s",strstr(s1,"he"));
Output : heir
String Handling Functions (Cont…)
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description

strrev(s1) Reverses given string.

strrev(s1); makes string s1 to “riehT”

strlwr(s1) Converts string s1 to lower case.

printf("%s",strlwr(s1)); Output : their

strupr(s1) Converts string s1 to upper case.

printf("%s",strupr(s1)); Output :
THEIR
strncpy(s1,s2,n) Copies first n character of string s2 to string s1
s1=""; s2="There";
strncpy(s1,s2,2);
printf("%s",s1); Output : Th

strncat(s1,s2,n) Appends first n character of string s2 at the end of string s1.

strncat(s1,s2,2);
printf("%s", s1); utput :
TheirTh
String Handling Functions (Cont…)

For examples consider: char s1[]="Their",s2[]="There";

Syntax Description
strncmp(s1,s2,n) Compares first n character of string s1 and s2 and
returns similar result as strcmp() function.
printf("%d",strcmp(s1,s2,3));
Output : 0

strrchr(s1,c) Returns the last occurrence of a given character in a

string s1. printf("%s",strrchr(s2,'e'));
Output : ere
Any Questions???
Thank you !!